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{{Short description|Catholic church of the Order of Friars Minor Conventual in Assisi}}
{{Infobox church
| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]
| name = Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
| native_name = {{lang|it|Basilica di San Francesco d'Assisi}} {{lang|la|Basilica Sancti Francisci Assisiensis}}
| image = Assisi San Francesco BW 2.JPG
| caption = The Lower and Upper [[basilica]]s and the [[portico]], as seen from the Lower Plaza of Saint Francis.
| coordinates = {{coord|43|04|29|N|12|36|20|E|region:IT-PG_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Assisi]], Italy
| website = {{URL|http://www.sanfrancescoassisi.org|sanfrancescoassisi.org}}
| consecration year = 1253
| status = [[Papal minor basilica]]
| architect = Maestro Jacopo Tedesco<ref>Giorgio Vasari, "Vite de'più eccellenti pittori, scultori e architetti".</ref>
| architectural type = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| style = [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], [[Italian Gothic architecture|Italian Gothic]]
| groundbreaking = 1227
| length = {{convert|80|m|ft}}
| width = {{convert|50|m|ft}}
| width nave = {{convert|18|m|ft}}
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Assisi-Nocera Umbra-Gualdo Tadino|Diocese of Assisi-Nocera Umbra-Gualdo Tadino]]
| division = [[Pontifical Legation for the Basilicas of Saint Francis and Saint Mary of the Angels in Assisi]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Totius Orbis Of The Holy Father Benedict XVI for the Coordination of Pastoral Activities and Initiatives at the Basilicas of St Francis and of St Mary of the Angels in Assisi|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20051109_assisi_en.html|work=Apostolic Letter "Motu Proprio"|publisher=Holy See|access-date=16 August 2011|author=Pope Benedict XVI|author-link=Pope Benedict XVI|date=9 November 2005| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110709172806/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20051109_assisi_en.html| archive-date= 9 July 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref>
| embedded = {{Infobox designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = World Heritage Site
 | designation1_offname = Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites
 | designation1_type = Cultural
 | designation1_criteria = i, ii, iii, iv, vi
 | designation1_date = 2000 (24th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])
 | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/990 990]
 | designation1_free1name = Region
 | designation1_free1value = [[Lists of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]]
}}
}}

The '''Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi''' ({{lang-it|Basilica di San Francesco d'Assisi}}; {{lang-la|Basilica Sancti Francisci Assisiensis}}) is the [[mother church]] of the [[Roman Catholic]] [[Order of Friars Minor Conventual]] in [[Assisi]], a town in the [[Umbria]] region in central [[Italy]], where [[Francis of Assisi|Saint Francis]] was born and died. It is a papal [[minor basilica]] and one of the most important places of Christian [[pilgrimage]] in Italy. With its accompanying friary, [[Sacro Convento]], the basilica is a distinctive landmark to those approaching Assisi. It has been a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] since 2000.

The basilica, which was begun in 1228, is built into the side of a hill and comprises two churches (known as the Upper Church and the Lower Church) and a [[crypt]], where the remains of the saint are interred. The interior of the Upper Church is an important early example of the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] style in Italy. The Upper and Lower Churches are decorated with [[fresco]]es by numerous [[Late Middle Ages|late medieval]] painters from the Roman and Tuscan schools, and include works by [[Cimabue]], [[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]], [[Simone Martini]], [[Pietro Lorenzetti]], and possibly [[Pietro Cavallini]]. The range and quality of the works give the basilica a unique importance in demonstrating the outstanding development of [[Art of Italy|Italian art]] of this period, especially if compared with the rest of Christian Europe.

==History==
[[File:BasilicaDiSanFrancescoAssisiDec132023 04.jpg|thumb|Basilica, as seen from the valley below.]]
[[File:Rear NW Basilica Francesco Assisi Sep23 A7C 07913.jpg|thumb|Rear viewed from the north-west]]
The Franciscan [[friary]] ([[Sacro Convento]]) and the Lower and Upper Basilicas ({{lang-it|Basilica inferiore e superiore}}) of [[Francis of Assisi]] were begun in honor of this local saint, immediately after his [[canonization]] in 1228. Simone di Pucciarello donated the land for the church, a hill at the west side of Assisi, known as "Hill of Hell" ({{lang-it|Colle d'Inferno}}) where previously criminals were [[Capital punishment|put to death]]. Today, this hill is called "Hill of Paradise".

