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{{Short description|Genus of gastropods}}
{{for|the human use of Haliotis molluscs|Abalone}}
{{distinguish|Halitosis}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range | Late Cretaceous | Recent | ref=<ref name="Geiger1999">{{harvnb|Geiger|Groves|1999|p=872}}</ref> }}
| image = LivingAbalone.JPG
| image_caption = Living abalone in tank showing epipodium and tentacles, anterior end to the right.
| display_parents = 3
| parent_authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1815
| taxon = Haliotis
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| type_species = ''Haliotis asinina'' 
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="WoRMS">{{harvnb|Gofas|Tran|Bouchet|2014}}</ref>
| synonyms =
* ''Euhaliotis'' [[Wilhelm August Wenz|Wenz]], 1938
* ''Eurotis'' Habe & Kosuge, 1964
* ''Exohaliotis'' [[Bernard Charles Cotton|Cotton]] & Godfrey, 1933
* ''Haliotis (Haliotis)'' [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
* ''Haliotis (Marinauris)'' Iredale, 1937
* ''Haliotis (Nordotis)'' Habe & Kosuge, 1964
* ''Haliotis (Notohaliotis)'' [[Bernard Charles Cotton|Cotton]] & Godfrey, 1933
* ''Haliotis (Padollus)'' [[Pierre Denys de Montfort|Montfort]], 1810
* ''Haliotis (Paua)'' [[Charles Fleming (ornithologist)|C. Fleming]], 1953
* ''Haliotis (Sulculus)'' [[Henry Adams (zoologist)|H. Adams]] & [[Arthur Adams (zoologist)|A. Adams]], 1854
* ''Marinauris'' [[Tom Iredale|Iredale]], 1927
* ''Neohaliotis'' [[Bernard Charles Cotton|Cotton]] & Godfrey, 1933
* ''Nordotis'' Habe & Kosuge, 1964
* ''Notohaliotis'' [[Bernard Charles Cotton|Cotton]] & Godfrey, 1933
* ''Ovinotis'' [[Bernard Charles Cotton|Cotton]], 1943
* ''Padollus'' [[Pierre Denys de Montfort|Montfort]], 1810
* ''Paua'' [[Charles Fleming (ornithologist)|C. Fleming]], 1953
* ''Sanhaliotis'' [[Tom Iredale|Iredale]], 1929
* ''Schismotis'' [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1856
* ''Teinotis'' [[Henry Adams (zoologist)|H. Adams]] & [[Arthur Adams (zoologist)|A. Adams]], 1854
* ''Tinotis'' [[Paul Henri Fischer|P. Fischer]], 1885 (invalid: unjustified emendation of Teinotis)
* ''Usahaliotis'' Habe & Kosuge, 1964
}}

'''''Haliotis''''', common name [[abalone]], is the only genus in the family Haliotidae.<ref name="WoRMS"/>

This genus once contained six subgenera. These subgenera have become alternate representations of ''Haliotis''.<ref name="WoRMS">{{harvnb|Gofas|Tran|Bouchet|2014}}</ref> The genus consists of small to very large, edible, herbivorous [[sea snail]]s, [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusc]]s. The number of species recognized worldwide ranges between 30<ref name=DCMD>{{harvnb|Dauphin|Cuif|Mutvei|Denis|1989|p=9}}</ref> and 130,<ref name=Cox>{{harvnb|Cox|1962|p=8}}</ref> with over 230 species-level taxa described. The most comprehensive treatment of the family considers 56 species valid, with 18 additional subspecies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=D.L.|first=Geiger|date=1999|title=Distribution and biogeography of the recent Haliotidae (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) world-wide|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/imis.php?module=ref&refid=999&basketaction=add|journal=Bollettino Malacologico|language=en}}</ref>

Other [[common name]]s are '''ear shells''', '''sea ears''', and, rarely, '''muttonfish''' or '''muttonshells''' in parts of Australia, '''ormer''' in [[United Kingdom|the UK]], '''perlemoen''' in [[South Africa]], and the [[Māori language|Māori]] name for three species in New Zealand is '''pāua'''.<ref name="MtSS">{{harvnb|Beesley|Ross|Wells|1998}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref>

