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{{Taxobox |
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{{Short description|Order of fishes}} |
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| name = Gonorynchiformes |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
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| fossil_range = |
| fossil_range = Early [[Cretaceous]] - Recent |
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| image = milkfish.jpg |
| image = milkfish.jpg |
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| image_caption = [[Milkfish]], ''[[Chanos chanos]]'' |
| image_caption = [[Milkfish]], ''[[Chanos chanos]]'' |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| taxon = Gonorynchiformes |
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| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] |
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| classis = [[Actinopterygii]] |
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| superordo = [[Ostariophysi]] |
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| ordo = '''Gonorynchiformes''' |
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| ordo_authority = [[Lev Berg|L. S. Berg]], 1940 |
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| subdivision_ranks = Families |
| subdivision_ranks = Families |
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| subdivision = |
| subdivision = |
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[[Chanidae]] (milkfish)<br> |
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[[Gonorynchidae]] (beaked salmons)<br |
[[Gonorynchidae]] (beaked salmons)<br> |
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[[Kneriidae]] (shellears)<br |
[[Kneriidae]] (shellears)<br> |
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[[Phractolaemidae]] (hingemouths) |
[[Phractolaemidae]] (hingemouths) |
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| type_species = [[Gonorynchus gonorynchus]] |
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| type_species_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766) |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Gonorynchiformes''' is an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] that includes the important food source, the [[milkfish]] (''Chanos chanos'', family [[Chanidae]]), and a number of lesser-known types, both [[ocean|marine]] and [[freshwater]]. |
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The alternate spelling "Gonorhynchiformes", with an "h", is frequently seen but not official. |
The alternate spelling "Gonorhynchiformes", with an "h", is frequently seen but not official. |
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Gonorynchiformes have small mouths and no teeth. They are the sole group in the clade Anotophysi, a subgroup of the superorder [[Ostariophysi]]. They are characterized by a primitive [[Weberian apparatus]] formed by the first three vertebrae and one or more cephalic ribs within the head. This apparatus is believed to be a hearing organ, and is found in a more advanced and complex form in the related [[Cypriniformes|cypriniform]] fish, such as [[carp]].<ref name="Nelson">{{cite book | title = Fishes of the World | last = Nelson | first = Joseph, S. | publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-471-25031-7}}</ref> Also like the cypriniforms, the gonorynchiforms produce a substance from their skin when injured that dissolves into the water and acts an alarm signal to other fish.<ref name=EoF>{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. |
Gonorynchiformes have small mouths and no teeth. They are the sole group in the clade Anotophysi, a subgroup of the superorder [[Ostariophysi]]. They are characterized by a primitive [[Weberian apparatus]] formed by the first three vertebrae and one or more cephalic ribs within the head. This apparatus is believed to be a hearing organ, and is found in a more advanced and complex form in the related [[Cypriniformes|cypriniform]] fish, such as [[carp]].<ref name="Nelson">{{cite book | title = Fishes of the World | last = Nelson | first = Joseph, S. | publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-471-25031-7}}</ref> Also like the cypriniforms, the gonorynchiforms produce a substance from their skin when injured that dissolves into the water and acts an alarm signal to other fish.<ref name=EoF>{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N.|author= Banister, Keith F.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages= 96–97|isbn= 0-12-547665-5}}</ref> |
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== Taxonomy == |
== Taxonomy == |
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Although many of the families are rather small, there are several fossil genera. |
Although many of the families are rather small, there are several fossil genera. Here is a listing of the groups of Gonorynchiformes including fossil fish with a short description.<ref name="Nelson"/> They are listed in approximate order of how primitive their characteristics are. |
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{{cladogram |
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|title=Phylogeny of living Gonorynchiformes<ref name="Near, Dornburga & Friedman">Thomas J. Near, Alex Dornburga, Matt Friedman (2014): ''Phylogenetic relationships and timing of diversification in gonorynchiform fishes inferred using nuclear gene DNA sequences (Teleostei: Ostariophysi).'' Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, [[DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.07.013]]</ref> |
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|{{clade|style=font-size:80%;line-height:100%;width:300px; |
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|label1=Gonorynchiformes |
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|1={{clade |
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|label1=Gonorynchidae |