On 16 July 1228, Francis was [[canonized]] by [[Pope Gregory IX]] in Assisi, and he laid the foundation stone of the new church the following day, although construction may already have been begun. The construction having been begun at his order, the Pope declared the church to be the property of the papacy. The church was designed by Maestro Jacopo Tedesco, who was in those days the most famous architect.<ref name="ReferenceA">Francesco d'Assisi e le origini dell'arte del Rinascimento in Italia by Henry Thode</ref> The construction was supervised by Brother [[Elias of Cortona]], one of the first followers of Saint Francis and the former [[Vicar General]] of the Order under Saint Francis. The Lower Basilica was finished in 1230. On [[Pentecost]] 25 May 1230, the remains of Saint Francis were brought in a solemn [[procession]] to the Lower Basilica from its temporary burial place in the church of San Giorgio (St. George), now the [[Basilica di Santa Chiara|Basilica of Saint Clare of Assisi]]. The burial place was concealed for fear that St Francis' remains might be stolen and dispersed. The construction of the Upper Basilica was begun after 1239 and was completed in 1253. Both churches were consecrated by [[Pope Innocent IV]] in 1253.

[[Pope Nicholas IV]], a former [[List of Ministers General of the Order of Friars Minor|Minister-General of the Order of Franciscans]], raised the church to the status of Papal Church in 1288. The Piazza del Loge, the square leading to the church, is surrounded by colonnades constructed in 1474. They housed the numerous pilgrims flocking to this church. In 1818, the remains of Saint Francis were rediscovered beneath the floor of the Lower Basilica. In the reign of [[Pope Pius VII]] the crypt was built so that the faithful might visit the burial place of the saint.

On 27 October 1986 and January 2002, [[Pope John Paul II]] gathered in Assisi with more than 120 representatives of different religions and [[Christian denomination]]s for a [[Day of Prayer|World Day of Prayer for Peace]].

===Earthquake of 1997===
On the morning of September 26, 1997, two [[1997 Umbria and Marche earthquake|earthquakes]] hit the region around Assisi in rapid succession, registering 5.7 and 6.0 magnitude respectively. There was widespread devastation and many ancient buildings were destroyed or damaged. While a group of specialists and friars were inspecting the damage to the Basilica of Saint Francis, an [[aftershock]] shook the building, causing the collapse of the vault. Two Franciscan friars who were among the group and two of the specialists were killed. Much of the cycle of [[fresco]]es of the life of Saint Francis by [[Giotto]] in the Upper Church of the Basilica were slightly damaged whereas those of the sections of the vault which collapsed were almost entirely destroyed. The church was closed for two years for restoration.<ref name="croci00">{{cite journal|last=Croci|first=Giorgio|year=2000|title=Emergency Stabilization of the Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi|journal=Cultural Resource Management|publisher=National Park Service – US Department of the Interior|location=Washington|volume=23|issue=6|pages=30–32|url=http://crm.cr.nps.gov/archive/23-06/23-06-9.pdf|access-date=2009-05-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109050951/http://crm.cr.nps.gov/archive/23-06/23-06-9.pdf|archive-date=2009-01-09}}</ref><ref name="croci01">{{cite journal|last=Croci|first=Giorgio|year=2001|title=Restoring the Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi|journal=Cultural Resource Management|publisher=National Park Service – US Department of the Interior|location=Washington|volume=24|issue=8|pages=26–29|url=http://crm.cr.nps.gov/archive/24-08/24-08-9.pdf|access-date=2009-05-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109065914/http://crm.cr.nps.gov/archive/24-08/24-08-9.pdf|archive-date=2009-01-09}}</ref> The collapse was captured on tape.<ref>{{cite AV media |date= 22 October 2006 |title=Earthquake Assisi, Italy - Terremoto Assisi, Italia 1997 |url= https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=u1Fer3yMo5I&feature=youtu.be |access-date=21 March 2022|via= YouTube }}</ref>

==Architecture==
The church was designed by Maestro Jacopo Tedesco <ref name="ReferenceA"/> on two levels, each of which is consecrated as a church. They are known as the "Basilica superiore" (The Upper Basilica), generally called "The Upper Church" and the "Basilica inferiore" (The Lower Basilica), generally called "The Lower Church". The Lower Church was structurally a large crypt supporting the upper one. In the 19th century a lower crypt was constructed beneath the basilica. Architecturally, the exterior of the basilica appears united with the Friary of St. Francis, since the lofty arcades of the latter support and buttress the church in its apparently precarious position on the hillside.

[[File:Basilica, Assisi Italy.jpg|thumb|Papal Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi from below]]

The architecture is a synthesis of the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] styles, and established many of the typical characteristics of Italian Gothic architecture. As originally built, both upper and lower churches had a simple cruciform plan with an aisle-less nave of four square bays, a square crossing, a transept that projected by half a bay on each side, and an apse, the lower being semicircular and the upper polygonal. To the left of the church stands a free-standing [[bell tower]] of Romanesque design.