==Description==
[[Image:AbaloneInside.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Iridescence|iridescent]] inside surface of a [[red abalone]] shell from [[Northern California]]: The coin is about one inch in diameter.]]
The shells of abalones have a low, open, spiral structure, and are characterized by having several open respiratory pores in a row near the shell's outer edge. The thick inner layer of the shell is composed of [[nacre]], which in many species of abalone is highly iridescent, giving rise to a range of strong, changeable colors, which make the shells attractive to humans as decorative objects, in jewelry, and as a source of colorful mother-of-pearl.

The shell of abalones is [[wikt:convex|convex]], rounded to oval shape, and may be highly arched or very flattened. The shell of the majority of species is ear-shaped, presenting a small, flat [[Spire (mollusc)|spire]] and two to three [[Whorl (mollusc)|whorls]]. The last whorl, known as the [[body whorl]], is [[wikt:auriform|auriform]], meaning that the shell resembles an ear, giving rise to the common name "ear shell". ''[[Haliotis asinina]]'' has a somewhat different shape, as it is more elongated and distended. The shell of ''Haliotis cracherodii cracherodii'' is also unusual as it has an [[wikt:ovate|ovate]] form, is [[wikt:imperforate|imperforate]], shows an [[wikt:exsert|exserted]] spire, and has prickly ribs.

A [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] cleft in the shell impresses a groove in the shell, in which are the row of holes (known as tremata), characteristic of the genus. These holes are respiratory apertures for venting water from the gills and for releasing sperm and eggs into the water column. They make up what is known as the [[selenizone]] which forms as the shell grows. This series of eight to 38 holes is near the anterior margin. Only a small number are generally open. The older holes are gradually sealed up as the shell grows and new holes form. Therefore, the number of tremata is not characteristic for the species. Each species has a number of open holes, between four and 10, in the selenizone. This number is not fixed and can vary within a species and between populations. Abalones have no [[Operculum (gastropod)|operculum]]. The [[Aperture (mollusc)|aperture]] of the shell is very wide and [[wikt:nacreous|nacreous]].

The exterior of the shell is striated and dull. The color of the shell is very variable from species to species, which may reflect the animal's diet.<ref name="MtSS"/> The iridescent nacre that lines the inside of the shell varies in color from silvery white, to pink, red and green-red, to deep blue, green to purple.

The animal shows [[wikt:fimbriated|fimbriated]] head-lobes. The side-lobes are also fimbriated and [[Cirrus (biology)|cirrated]]. The rounded foot is very large. The [[radula]] has small median teeth, and the lateral teeth are single and beam-like. About 70 [[uncini]] are present, with [[wikt:denticulated|denticulated]] hooks, the first four very large. The soft body is coiled around the [[Columella (gastropod)|columellar muscle]], and its insertion, instead of being on the columella, is on the middle of the inner wall of the shell. The [[gill]]s are symmetrical and both well developed.<ref name="Tryon">{{harvnb|Tryon|1880|p=41}}</ref>

These snails cling solidly with their broad muscular foot to rocky surfaces at [[Sublittoral zone|sublittoral]] depths, although some species such as ''[[Haliotis cracherodii]]'' used to be common in the [[intertidal zone]]. Abalones reach maturity at a relatively small size. Their [[fecundity]] is high and increases with their size (from 10,000 to 11 million eggs at a time). The [[spermatozoa]] are [[wikt:filiform|filiform]] and pointed at one end, and the anterior end is a rounded head.<ref name="Tryon1">{{harvnb|Tryon|1880|p=46}}</ref>

The [[larva]]e are [[Lecithotrophic#Larval development strategies|lecithotrophic]]. The adults are [[herbivorous]] and feed with their [[Radula#The seven basic types|rhipidoglossan]] radula on [[macroalgae]], preferring red or brown algae. Sizes vary from {{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} (''[[Haliotis pulcherrima]]'') to {{convert|200|mm|in|abbr=on}}, while ''[[Haliotis rufescens]]'' is the largest of the genus at {{convert|12|in|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Hoiberg|1993|p=7}}</ref>