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|1=''[[Gonorynchus]]'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|label1=[[Chanidae]] |
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|1=''[[Chanos (fish)|Chanos]]'' |
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|label2=[[Kneriidae]] |
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|2={{clade |
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|label1=Phractolaeminae |
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|1=''[[Phractolaemus]]'' |
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|label2=Kneriinae |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=''[[Kneria]]'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=''[[Parakneria]]'' |
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|label2=Cromeriini |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=''[[Cromeria]]'' |
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|2=''[[Grasseichthys]]'' |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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Order '''Sorbininardiformes''' (extinct) |
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:: Family '''Sorbininardidae''' (extinct) |
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:::: ''[[Sorbininardus]]'' (extinct) - sister group to all other Gonorynchiformes |
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Order '''Gonorynchiformes''' |
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* '''Order Gonorynchiformes''' Regan 1909<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Mikko Haaramo |title=Gonorynchiformes |website=Mikko's Phylogeny Archive |access-date= 2013-10-26 |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/actinopterygii/gonorynchiformes/gonorynchiformes.html}}</ref> |
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: Suborder '''Chanoidei''' |
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** '''Suborder Gonorynchoidei''' - beaked sandfishes |
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:::: ''[[Aethalinopsis]]'' (extinct) - sister group to [[Chanidae]] from Early [[Cretaceous]]. |
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*** '''Family''' †'''[[Apulichthyidae]]''' Taverne 1997 |
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:: Family '''[[Chanidae]]''' - milkfishes |
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::: Subfamily '''[[Rubiesichthyinae]]''' (extinct) |
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:::: ''[[Gordichthys]]'' (extinct) - Early Cretaceous Chanid |
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**** †''[[Charitopsis (fish)|Charitopsis]]'' Gayet 1993 non Trjapitzin 1969 |
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:::: ''[[Rubiesichthys]]'' (extinct) - Early Cretaceous Chanid |
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**** †''[[Gonorynchidarum]]'' Rana, 1988 otolith |
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::: Subfamily '''Chaninae''' |
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**** †''[[Hakeliosomus]]'' Gayet 1993 |
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:::: ''[[Chanos]]'' |
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:::: ''[[Dastilbe]]'' (extinct) - Early Cretaceous Chanid |
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**** †''[[Sapperichthys]]'' Amaral, Alvardo-Ortega & Brito, 2013 |
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:::: ''[[Parachanos]]'' (extinct) - Early Cretaceous Chanid |
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**** Subfamily †Charitosominae |
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:::: ''[[Tharrhias]]'' (extinct) - Early Cretaceous Chanid |
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***** †''[[Charitosomus]]'' Hosius & Von Der Marck 1885 - Cretaceous |
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: Suborder '''Gonorynchoidei''' - beaked sandfishes |
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**** Subfamily †Judeichthyinae |
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:::: ''[[Apulichthys]]'' (extinct) - primitive sister group to [[Gonorynchidae|Gonorynchoids]]. |
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***** †''[[Judeichthys]]'' Gayet 1985 |
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:: Family '''[[Gonorynchidae]]''' |
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**** Subfamily Gonorynchinae |
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:::: ''[[Notogoneus]]'' (extinct) - from North America, Europe, Australia; some freshwater; Late Cretaceous to Oligocene; sister group to ''Gonorynchus'' |
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***** †''[[Lecceichthys]]'' Taverne, 1998 |
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:::: ''[[Charitosomus]]'' (extinct) - Cretaceous Gonorynchid |
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***** †''[[Notogoneus]]'' Cope 1885 - from North America, Europe, Australia; some freshwater; Late Cretaceous to Oligocene (=†''Anormurus'' [[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|Blainville]], 1818, †''Protocatostomus'' Whitfield 1891) |
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:::: ''[[Judeichthys]]'' (extinct) |
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***** ''[[Gonorynchus]]'' Gronow 1763 ex Scopoli 1777 |
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:::: ''[[Ramallichthys]]'' (extinct) |
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** '''Suborder Chanoidei''' Berg 1937 |
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:::: ''[[Charitopsis]]'' (extinct) |
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:::: ''[[Gonorynchus]]'' |