The Lower Church was built entirely in the Romanesque style, having low semi-circular ribbed cross-vaults over the nave and barrel vaults over the transept arms. However, the space has been greatly extended with a number of lateral and transept chapels added between 1350 and 1400. The main entrance to the nave is through an ornate Gothic doorway built between 1280 and 1300, and later enclosed with a simple [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] style porch of 1487 by [[Francesco di Bartolomeo da Pietrasanta]] (d. 1494). Set in the [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]] of the Gothic doorway is an ornate rose window which has been called "the eye of the most beautiful church in the world" <ref name="Basilica">{{cite book | title=Assisi, Heart of the World| last=Belluci| first=Gualtiero| year=2001| publisher=Edizione Porziuncola| location=Assisi| page=82}}</ref>

The Upper Church has a façade of [[Whitewash|white-washed]] brick divided into two horizontal zones of about equal height, and with a simple gable of height equal to the lower zones. There is a single large doorway in the Gothic style, divided by a column and with a rose window set in the tympanum above the two cusped arches. Above the door, in the second zone is a large and ornate [[rose window]] in which most of the decorative details are Romanesque in style. Surrounding it are carved the symbols of the [[Four Evangelists]], combining with the window to create a square composition. Above it in the gable is an [[rose window|ocular window]]. To the left of the façade and visible from both the forecourts of the Upper Church and the Lower Church is the Benediction Loggia in the [[Baroque]] style which was built in 1754, when the church was raised to the status of basilica.

Internally, the Upper Church maintains Brother Elias' original simple aisleless cruciform plan. Like the Lower Church, there is a nave of four bays with ribbed cross-vaulting. Unlike that of the Lower Church, it is only the diagonal ribs which are of semi-circular form. The transverse ribs are pointed in the Gothic manner, and thus rise to the full height of the wider diagonal ribs. Each group of ribs springs from a group of clustered columns. Externally the columns and vault are supported by stout buttresses of semi-circular plan. Unlike the Lower Church, the transepts also have ribbed vaulting.

There are tall Gothic windows with Geometric tracery in each bay of the nave and in the polygonal apse of the chancel. The windows of the apse are believed to have been created by German craftsmen active around Assisi at the end of the 13th century. The windows on the left hand side of the nave were made by a French workshop (1270), while those on the right hand side are attributed to the workshop of [[Master of Saint Francis|Maestro di San Francesco]]. These [[Stained glass|stained glass windows]] are among the best examples of 13th-century Italian glasswork.

As is characteristic of Italian [[church architecture]], the main decorative feature, and the main medium used for [[Poor Man's Bible|conveying the Church's message]] is [[fresco]], rather than stained glass. The earliest frescoes are some of those in the Lower Church. The work proceeded with a number of different projects and appears to have involved numerous artists, some of whom are as renowned as Cimabue and Giotto, but many of whom are no longer known by name.

==Upper Basilica==
[[File:Assisis Basilica superiore.jpg|thumb|upright|Nave of the upper basilica.]]
This bright and spacious basilica consists of a single four-bay nave with cross-vaulted ceiling bordered with patterns of crosses and leaves, a transept and a polygonal apse. The four ribbed vaults are decorated alternately with golden stars on a blue background and paintings. The second vault is decorated with roundels with busts of ''Christ'' facing ''Saint Francis'' and the ''Virgin'' facing ''Saint John the Baptist''. The entrance vault gives us the ''Four Latin Doctors of the Church'': [[Pope Gregory I|St Gregory]] facing St. [[Jerome]] and Saint [[Ambrose]] facing [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]]. These are ascribed to the Isaac Master.

The choir has 102 wooden stalls with carvings and marquetry by [[Domenico Indovini]] (1501). In their centre, on a raised platform, stands the papal cathedra.
[[File:Cimabue 016.jpg|thumb|''Crucifixion'' by Cimabue]]

The west end of the transept and the apse have been decorated with many frescoes by [[Cimabue]] and his workshop (starting in {{Circa|1280}}). The magnificent ''Crucifixion'', with Saint Francis on his knees at the foot of the Cross, stresses again the veneration of the Passion of Christ by Saint Francis. The frescoes of Cimabue soon suffered from damp and decay. Due to the use of [[Lead(II) oxide|lead oxide]] in his colours and to the fact that the colours were applied when the plaster was no longer fresh, they have deteriorated and have been reduced to photographic negatives.

