|
m Inserted citation of Van der Veen's 2nd edition
|
m Inserted links to Wikipedia articles on various publishers
|
||
| Line 87: | Line 87: | ||
==References== |
==References== |
||
*Benn, Douglas I. and David J. A. Evans. ''Glaciers and Glaciation''. [[London]]; Arnold, 1998. {{ISBN|0-340-58431-9}} |
*Benn, Douglas I. and David J. A. Evans. ''Glaciers and Glaciation''. [[London]]; [[Edward_Arnold_(publisher)|Arnold]], 1998. {{ISBN|0-340-58431-9}} |
||
*Greve, Ralf and Heinz Blatter. ''Dynamics of Ice Sheets and Glaciers''. [[Berlin]] etc.; [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-3-642-03414-5}} |
*Greve, Ralf and Heinz Blatter. ''Dynamics of Ice Sheets and Glaciers''. [[Berlin]] etc.; [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-3-642-03414-5}} |
||
*Hambrey, Michael and Jürg Alean. ''Glaciers''. 2nd ed. [[Cambridge]] and [[New York City|New York]]; [[Cambridge University Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0-521-82808-2}} |
*Hambrey, Michael and Jürg Alean. ''Glaciers''. 2nd ed. [[Cambridge]] and [[New York City|New York]]; [[Cambridge University Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0-521-82808-2}} |
||
*Hooke, Roger LeB. ''Principles of Glacier Mechanics''. 2nd ed. Cambridge and New York; Cambridge University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-521-54416-5}} |
*Hooke, Roger LeB. ''Principles of Glacier Mechanics''. 2nd ed. Cambridge and New York; Cambridge University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-521-54416-5}} |
||
*Paterson, W. Stanley B. ''The Physics of Glaciers''. 3rd ed. [[Oxford]] etc.; Pergamon Press, 1994. {{ISBN|0-08-037944-3}} |
*Paterson, W. Stanley B. ''The Physics of Glaciers''. 3rd ed. [[Oxford]] etc.; [[Pergamon Press]], 1994. {{ISBN|0-08-037944-3}} |
||
*van der Veen, Cornelis J. ''Fundamentals of Glacier Dynamics''. [[Rotterdam]]; A. A. Balkema, 1999. {{ISBN|90-5410-471-6}} |
*van der Veen, Cornelis J. ''Fundamentals of Glacier Dynamics''. [[Rotterdam]]; A. A. Balkema, 1999. {{ISBN|90-5410-471-6}} |
||
*van der Veen, Cornelis J. ''Fundamentals of Glacier Dynamics''. 2nd ed. [[Boca Raton, FL]]; CRC Press, 2013. {{ISBN|14-398-3566-7}} |
*van der Veen, Cornelis J. ''Fundamentals of Glacier Dynamics''. 2nd ed. [[Boca Raton, FL]]; [[CRC Press]], 2013. {{ISBN|14-398-3566-7}} |
||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
 |
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
|
Glaciology (from Latin: glacies, "frost, ice", and Ancient Greek: λόγος, logos, "subject matter"; literally "study of ice") is the scientific study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.
Glaciology is an interdisciplinary Earth science that integrates geophysics, geology, physical geography, geomorphology, climatology, meteorology, hydrology, biology, and ecology. The impact of glaciers on people includes the fields of human geography and anthropology. The discoveries of water ice on the Moon, Mars, Europa and Pluto add an extraterrestrial component to the field, which is referred to as "astroglaciology".[1]
A glacier is an extended mass of ice formed from snow falling and accumulating over a long period of time; glaciers move very slowly, either descending from high mountains, as in valley glaciers, or moving outward from centers of accumulation, as in continental glaciers.
Areas of study within glaciology include glacial history and the reconstruction of past glaciation. A glaciologist is a person who studies glaciers. A glacial geologist studies glacial deposits and glacial erosive features on the landscape. Glaciology and glacial geology are key areas of polar research.
Glaciers can be identified by their geometry and the relationship to the surrounding topography. There are two general categories of glaciation which glaciologists distinguish: alpine glaciation, accumulations or "rivers of ice" confined to valleys; and continental glaciation, unrestricted accumulations which once covered much of the northern continents.
When a glacier is experiencing an input of precipitation that exceeds the output, the glacier is advancing. Conversely, if the output from evaporation, sublimation, melting, and calving exceed the glaciers precipitation input the glacier is receding. This is referred to as an interglacial period. During periods where ice is advancing at an extreme rate, that is typically 100 times faster than what is considered normal, it is referred to as a surging glacier. During times in which the input of precipitation to the glacier is equivalent to the ice lost from calving, evaporation, and melting of the glacier, there is a steady-state condition. Within the glacier, the ice has a downward movement in the accumulation zone and an upwards movement in the ablation zone.
Movement of the glacier is very slow. Its velocity varies from a few centimeters per day to a few meters per day. The rate of movement depends upon the numbers of factors which are listed below :
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
 |
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessiveorinappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
|
Articles related to Glaciology
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