By weight, about one-third of the animal is edible meat, one-third is [[offal]], and one-third  is shell.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

==Structure and properties of the shell==
The shell of the abalone is exceptionally strong and is made of microscopic [[calcium carbonate]] tiles stacked like bricks. Between the layers of tiles is a clingy protein substance. When the abalone shell is struck, the tiles slide instead of shattering and the protein stretches to absorb the energy of the blow. [[Material science|Material scientists]] around the world are studying this tiled structure for insight into stronger ceramic products such as [[body armor]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lin|Meyers|2005|p=27 & 38}}</ref> The dust created by grinding and cutting abalone shell is dangerous; appropriate safeguards must be taken to protect people from inhaling these particles. There is much discussion of this topic online.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}<ref>Abalone Toxicity https://orchid.ganoksin.com/t/abalone-toxicity/9357/2</ref><ref>Shell Dust Dangers https://www.banjohangout.org/archive/187285</ref>

==Species==
The number of species that are recognized within the genus ''Haliotis'' has fluctuated over time, and depends on the source that is consulted. The number of recognized species ranges from 30<ref name=DCMD/> to 130.<ref name=Cox/> This list finds a compromise using the "[[WoRMS]]" database, plus some species that have been added, for a total of 57.<ref name="WoRMS">{{harvnb|Gofas|Tran|Bouchet|2014}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Abbott|Dance|2000}}</ref> The majority of abalone have not been evaluated for conservation status. Those that have been reviewed tend to show that the abalone in general is declining in numbers, and will need protection throughout the globe.