Prior to him there had been some decorations in the upper right hand section of the transept by an (anonymous) [[Northern Master]], probably an English artist (1267–1270). He realized the two [[lunette]]s and the [[roundel]]s on the west wall with paintings of the ''Angel'' and the ''Apostles''. Another (anonymous) master, the Roman Master, painted the ''Isaiah'' and the ''David'' and the remainder of the wall under the eastern lunette.
[[File:Giotto di Bondone 080.jpg|thumb|upright|''Isaac rejects Esau'']]

The upper part on both sides of the nave, badly damaged by the earthquake of 1997, was decorated in two rows with in total 32 scenes from [[Old Testament|the Old Testament]] (starting with ''Creation of the World'' and ending with ''Joseph forgives his brothers'') and [[New Testament|the New Testament]] (from the ''Annunciation'' to ''The Women at the Tomb''), while the upper register of the entrance wall is covered with two frescoes ''Pentecost'' and ''Ascension of Jesus''. Since it took about six months to paint one bay of the nave, different Roman and Tuscan masters, followers of Cimabue, have performed this series of scenes such as [[Giacomo Boni (painter)|Giacomo]], [[Jacopo Torriti]] and  [[Pietro Cavallini]].

The two frescoes of the life of Isaac (''Isaac blesses Jacob'' and ''Esau in front of Isaac'') in the middle register of the third bay, are traditionally ascribed to the young Giotto (1290–1295) (previously wrongly ascribed to Cimabue by [[Giorgio Vasari|Vasari]]). But even this has been controversial. Many critics esteem these the work of the anonymous [[Isaac Master (painter)|Isaac Master]] and his workshop. Deducing from stylistic details, attesting to his Roman background, some think that the Isaac Master may have been [[Pietro Cavallini]] or a follower. Pietro Cavallini had painted around 1290 a similar fresco ''Isaac blessing Jacob'' in the convent of the church [[Santa Cecilia in Trastevere]] in Rome. The position of the resting Isaac looks like the same position of the Virgin in Cavallini's mosaic ''Birth of the Virgin'' in the apse of the church [[Santa Maria in Trastevere]] in Rome. The Isaac Master is considered one of the first practitioners of the true fresco (''[[buon fresco]]'') technique, which revolutionized mural painting for the subsequent centuries.<ref>Péter Bokody, "Mural Painting as a Medium: Technique, Representation and Liturgy," in ''Image and Christianity: Visual Media in the Middle Ages'', ed. Péter Bokody (Pannonhalma: Pannonhalma Abbey, 2014), 136–151. https://www.academia.edu/8526688/Mural_Painting_as_a_Medium_Technique_Representation_and_Liturgy</ref>
[[File:Giotto - Legend of St Francis - -17- - St Francis Preaching before Honorius III.jpg|thumb|upright|Saint Francis preaches in the presence of pope Honorius III]]

But the most important decorations are the series of 28 frescoes ascribed to the young [[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]] along the lower part of the nave. Each bay contains three frescoes above the [[dado (architecture)|dado]] on each side of the nave, two frescoes in the east galleries beside the entrance, and two more on the entrance wall. Giotto used the ''[[Legenda Maior]]'', the biography of Saint Francis by Saint [[Bonaventure]] (1266) to reconstruct the major events in the life of Saint Francis. The prototype for this cycle may have been the (now lost) Saint Francis cycle by [[Pietro Cavallini]] in the church [[San Francesco a Ripa]] in Rome. The paintings are as vivid as if Giotto had been a witness to these events. According to [[Giorgio Vasari|Vasari]], they were executed in the period between 1296 and 1304.

However the authorship of Giotto is disputed, due to the ambiguous attributions given in early descriptions of this work. Many Italian critics continue to support the authorship of Giotto and his workshop. But because of small differences in style with the frescoes of Isaac, it is thought that several or even all of these frescoes were painted by at least three separate painters, using the original concept of Giotto : the Master of Legend of Saint Francis (the principal painter and probable supervisor of the cycle), the Master of the Obsequies of Saint Francis and the Cecilia Master.

The first span of the ceiling is decorated with frescoes of the "Four Doctors of the Church“ ( Jerome, Augustine, Gregory and Ambrose), attributed either to a young Giotto or to one of his followers. The third span presents four heart-shaped medallions of the Christ, Mary, [[John the Baptist]] and Francis, painted by [[Jacopo Torriti]].

The cuspidate façade of the upper basilica has a portal in Gothic style with twin doors and a beautiful rose window.

There is a sculpture, Tau, by Guido Dettoni della Grazia, that is on permanent exhibition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Steves |first=Rick |url=http://archive.org/details/rickstevesitaly20000rick |title=Rick Steves' Italy |date=October 4, 2005 |publisher=Avalon Travel Publishing |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-56691-727-8 |pages=438}}</ref>
{{clear left}}

==Lower Basilica==
[[File:Basilica.Francis08.jpg|thumb|upright|Side entrance to the lower basilica.]]
[[File:BasilicaDiSanFrancescoAssisiDec122023 01.jpg|thumb|Front of the Upper Basilica.]]
Brother Elias had designed the lower basilica as an enormous [[crypt]] with ribbed vaults. He had acquired his experience by building huge sepulchres out of hard rock in [[Syria]].