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**** †''[[Cabindachanos]]'' Taverne et al. 2019 - [[Paleocene]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taverne |first=Louis |last2=Putter |first2=Thierry DE |last3=Mees |first3=Florias |last4=Smith |first4=Thierry |date=2019-01-01 |title=Cabindachanos dartevellei gen. and sp. nov., a new chanid fish (Ostariophysi, Gonorynchiformes) from the marine Paleocene of Cabinda (Central Africa) |url=https://popups.uliege.be/1374-8505/index.php?id=6129 |journal=Geologica Belgica |language=en |doi=10.20341/gb.2018.011 |issn=1374-8505|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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: Suborder '''Knerioidei''' |
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**** ?†''[[Coelogaster]]'' Eastman, 1905 - Eocene<ref name=":0" /> |
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:: Family '''[[Kneriidae]]''' |
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**** Subfamily †[[Rubiesichthyinae]] Poyata-Ariza 1996 |
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:::: ''[[Cromeria]]'' |
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***** Genus †''[[Gordichthys]]'' Poyata-Ariza 1994- Early Cretaceous Chanid |
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:::: ''[[Grasseichthys]]'' |
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***** Genus †''[[Nanaichthys]]'' Amaral & Brito 2012 |
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:::: ''[[Kneria]]'' |
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***** Genus †''[[Rubiesichthys]]'' Wenz 1984 - Early Cretaceous Chanid |
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:::: ''[[Parakneria]]'' |
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**** Subfamily Chaninae |
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:: Family '''[[Phractolaemidae]]''' |
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***** Genus †''[[Aethalionopsis]]'' Gaudant 1967 - Early [[Cretaceous]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Diogo |first=Francisco José Poyato-Ariza, Terry Grande, Rui |title=Gonorynchiform Interrelationships: Historic Overview, Analysis, and Revised Systematics of the Group |date=2010 |work=Gonorynchiformes and Ostariophysan Relationships |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/b10194-7/gonorynchiform-interrelationships-historic-overview-analysis-revised-systematics-group-francisco-jos%C3%A9-poyato-ariza-terry-grande-rui-diogo |access-date=2024-02-06 |publisher=CRC Press |doi=10.1201/b10194-7/gonorynchiform-interrelationships-historic-overview-analysis-revised-systematics-group-francisco-jos%C3%A9-poyato-ariza-terry-grande-rui-diogo |isbn=978-0-429-06156-1}}</ref> |
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:::: ''[[Phractolaemus]]'' |
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***** Genus †''[[Caeus]]'' Costa 1860 - Early Cretaceous<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taverne |first=Louis |last2=Capasso |first2=Luigi |date=2017 |title=Osteology and relationships of Caeus ( “ Chanos ” ) leopoldi ( Teleostei , Gonorynchiformes , Chanidae ) from the marine Albian ( Early Cretaceous ) of Pietraroja ( Campania , southern Italy ) |url=https://museodistorianaturale.comune.verona.it/media/_Musei/_StoriaNaturale/_Allegati/Biblioteca/Bollettino/Bollettino%2041(2017)/Geologia/01_Taverne_Capasso_bassa.pdf |journal=Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona |volume=41 |pages=03-20}}</ref> |
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***** Genus ''[[Chanos chanos|Chanos]]'' Lacépède 1803 |
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***** Genus †''[[Dastilbe]]'' Jordan 1910 - Early Cretaceous Chanid |
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***** Genus †''[[Francischanos]]'' Ribeiro ''et al.'' 2022 - Early Cretaceous Chanid<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ribeiro |first=Alexandre C. |last2=Bockmann |first2=Flávio A. |last3=Poyato-Ariza |first3=Francisco J. |date=2022-07-01 |title=Francischanos, a replacement genus for Dastilbe moraesi Silva-Santos, 1955, from the Quiricó Formation, Lower Cretaceous of the Sanfranciscana basin, Brazil (Ostariophysi: Gonorynchiformes) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122000763 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=135 |pages=105212 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105212 |issn=0195-6671}}</ref> |
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***** Genus †''[[Parachanos]]'' Arambourg & Schneegans 1935 - Early Cretaceous Chanid |
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***** Genus †''[[Tharrhias]]'' Jordan & Branner 1908 - Early Cretaceous Chanid |
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***** Genus †''[[Vango (fish)|Vango]]'' Murray ''et al.'' 2023 - Late Cretaceous Chanid<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Alison M. |last2=Brinkman |first2=Donald B. |last3=Friedman |first3=Matt |last4=Krause |first4=David W. |date=2023-10-17 |title=A large, freshwater chanid fish (Ostariophysi: Gonorynchiformes) from the Upper Cretaceous of Madagascar |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2023.2255630 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |doi=10.1080/02724634.2023.2255630 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref> |
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** '''Suborder Knerioidei''' |
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*** '''Family [[Kneriidae]]''' Günther 1868 |
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**** Genus †''[[Mahengichthys]]'' Davis, Arratia & Kaiser 2013 |
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**** Subfamily Kneriinae (Shellears) |
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***** Tribe Cromeriini |
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****** Genus ''[[Cromeria]]'' Boulenger 1901 |
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****** Genus ''[[Grasseichthys]]'' Géry 1964 |
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***** Tribe Kneriini |
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****** Genus ''[[Kneria]]'' Steindachner 1866 |
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****** Genus ''[[Parakneria]]'' Poll 1965 |