=== Extant species ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Species of abalone
! Species !! Range !! Conservation status
|-
| ''[[Haliotis alfredensis]]'' [[Paul Bartsch|Bartsch]], 1915{{refn|group=nb|This species, depending on the source is its own species<ref name=WAlfred>{{harvnb|Tran|Bouchet|2009}}</ref> or is a synonym of ''Haliotis speciosa''.<ref>{{harvnb|EoL|2014}}</ref>}} || [[South Africa]] ||| {{IUCN status|DD|78748407|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis arabiensis]]'' Owen, Regter & Van Laethem, 2016 || Off Yemen and Oman||| {{IUCN status|NT|157247863|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis asinina]]'' [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] || [[Philippines]]; [[Indonesia]]; [[Australia]]; [[Japan]]; [[Thailand]]; [[Vietnam]] ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78749198|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis australis]]'' [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1791 || [[New Zealand]] ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78763353|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis brazieri]]'' [[George French Angas|Angas]], 1869 || Eastern Australia ||| {{IUCN status|NT|78763607|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis clathrata]]'' [[Lovell Augustus Reeve|Reeve]], 1846 || [[Seychelles]]; [[Comores]]; [[Madagascar]]; [[Mauritius]]; [[Kenya]] ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78763614|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis coccoradiata]]'' Reeve, 1846 || Eastern Australia ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78763643|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis corrugata]]'' [[William Wood (zoologist)|Wood]], 1828 || [[California]], USA; [[Baja California peninsula|Baja California]], [[Mexico]] ||| {{IUCN status|CR|78763727|1}}, Species of Concern [[NMFS|National Marine Fisheries Service]];<ref>{{harvnb|Neuman|2007}}</ref> Vulnerable (global) and imperiled (California) [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife]]<ref name="DFG">{{harvnb|State of California|2011}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Haliotis cracherodii]]'' [[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1814 || California, USA; Baja California, Mexico ||| {{IUCN status|CR|41880|1}}, Vulnerable (Global, Nation: US, State: California) [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife]];<ref name="DFG" /><ref>{{harvnb|Anon|2014f}}</ref> Listed endangered [[NMFS|National Marine Fisheries Service]]<ref>{{harvnb|Anon|2009}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Haliotis cyclobates]]'' [[François Péron|Péron]] & [[Charles Alexandre Lesueur|Lesueur]], 1816 || Southern Australia ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78763977|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis dalli]]'' Henderson, 1915 || [[Galapagos Islands]] ||| {{IUCN status|DD|78764148|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis discus]]'' Reeve, 1846 || [[Japan]]; [[South Korea]] ||| {{IUCN status|EN|78764186|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis dissona]]'' ([[Tom Iredale|Iredale]], 1929) || Australia; [[New Caledonia]] ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78764274|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis diversicolor]]'' Reeve, 1846 || Japan; Australia; [[Southeast Asia]] ||| {{IUCN status|DD|78764384|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis drogini]]'' [[Buzz Owen|Owen]] & Reitz, 2012 || [[Cocos Island]]||| {{IUCN status|VU|78764677|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis elegans]]'' Koch & [[Rodolfo Amando Philippi|Philippi]], 1844 || Western Australia ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78764711|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis exigua]]'' [[Wilhelm Dunker|Dunker, R.W.]], 1877 (synonym of ''H. diversicolor'') ||Japan ||| Not evaluated
|-
| ''[[Haliotis fatui]]'' [[Daniel L. Geiger|Geiger]], 1999 || [[Tonga]] [[Mariana Islands]] ||| {{IUCN status|DD|78764797|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis fulgens]]'' [[Rodolfo Amando Philippi|Philippi]], 1845 || California, USA; Baja California, Mexico ||| {{IUCN status|CR|78768961|1}}, Vulnerable (Global, State: California [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife]]);<ref name="DFG" /> Species of Concern [[National Marine Fisheries Service|NMFS]]<ref>{{harvnb|Neuman|2009}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Haliotis geigeri]]'' Owen, 2014 ||São Tomé and Príncipe Islands ||| {{IUCN status|VU|78768971|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis gigantea]]'' Gmelin, 1791 || Japan ||| {{IUCN status|EN|78768975|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis glabra]]'' [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1791 || [[Philippines]]; [[Vietnam]] ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78768980|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis iris]]'' Gmelin, 1791 || New Zealand; [[Vanuatu]] ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78769001|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis jacnensis]]'' Reeve, 1846 || Japan; [[Nicobar Islands]]; [[Ryukyu Islands]]; [[Pacific Islands]]; ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78769011|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis kamtschatkana]]'' Jonas, 1845 || Western North America ||| {{IUCN status|EN|61743|1}}, Imperiled ([[Alaska]], [[British Columbia]]), Vulnerable (global, US), critically imperiled (California);<ref name="DFG" /><ref>{{harvnb|Anon|2014c}}</ref> Species of Concern NMFS<ref>{{harvnb|Gustafson|Rumsey|2007}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Haliotis laevigata]]'' [[Edward Donovan|Donovan]], 1808 || South Australia; [[Tasmania]] ||| {{IUCN status|VU|78769674|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis madaka]]'' (Habe, 1977) || Japan; South Korea ||| {{IUCN