The doors are surmounted by a large rose window, flanked by two smaller ones, called "the eye of the most beautiful church in the world" <ref name="Basilica"/> The decorations on the left wooden door were executed by Ugolinuccio da Gubbio ({{Circa|1550}}) and those on the right door by an anonymous Umbrian artist (1573). They portray stories from the lives of Saint Francis, Saint Clare, Saint Louis and Saint Anthony. On the left wall of the porch stands the bust of Pope [[Pope Benedict XIV|Benedict XIV]] who granted this church the title of Patriarchal Basilica and Cappella Papale. Pope [[Benedict XVI]]'s theological act in 2006 of renouncing the title of "[[Patriarch of the West]]" has had the consequence of the basilica changing its name to that of the [[Papal Basilica]] of St. Francis.

Entering the lower basilica, one sees at the other side of the vestibule the chapel of [[Catherine of Alexandria|Saint Catherine of Alexandria]], erected about 1270. It was enlarged by Gattapone da Gubbio and decorated at the expense of Cardinal Egidio Albornoz, [[papal legate]] in charge of the Papal States (from 1350 to 1367). He was initially buried here but his body was later transferred to [[Toledo, Spain]]. The frescoes with the eight episodes from the life of Saint Catherine were painted in 1368–1369 by 'Andreas pictor de Bononia'. This painter, called Andrea, is most probably [[Andrea de' Bartoli]] ({{Circa|1349}}–1369), the court artist of Albornoz (and not [[Andrea da Bologna]], as usually, but wrongly, attributed). The saints in this chapel were painted by [[Pace di Bartolo]] d'Assisi (1344–1368). The stained glass windows are the work of Giovanni di Bonino of Assisi (mid-14th century).

On the left side of the entrance is the small Chapel of [[Saint Sebastian|St. Sebastian]] with a canvas by [[Giorgetti]] and episodes of the life of the saint on the walls painted {{Circa|1646}} by G. Martelli (Irene taking care of St. Sebastian; St. Sebastian before [[Domitian]]). The left wall of this chapel is decorated by some paintings by [[Ottaviano Nelli]] (15th century) and a painting of [[Saint Christopher]] (Umbrian School, 14th century).

On the right side of the entrance there are two monuments by anonymous artists: in the first span, the mausoleum of Giovanni de' Cerchi, surmounted by an early 14th-century porphyry vase (a gift of a queen of [[Cyprus]]) and the mausoleum of [[John of Brienne]], [[Kings of Jerusalem|king of Jerusalem]] and emperor-regent of Constantinople. Above this last burial monument stands a statue of the Blessed Virgin and on its left the figure of a crowned woman seated on a lion, made by Cosmatesco (1290).

The badly deteriorating frescoes on the walls and the vaults of the third section of this entrance are the work of [[Cesare Sermei]] and G. Martelli (1645).  The chapel on the right side of the third section is dedicated to [[Anthony the Great|St. Anthony the Abbot]]. The niches in the wall contain the burial monuments of the [[Dukes of Spoleto|Governor of Spoleto]] (by then part of the [[Papal States]]) Blasco Fernandez and his son Garcia, both assassinated in 1367 (anonymous local artist, 14th century).

The lower basilica consists of a central [[nave]] with several side chapels with semi-circular arches. The nave is decorated with the oldest frescoes in the church by an unknown artist, called [[Master of Saint Francis|Maestro di San Francesco]]. They feature five scenes from the ''Passion of Christ'' on the right side, while on the left side equally five scenes from the ''Life of St. Francis''. By this juxtaposition, the Franciscans wanted to contribute to the idea of their founder as a [[Second Coming|second Christ]].

They are connected by a low blue-painted ceiling decorated with golden stars. Most images on the lower walls have decayed to leave almost no trace, except on the right wall fragments of ''Virgin and Child with an Angel'' by Cimabue.

These frescoes, executed in tempera on dry plaster, were completed about 1260–1263. They are considered by many as the best examples of Tuscan wall paintings prior to [[Cimabue]]. As the popularity of this church increased, side chapels for noble families were added between 1270 and 1350, destroying the frescoes on the opened walls.