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*** Family '''[[Phractolaemidae]]''' |
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**** Genus ''[[Phractolaemus]]'' Boulenger 1901 (Hingemouths/snake mudheads) |
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==Timeline of genera== |
==Timeline of genera== |
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Line 164: | Line 118: | ||
bar:NAM16 |
bar:NAM16 |
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bar:NAM17 |
bar:NAM17 |
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bar:space |
bar:space |
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Line 200: | Line 155: | ||
color:earlycretaceous bar:NAM5 from: -125 till: -112 text: [[Tharrhias]] |
color:earlycretaceous bar:NAM5 from: -125 till: -112 text: [[Tharrhias]] |
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color:earlycretaceous bar:NAM6 from: -125 till: -93.5 text: [[Caeus]] |
color:earlycretaceous bar:NAM6 from: -125 till: -93.5 text: [[Caeus]] |
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color:latecretaceous bar:NAM7 from: -99.6 till: -97.6 text: [[ |
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM7 from: -99.6 till: -97.6 text: [[Charitopsis]] |
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color:latecretaceous bar:NAM8 from: -99.6 till: -97.6 text: [[Judeichthys]] |
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM8 from: -99.6 till: -97.6 text: [[Judeichthys]] |
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color:latecretaceous bar:NAM9 from: -99.6 till: -97.6 text: [[Ramallichthys]] |
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM9 from: -99.6 till: -97.6 text: [[Ramallichthys]] |
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Line 209: | Line 164: | ||
color:eocene bar:NAM14 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: [[Coelogaster]] |
color:eocene bar:NAM14 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 text: [[Coelogaster]] |
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color:eocene bar:NAM15 from: -55.8 till: -23.03 text: [[Notogoneus]] |
color:eocene bar:NAM15 from: -55.8 till: -23.03 text: [[Notogoneus]] |
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color:eocene bar:NAM16 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: [[ |
color:eocene bar:NAM16 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: [[Chanos]] |
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color:oligocene bar:NAM17 from: -33.9 till: -28.4 text: [[Neohalecopsis]] |
color:oligocene bar:NAM17 from: -33.9 till: -28.4 text: [[Neohalecopsis]] |
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PlotData= |
PlotData= |
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Line 234: | Line 190: | ||
</timeline> |
</timeline> |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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* {{cite journal|last=Sepkoski |first=Jack |title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera |journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology |volume=364 |page=560 |year=2002 |url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |access-date=2011-05-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723131237/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |archive-date=2011-07-23 }} |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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* {{cite journal | last = Sepkoski | first = Jack | title = A compendium of fossil marine animal genera | journal = Bulletins of American Paleontology | volume = 364 | pages = p.560 | year = 2002 | url = http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class | accessdate = 2011-05-17 }} |
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{{Actinopterygii}} |
{{Actinopterygii}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q755012}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Gonorynchiformes| ]] |
[[Category:Gonorynchiformes| ]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Ostariophysi]] |
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[[Category:Ray-finned fish orders]] |
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{{Actinopterygii-stub}} |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Lev Berg]] |
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[[af:Gonorynchiformes]] |
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[[az:Burnukonuskimilər]] |
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[[ca:Gonorinquiforme]] |
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[[de:Sandfischartige]] |
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[[es:Gonorynchiformes]] |
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[[fr:Gonorynchiformes]] |
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[[gl:Gonorrinchiformes]] |
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[[ko:압치목]] |
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[[lt:Arkliagalvės]] |
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[[hu:Gonorynchiformes]] |
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[[nl:Zandvisachtigen]] |
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[[ja:ネズミギス目]] |
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[[oc:Gonorynchiformes]] |
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[[pl:Piaskolcokształtne]] |
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[[pt:Gonorynchiformes]] |
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[[ru:Гоноринхообразные]] |
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[[fi:Maitokalat]] |
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[[th:อันดับปลานวลจันทร์ทะเล]] |
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[[tr:Gonorynchiformes]] |
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[[zh:鼠鱚目]] |
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Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
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