status|EN|78769692|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis mariae]]'' [[William Wood (zoologist)|Wood]], 1828 || [[Oman]]; [[Yemen]] ||| {{IUCN status|EN|78769871|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis marmorata]]'' [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] || [[Liberia]]; [[Ivory Coast]]; [[Ghana]] ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78769875|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis melculus]]'' ([[Tom Iredale|Iredale]], 1927) ||Australia ([[New South Wales]], [[Queensland]]) ||| {{IUCN status|VU|78771080|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis midae]]'' [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] || South Africa ||| {{IUCN status|EN|78771094|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis mykonosensis]]'' Owen, Hanavan & Hall, 2001 || [[Greece]]; [[Turkey]]; [[Tunisia]] ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78771101|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis ovina]]'' Gmelin, 1791 || [[Thailand]]; [[Vietnam]]; southern part of the Pacific Ocean; [[Andaman Islands]]; [[Maldives]]; Ryukyu Islands ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78771163|1}}
|-
|''[[Haliotis papulata]]'' Reeve, 1846
|Australia; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Sri Lanka; Thailand
|{{IUCN status|LC|161334052|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis parva]]'' [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] || South Africa; [[Angola]] ||| {{IUCN status|DD|78771325|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis planata]]'' [[George Brettingham Sowerby II|G. B. Sowerby II]], 1882 || Ryukyu Islands; [[Sri Lanka]]; [[Indonesia]]; Fiji; [[Andaman Sea]] ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78771329|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis pourtalesii]]'' [[William Healey Dall|Dall]], 1881 || Eastern USA; [[Gulf of Mexico]]; Eastern South America; northern [[Colombia]] ||| {{IUCN status|DD|78771388|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis pulcherrima]]'' Gmelin, 1791 || [[Polynesia]] ||| {{IUCN status|DD|78771440|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis queketti]]'' [[Edgar Albert Smith|E.A. Smith]], 1910 || South Africa; Somalia ||| {{IUCN status|DD|78771516|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis roei]]'' [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1826 || Australia ||| {{IUCN status|NT|78771528|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis rubiginosa]]'' Reeve, 1846 || [[Lord Howe Island]]; [[Malakula Island]] ||| {{IUCN status|CR|78771575|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis rubra]]'' [[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1814 || Southern and Eastern Australia ||| {{IUCN status|VU|78771579|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis rufescens]]'' [[William John Swainson|Swainson]], 1822 || Western North America ||| {{IUCN status|CR|78771583|1}}, apparently secure (global, US); critically imperiled (Canada)<ref>{{harvnb|Anon|2014d}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Haliotis rugosa]]'' [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1822 || South Africa; Madagascar; [[Mauritius]]; [[Red Sea]] ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78771608|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis scalaris]]'' ([[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1814) || Southern and Western Australia ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78771632|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis semiplicata]]'' [[Karl Theodor Menke|Menke]], 1843 || Western Australia ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78771692|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis sorenseni]]'' Bartsch, 1940 || California, USA; Baja California, Mexico ||| {{IUCN status|CR|78771696|1}}, critically imperiled (global, US, California);<ref name="DFG" /><ref>{{harvnb|Anon|2014e}}</ref> Endangered NMFS<ref>{{harvnb|Anon|2001}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Haliotis spadicea]]'' Donovan, 1808 || South Africa ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78771700|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis speciosa]]'' Reeve, 1846 (synonym of ''H. tuberculata'')
| Eastern South Africa ||| Not evaluated
|-
| ''[[Haliotis squamosa]]'' [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1826 || Madagascar; Eastern Australia; [[Okinawa]] ||| {{IUCN status|DD|78771710|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis stomatiaeformis]]'' Reeve, 1846 || [[Malta]]; [[Sicily]]||| {{IUCN status|VU|78772043|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis supertexta]]'' [[Karl Emil Lischke|Lischke]], 1870 (synonym of ''H. diversicolor'') || Japan; [[Sao Tome]] ||| Not evaluated
|-
| ''[[Haliotis thailandis]]'' Dekker & Patamakanthin, 2001 (synonym of ''H. papulata'') || Andaman Sea ||| Not evaluated
|-
| ''[[Haliotis tuberculata]]'' [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] || [[Ireland]] (introduced); [[Channel Islands]]; [[Azores]]; [[Canary Islands]]; Japan; [[Madeira]] ; [[Brittany]]; [[Great Britain]] ||| {{IUCN status|VU|78772221|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis unilateralis]]'' Lamarck, 1822 || [[Gulf of Aqaba]]; East Africa; [[Seychelles]]; ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78772250|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis varia]]'' [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] || [[Mascarene Basin]]; Red Sea; Sri Lanka; Western Pacific; ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78772274|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis virginea]]'' Gmelin, 1791 || New Zealand; [[Chatham Islands]]; [[Auckland Islands]]; [[Campbell Island, New Zealand|Campbell Island]]; Fiji ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78772279|1}}
|-
| ''[[Haliotis walallensis]]'' Stearns, 1899 || Western North America || {{IUCN status|CR|78772302|1}}
|}