The first chapel on the left is the [[San Martino Chapel]], dedicated to Saint [[Martin of Tours]]. It was built by the Franciscan Cardinal [[Gentile Portino da Montefiore]] and was decorated between 1317 and 1319 with ten frescoes depicting the saint's life by [[Simone Martini]]. This dedication most likely referred to the Cardinal's position as [[Cardinal-Priest]] of the Basilica of St. Martin "ai Monti" in Rome, and was intended to be his burial place. It was probably incomplete at the time of Montefiore's death (October 1312), thus he was interred in the neighboring Chapel of St. Louis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keytoumbria.com/Assisi/S_Francesco_in_the_14th_Century.html |title=Assisi |publisher=Key to Umbria |access-date=2011-09-15}}</ref> Martini also painted a [[triptych]] depicting the ''Madonna and Child with Two Hungarian Royal Saints'' with a row of five attendant saints in the St. Elizabeth Chapel (southern arm of the transept). These are among the greatest Martini's works and the finest examples of 14th-century painting. Over time, however, his use of [[lead paint]] has led to the darkening of several sections of these works.
[[File:Simone Martini 028.jpg|thumb|upright|Saint Martin leaves the life of chivalry and renounces the army (fresco by Simone Martini) in the [[San Martino Chapel]].]]
The other chapel on the left is dedicated to St. [[Peter of Alcantara]].

The chapels on the right are dedicated to Saints:
*[[Louis of Toulouse]] and [[Stephen I of Hungary]], with frescoes by [[Dono Doni]] (1575) and stained glass, attributed to Simone Martini.
*[[Anthony of Padua]], with frescoes by [[Cesare Sermei]] (1610).
*[[Mary Magdalene]]. This chapel, built by [[Teobaldo Pontano]] ([[Roman Catholic Diocese of Assisi-Nocera Umbra-Gualdo Tadino|the Bishop of Assisi]] from 1296 to 1329), contains some of the best works of the workshop of Giotto and maybe by the Master himself (about 1320). (It was wrongly attributed by [[Vasari]] to [[Puccio Capanna]].) On the lateral walls are scenes from the ''Life of Mary Magdalene'' (above the portrait of Teobaldo Pontano), while in the vault there are [[roundel]]s with busts of ''Christ'', the ''Virgin'', ''Mary Magdalene'' and ''Lazarus''.

The nave ends in a richly decorated semicircular [[apse]], preceded with a [[transept]] with barrel vaulting.

The frescoes in the right transept depict the childhood of Christ, partly by Giotto and his workshop and the ''Nativity'' by the anonymous Maestro di San Nicola. The lowest level shows three frescoes representing St. Francis posthumously intervening in favour of two children. These frescoes by Giotto were revolutionary in their time, showing real people with emotions, set in a realistic landscape.

[[File:San Francesco Cimabue.jpg|thumb|''[[Maestà]] with Saint Francis'', by [[Cimabue]].]]
On the transept wall [[Cimabue]] painted an image of ''Our Lady enthroned and Saint Francis'' (1280). This is probably the nearest likeness existing, showing the actual appearance of Saint Francis. This static painting in Gothic style is in stark contrast with the lively frescoes of Giotto.

This Chapel of [[Saint Nicholas]] of Bari, at the northern end of the transept, was commissioned by the papal legate Cardinal [[Orsini family|Napoleone Orsini]] and it contains the tomb of the cardinal's brother, [[Pope Nicholas III|Giovanni Orsini]], who died between 1292 and 1294. The [[Church monument|funerary monument]] is set in a niche above the altar, with the [[recumbent effigy]] of a young man placed inside a mortuary chamber and flanked by two angels. The reliefs were carved by an Umbrian sculptor, probably of local origin. Between the tomb and the stained glass window appears a frescoed triptych attributed to Giotto's school, representing the Madonna and Child with Saint Francis and Nicholas. The cycle decorating the walls of the chapel, completed by 1307,  comprises twelve scenes painted on the ceiling and on the walls illustrating the life and miracles of St Nicholas A scene of the chapel's dedication is painted above the arch of the entrance on the southern wall: the Redeemer receives the homage of Giovanni Orsini, presented by St. Nicholas, and of Napoleone Orsini, presented by Saint Francis.  The stained glass windows show Cardinal Napoleone presented to Christ in the summit and his brother presented to Saint Nicholas in the zone below. At the southern end of the transept  cardinal Orsini commissioned another chapel, dedicated to St John the Baptist, which was probably originally built for the tomb of Napoleone Orsini himself, but the cardinal was never buried there and the tomb remained empty. The parallel architectural arrangement of both Orsini chapels suggests that they were conceived together. However, the decorations of the chapel dedicated to Saint John the Baptist were never finished. Pietro Lorenzetti (or his workshop) executed a frescoed triptych with a [[Madonna and Child]] with Saints John the Baptist and Francis.
[[File:Pietro Lorenzetti 002.jpg|thumb|upright|14th century [[Madonna dei Tramonti]] by [[Pietro Lorenzetti]] on canvas.]]
The left transept was decorated by the Sienese painter [[Pietro Lorenzetti]] and his workshop between 1315 and 1330 (attributed by Vasari to Pietro Lorenzetti and also (wrongly) to Giotto and  Puccio Capanna). This cycle of tempera frescoes are his masterworks. They depict six scenes from the ''Passion of Christ''. The fresco of ''Deposition of the Cross'' is especially emotional. There were about 330 work-stages needed to complete this cycle. Beneath the monumental "Crucifixion" scene, Pietro Lorenzetti has executed a fresco of the Madonna and Child, accompanied by Saints [[John the Evangelist]] and Saint Francis (the so-called ''[[Madonna dei Tramonti]]''). The fresco is accompanied by a frescoed niche containing the liturgical implements and a fictive bench.

