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==Psychoactive use== |
==Psychoactive use== |
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In ''Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs'', Freye asserts, "Few substances have received as many severely negative recreational experience reports as has ''Datura''."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fatur |first1=Karsten |title=Peculiar plants and fantastic fungi: An ethnobotanical study of the use of hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms in Slovenia |journal=PLOS ONE |date=7 January 2021 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=e0245022 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0245022 |pmid=33412556 |pmc=7790546 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1645022F |doi-access=free }}</ref> The overwhelming majority of those who describe their use of ''Datura'' find their experiences extremely unpleasant |
In ''Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs'', Freye asserts, "Few substances have received as many severely negative recreational experience reports as has ''Datura''."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fatur |first1=Karsten |title=Peculiar plants and fantastic fungi: An ethnobotanical study of the use of hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms in Slovenia |journal=PLOS ONE |date=7 January 2021 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=e0245022 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0245022 |pmid=33412556 |pmc=7790546 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1645022F |doi-access=free }}</ref> The overwhelming majority of those who describe their use of ''Datura'' find their experiences extremely unpleasant; both mentally and often physically dangerous.<ref name="Freye" /> However, anthropologists have found that indigenous groups, with a great deal of experience with and detailed knowledge of ''Datura'', have been known to use ''Datura'' spiritually (including the [[Navajo]] and especially the [[Havasupai]]).<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.3736/jintegrmed2013016|pmid=23506688|title=A review on the pharmacological and toxicological aspects of ''Datura stramonium'' L|journal=Journal of Integrative Medicine|volume=11|issue=2|pages=73–9|year=2013|last1=Gaire|first1=Bhakta Prasad|last2=Subedi|first2=Lalita}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title=Stairways to Heaven: Drugs in American Religious History| first=Robert C| last=Fuller| year=2000| page=[https://archive.org/details/stairwaystoheave00full/page/32 32]| isbn=0-8133-6612-7| publisher=Basic Books| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/stairwaystoheave00full/page/32}}</ref> Adequate knowledge of ''Datura''{{'s}} properties is necessary to facilitate a safe experience.<ref name="Preissel" /> The ancient inhabitants of what became central and southern [[California]] used to ingest ''Datura'' to "commune with [[deities]] through [[Vision (spirituality)|visions]]".<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Lopez Austin A, Lopez Lujan L |title=Mexico's Indigenous Past |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8061-3723-0 |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzB4rfXObCwC&pg=PA22}}</ref> The [[Southern Paiute]] believe ''Datura'' can [[Divination|help locate missing objects]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Southern Paiute Shamanism |first1=Isabel T. |last1=Kelly |year=1939 |url=http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucar002-005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022113/http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucar002-005.pdf |archive-date=2017-11-07 |url-status=live }}</ref> In ancient Mexico, ''Datura'' also played an important role in the [[Aztec religion|religion of the Aztecs]] and the practices of their [[medicine men]] and [[necromancer]]s.<ref name="Economic Botanist">{{cite book |last1=Safford |first1=William |title=Narcotic Plants and Stimulants of the Ancient Americans |date=1916 |publisher=Economic Botanist |location=United States |pages=405–406 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BJXdX3IEtycC&q=datura+necromancy&pg=PA405}}</ref> It was reportedly used by the Aztecs for [[ritual sacrifice]] and malevolent purposes as well.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carod-Artal |first1=F.J. |title=Alucinógenos en las culturas precolombinas mesoamericanas |trans-title=Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures |language=es |journal=Neurología |date=January 2015 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=42–49 |doi=10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003 |pmid=21893367 |doi-access= }}</ref> In modern-day [[Mexico]], some datura species are still used for sorcery and other [[occult]] practices, mostly in the southern region of [[Veracruz]], specifically in the city of [[Catemaco#The "witches" of Catemaco|Catemaco]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Endredy |first1=James |title=The Flying Witches of Veracruz: A Shaman's True Story of Indigenous Witchcraft, Devil's Weed, and Trance Healing in Aztec Brujeria |date=2011 |publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide |isbn=978-0-7387-3114-8 }}{{page needed|date=October 2021}}</ref><ref name=jbudd>{{cite news |author=Jim Budd|title= Viajando Ligero/ El misterioso Catemaco |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=27 October 2002 |page=5 }}</ref> |
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[[Bernardino de Sahagún]], in around 1569, called attention to ''Datura'' in these words: |
[[Bernardino de Sahagún]], in around 1569, called attention to ''Datura'' in these words: |
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