<gallery>
File:Ass’s ear abalone (Haliotis asinina) S01.jpg|A dorsal view of a live ass's ear abalone, ''[[Haliotis asinina]]''
File:Pinkabalone 300.jpg|the pink abalone, ''[[Haliotis corrugata]]''
File:Haliotis cracherodii.JPG|The black abalone, ''[[Haliotis cracherodii]]''
File:Blacklip abalone.jpg|Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of the blacklip abalone, ''[[Haliotis rubra]]''
File:Whiteabalone 300.jpg|The white abalone, ''[[Haliotis sorenseni]]''
File:Haliotis varia f. dohrniana 001.jpg|A shell of ''[[Haliotis varia]]'' form ''dohrniana''
</gallery>

{{clear}}
<gallery style="text-align:center;" mode="packed">
Image:Haliotis asinina 01.JPG|''[[Haliotis asinina]]''
Image:Haliotis australis 001.jpg|''[[Haliotis australis]]''
Image:Haliotis clathrata 01.JPG|''[[Haliotis clathrata]]''
Image:Haliotis coccoradiata.jpg|''[[Haliotis coccoradiata]]''
Image:Haliotis corrugata.jpg|''[[Haliotis corrugata]]''
Image:Haliotis cracherodii.jpg|''[[Haliotis cracherodii]]''
Image:Haliotis cyclobates.jpg|''[[Haliotis cyclobates]]''
Image:Haliotis discus discus 01.JPG|''[[Haliotis discus]] discus''
Image:Haliotis diversicolor 01.jpg|''[[Haliotis diversicolor]]''
Image:Haliotis elegans 001.jpg|''[[Haliotis elegans]]''
Image:Haliotis fatui 001.jpg|''[[Haliotis fatui]]''
Image:Haliotis fulgens fulgens 01.JPG|''[[Haliotis fulgens]] fulgens''
Image:Haliotis gigantea f. sieboldii 01.JPG|''[[Haliotis gigantea]] f. sieboldii''
Image:Haliotis glabra 01.JPG|''[[Haliotis glabra]]''
Image:Haliotis iris 01.JPG|''[[Haliotis iris]]''
Image:Haliotis jacnensis 002.jpg|''[[Haliotis jacnensis]]''
Image:Haliotis kamtschatkana assimilis 01.JPG|''[[Haliotis kamtschatkana]] assimilis'' (South California).
Image:Haliotis laevigata 01.JPG|''[[Haliotis laevigata]]'' (South Australia).
Image:Haliotis madaka 001.jpg|''[[Haliotis madaka]]''
Image:Haliotis mariae 002.jpg|''[[Haliotis mariae]]''
Image:Haliotis marmorata 002.jpg|''[[Haliotis marmorata]]''
Image:Haliotis midae 01.jpg|''[[Haliotis midae]]''
Image:Haliotis ovina ovina 01.JPG|''[[Haliotis ovina]]''
Image:Haliotis parva 001.jpg|''[[Haliotis parva]]''
Image:Haliotis planata 01.JPG|''[[Haliotis planata]]''
Image:Haliotis pulcherrima 001.jpg|''[[Haliotis pulcherrima]]''
Image:Haliotis queketti 001.jpg|''[[Haliotis queketti]]''
Image:Haliotis roei 002.jpg|''[[Haliotis roei]]''
Image:Haliotis rubra P2164176.JPG|''[[Haliotis rubra]]''
Image:Haliotis rufescens 22a.jpg|''[[Haliotis rufescens]]''
Image:Haliotis rugosa 2.jpg|''[[Haliotis rugosa]]''
Image:Haliotis scalaris (staircase abalone) (Quinn's Rocks, Western Australia) 1 (23565526643).jpg|''[[Haliotis scalaris]]''
Image:Haliotis semùiplicata 001.jpg|''[[Haliotis semiplicata]]''
Image:Haliotis sorenseni 001.jpg|''[[Haliotis sorenseni]]''
Image:Haliotis spadicea (blood-spotted abalone) (South Africa) 3 (24139744761).jpg|''[[Haliotis spadicea]]''
Image:Haliotis squamosa 001.jpg|''[[Haliotis squamosa]]''
Image:Haliotis stomatiaeformis 002.jpg|''[[Haliotis stomatiaeformis]]''
Image:Haliotis supertexta 001.jpg|''[[Haliotis supertexta]]''
Image:Haliotis thailandis 002.jpg|''[[Haliotis thailandis]]''
Image:Haliotis tuberculata tuberculata 01.JPG|''[[Haliotis tuberculata]]'' (Europe)
Image:Haliotis unilateralis 002.jpg|''[[Haliotis unilateralis]]''
Image:Haliotis varia 01.JPG|''[[Haliotis varia]]''
Image:Haliotis virginea shell 2.jpg|''[[Haliotis virginea]]''
Image:Haliotis walallensis.jpg|''[[Haliotis walallensis]]''
</gallery>