The juxtaposition of the ''Childhood'' and the ''Passion'' frescoes emphasizes the parallel between the ''passion'' of Christ and the ''compassion'' of St. Francis.

[[File:Assisi Altare Basilica inferiore.jpg|thumb|Papal altar with frescoes]]
The papal altar in the apse was made out of one block of stone from [[Como]] in 1230. Around the altar are a series of ornamented Gothic arches, supported by columns in different styles. The fine Gothic walnut choir stalls were completed in 1471 by Apollonio Petrocchi da Ripatransone, with the help of Tommaso di Antonio Fiorentino and Andrea da Montefalco.

Once featuring frescoes depicting an allegory of the Crucifixion by [[Stefano Fiorentino]] (destroyed in 1622), the walls of the apse are now covered with a "Last Judgment" by [[Cesare Sermei]] di Orvieto (1609–1668).

The paintings in the lunettes of the vaults (1315–20) depict the ''Triumph of St Francis'' and three allegories of ''Obedience'', ''Poverty'' and ''Chastity'' by the so-called [[Maestro delle Vele]] (Master of the Assisi vaults), a pupil of Giotto (about 1330).

The stained glass windows in this lower basilica are attributed to [[Giovanni di Bonino]] and his workshop.

==Crypt==
[[File:Tomb of Saint Francis - Basilica di San Francesco - Assisi 2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Tomb of Saint Francis in the crypt]]
Halfway down the nave one can descend into the crypt via a double stairway. This burial place of Saint Francis was found in 1818. His remains had been hidden by Brother Elias to prevent the spread of his relics in [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]], a story told by Jon M. Sweeney in ''The Enthusiast''.<ref>http://italophilebookreviews.blogspot.com/2016/04/the-enthusiast-by-jon-m-sweeney.html</ref> By order of [[Pope Pius VII]] a crypt was built under the lower basilica. It was designed by Pasquale Belli with precious marble in [[Neoclassicism|neo-classical]] style. But it was redesigned in bare stone in neo-Romanesque style by Ugo Tarchi between 1925 and 1932.

The ancient stone coffin with iron ties is enshrined in an open space above the altar. In 1934 his most faithful brothers were entombed in the corners of the wall around the altar: Brother Rufino, Brother Angelo, Brother Masseo and Brother Leo.

At the entrance of the crypt, an urn with the remains of [[Jacoba of Settesoli|Jacopa dei Settesoli]] was added to the crypt. This woman of Roman nobility, affectionately referred to as "Brother Jacoba", was the most faithful friend and [[benefactor (law)|benefactress]] of Saint Francis. She was at his side in the [[Porziuncola]] at the hour of his death.

==Friary of Saint Francis==
[[File:Basilica.Francis18.jpg|thumb|upright|Courtyard of the friary]]
Next to the basilica stands the friary [[Sacro Convento]] with its imposing walls with 53 Romanesque arches and powerful buttresses supporting the whole complex. It towers over the valley below, giving the impression of a fortress. It was built with pink and white stone from [[Monte Subasio|Mount Subasio]]. It was already inhabited by the friars in 1230. But construction took a long time, with as result different styles intermingling : Romanesque with Gothic style. A major part was built under the reign of Pope [[Pope Sixtus IV|Sixtus IV]], a Franciscan, between 1474 and 1476.

The friary now houses a vast library (with medieval [[codex|codices]] and [[Incunabulum|incunable]]s), a museum with works of art donated by pilgrims through the centuries and also the 57 works of art (mainly of Florentine and Sienese schools) of the Perkins collection.

The belfry, in Romanesque style, was finished in 1239.