=== Fossil species ===

*†''[[Haliotis benoisti]]'' Cossmann, 1896 (Aquitaine, France)
*†''[[Haliotis flemingi]]'' Powell, 1938 (New Zealand)
*†''[[Haliotis lomaensis]]'' Anderson, 1902
*†''[[Haliotis mathesonensis]]'' (Eagle, 1996)
*†''[[Haliotis (Marinauris) matihetihensis]]'' (Eagle, 1999)
*†''[[Haliotis powelli]]'' C. A. Fleming, 1952
*†''[[Haliotis stalennuyi]]'' Owen & Berschauer, 2017
*†''[[Haliotis volhynica]]'' Eichwald, 1829
*†''[[Haliotis waitemataensis]]'' Powell, 1938

== Conservation ==
Over half of the modern ''Haliotis'' species with sufficient data are considered threatened to some extent on the [[IUCN Red List]], with all but one species from the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coast of [[North America]] being [[Critically Endangered|critically endangered]] as a consequence of massive historical [[Overexploitation|overharvesting]], [[withering abalone syndrome]], and recent [[marine heatwave]]s which have caused collapses of both abalones and their habitat. ''Haliotis'' species from elsewhere are also threatened by overexploitation and climate change. In addition, abalones as a whole are considered highly vulnerable to [[ocean acidification]] due to their accretion of [[aragonite]] and dependence on susceptible [[coralline algae]] for development, and thus may eventually go extinct unless the rate of ocean acidification is arrested.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=IUCN |date=2021-05-21 |title=Haliotis rufescens: Peters, H., Rogers-Bennett, L. & De Shields, R.M.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T78771583A78772573 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/78771583/78772573 |language=en |doi=10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t78771583a78772573.en|s2cid=245151062 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kerlin |first=Katherine E. |date=2022-12-12 |title=All West Coast Abalones at Risk of Extinction on the IUCN Red List |url=https://www.ucdavis.edu/climate/news/all-west-coast-abalone-added-endangered-iucns-red-list |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=UC Davis |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First-ever global Red List assessment of abalone underlines urgency of combatting illegal trade - Wildlife Trade News from TRAFFIC |url=https://www.traffic.org/news/first-ever-global-red-list-assessment-of-abalone-underlines-urgency-of-combatting-illegal-trade/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=www.traffic.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Byrne |first1=Maria |last2=Ho |first2=Melanie |last3=Wong |first3=Eunice |last4=Soars |first4=Natalie A. |last5=Selvakumaraswamy |first5=Paulina |last6=Shepard-Brennand |first6=Hannah |last7=Dworjanyn |first7=Symon A. |last8=Davis |first8=Andrew R. |date=2010-12-22 |title=Unshelled abalone and corrupted urchins: development of marine calcifiers in a changing ocean |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2404 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=278 |issue=1716 |pages=2376–2383 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2010.2404 |pmid=21177689 |pmc=3119014 |issn=0962-8452}}</ref>