==Other burials==
*[[Giovanna of Italy]]
*[[John of Brienne]]

== See also ==
* [[Italian Gothic architecture]]
* [[Basilica of Saint Mary of the Angels in Assisi]]
* [[Italian Gothic architecture|Gothic architecture in Italy]]
* [[San Francisco Church (La Paz)|Basilica of San Francisco (La Paz)]]

==References==
;Citations
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
;Bibliography
{{refbegin|colwidth=60em}}
*{{cite book|last=Bellucci|first=Gualtiero|title=Assisi, Heart of the World|publisher=Edizioni Porziuncola|location=Assisi|year=2001|isbn=88-7135-131-2}}
*{{cite book | last = Bonsanti | first = Giorgio | title = The Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi | publisher = H.N. Abrams | location = New York | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-8109-2767-5 }}
*{{cite book | last = Belting | first = Hans | title = Die Oberkirche Von San Francesco in Assisi: ihre Dekoration als Aufgabe u.d. Genese einen neuen Wandmalerei | publisher = Mann | location = Berlin | year = 1977 | isbn = 3-7861-1135-9 }}
*{{cite book | last = Borsook | first = Eve | title = The Mural Painters of Tuscany: From Cimabue to Andrea del Sarto | publisher = Clarendon Press | location = Oxford | year = 1980 | isbn = 0-19-817301-6}}
*{{cite book | last = Lunghi | first = Elvio | title = The Basilica of St Francis at Assisi. The frescoes by Giotto his precursors and followers | publisher = [[Thames & Hudson]] | location = London | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-500-27834-2 }}
*{{cite book|last=Turner|first=J. (''ed.'')|title=[[Grove Dictionary of Art]]|publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited|year=1996|isbn=1-884446-00-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Vasari|first=Giorgio|title=[[Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects|Vite]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=0-19-283410-X}}
*{{cite book | last = Smart | first = Alastair | title = The Assisi Problem and the Art of Giotto: a study of the Legend of St. Francis in the Upper Church of San Francesco, Assisi | publisher = Clarendon Press | location = Oxford | year = 1971 | isbn = 0-19-817166-8 }}
{{refend}}

Bokody, Péter. "Mural Painting as a Medium: Technique, Representation and Liturgy." In ''Image and Christianity: Visual Media in the Middle Ages'', ed. Péter Bokody (Pannonhalma: Pannonhalma Abbey, 2014), 136–151. https://www.academia.edu/8526688/Mural_Painting_as_a_Medium_Technique_Representation_and_Liturgy

==External links==
{{Commons|Basilica di San Francesco}}
{{Commons|The legend of Saint Francis painted by Giotto}}
*[http://www.sanfrancescopatronoditalia.it Saint Francis review – The official review of the Basilica of Saint Francis]
*[http://www.sanfrancescoassisi.org The official website of the Basilica of Saint Francis]
*[http://www.sanfrancescopatronoditalia.it/webcam_tomb_saint_francis.php To see the webcam in the tomb of Saint Francis]
*[http://www.assisionline.com/assisi__162.html The Basilica of Saint Francis]
*[http://www.thais.it/speciali/assisi/Giotto/mappa_giotto.html Frescoes of Giotto in the upper basilica]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.thais.it/speciali/assisi/Lorenzetti/introduzione.htm Frescoes of Pietro Lorenzetti in the lower basilica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320025950/http://thais.it/speciali/assisi/Lorenzetti/introduzione.htm |date=2016-03-20 }}
*[http://www.thais.it/speciali/assisi/SimoneMartini/introduzione.htm Frescoes of Simone Martini in the lower basilica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320030833/http://thais.it/speciali/assisi/SimoneMartini/introduzione.htm |date=2016-03-20 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090312082102/http://www.franciscanfriarstor.com/archive/stfrancis/stf_basilica_st_francis.htm Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi – Italy]
{{Franciscans}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Italy}}
{{Landmarks of Umbria}}
{{Holy See}}
{{Subject bar |portal1= Catholicism |portal2= Italy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basilica Of San Francesco D'assisi}}
[[Category:Churches completed in 1253]]
[[Category:Basilica churches in Assisi|Francesco d'Assisi]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in Umbria]]
[[Category:Minor basilicas in Umbria]]
[[Category:Fresco paintings in Umbria]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Italy]]
[[Category:Properties of the Holy See]]
[[Category:Franciscan churches in Italy]]
[[Category:Franciscan convents]]
[[Category:Romanesque architecture in Assisi]]
[[Category:Gothic architecture in Assisi]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic shrines in Italy]]
[[Category:Museums in Umbria]]
[[Category:Religious museums in Italy]]
[[Category:Papal basilicas]]
[[Category:Burial sites of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Bulgaria)]]
[[Category:13th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy]]

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