==Synonyms==
{{Main|List of abalone synonyms}}

==See also==
* [[Abalone]]
* ''[[Concholepas concholepas]]''
* [[Pāua]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book | last1 = Abbott | first = R. Tucker | last2 = Dance | first2 = S. Peter | title = Compendium of Seashells | url = https://archive.org/details/Compendium_of_Seashells_by_S._Peter_Dance | year = 2000 | publisher = Odyssey Publishing | isbn = 978-0-9661720-0-3 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/Compendium_of_Seashells_by_S._Peter_Dance/page/n29 19]–23 | edition = 4th }}
* {{cite web | author = Anon | year = 2014c | url = http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=113951&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467 | access-date = 22 August 2014 | title = ''Haliotis kamtschatkana'' – Jonas, 1845 | website = NatureServe Explorer | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120301/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=113951&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467 | archive-date = 26 August 2014 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | author = Anon | year = 2014d | url = http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=107385&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467 | access-date = 22 August 2014 | title = ''Haliotis refescens'' – Swainson, 1822 | website = NatureServe Explorer | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826160903/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=107385&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467 | archive-date = 26 August 2014 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | author = Anon | year = 2014e | url = http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=116467&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467 | access-date = 22 August 2014 | title = ''Haliotis sorenseni'' – Bartsch, 1940 | website = NatureServe Explorer | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115417/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=116467&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467 | archive-date = 26 August 2014 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | author = Anon | year = 2014f | url = http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=120086&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467 | access-date = 22 August 2014 | title = ''Haliotis cracherodii'' – Leach, 1814 | website = NatureServe Explorer | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120205/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=120086&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467 | archive-date = 26 August 2014 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web |author=Anon |date=14 January 2009 |website=Federal Register: The Daily Journal of the United States |title=Endangered and Threatened Species; Endangered Status for Black Abalone |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2009/01/14/E9-635/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-endangered-status-for-black-abalone |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114139/https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2009/01/14/E9-635/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-endangered-status-for-black-abalone }}
* {{cite web |author=Anon |date=29 May 2001 |website=Federal Register: The Daily Journal of the United States |title=Endangered and Threatened Species; Endangered Status for White Abalone |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2001/05/29/01-13430/endangered-and-threatened-species-endangered-status-for-white-abalone |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729124601/https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2001/05/29/01-13430/endangered-and-threatened-species-endangered-status-for-white-abalone }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Beesley | first1 = P. L. | last2 = Ross | first2 = G. J. B. | last3 = Wells | first3 = A. | title = Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis: An Essential Reference | year = 1998 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing | isbn = 978-0-643-05756-2 | pages = 667–669 | location = Melbourne, Australia }}
* {{cite journal | last = Cox | first = Keith W. | year = 1962 | title = California abalone, family Haliotidae | journal = The Resources Agency of California Department of Fish and Game: Fish Bulletin | volume = 118 | issn = 6306-2593 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Dauphin | first1 = Y. | last2 = Cuif | first2 = J. P. | last3 = Mutvei | first3 = H. | last4 = Denis | first4 = A. | year = 1989 | title = Mineralogy, Chemistry and Ultrastructure of the External Shell-layer in Ten Species of ''Haliotis'' With Reference to ''Haliotis tuberculata'' (Mollusca, Archaeogastropoda) | journal = Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of the University of Uppsala | volume = 15 | pages = 7–38 | issn = 0302-2749 }}
* {{cite web |author=EoL |year=2014 |url=http://eol.org/pages/3048993/overview |website=Encyclopedia of Life |access-date=21 August 2014 |archive-date=21 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821215843/http://eol.org/pages/3048993/overview |title=Haliotis speciosa: Splendid Abalone |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Geiger | first1 = Daniel L. | last2 = Groves | first2 = Lindsey T. | title = Review of Fossil Abalone (Gastropoda, Vetigastropoda, Haliotidae) with Comparison to Recent Species | journal = Journal of Paleontology | volume = 73 | issue = 5 | pages = 872–885 | doi = 10.1017/S0022336000040713| date = September 1999 | s2cid = 87537607 | issn = 0022-3360 }}
* {{cite web |last1=Gofas |first1=Serge |last2=Tran |first2=Bastien |last3=Bouchet |first3=Phillippe |year=2014 |title=WoRms Taxon Details: ''Haliotis'' Linnaeus, 1758 |website=WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species) |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-date=10 October 2014 |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138050 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010200912/http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138050 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last1=Gustafson |first1=Rick |last2=Rumsey |first2=Scott |date=1 November 2007 |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=7 October 2012 |url=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/species/pintoabalone_detailed.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007180626/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/species/pintoabalone_detailed.pdf |title=Species of Concern: Pinto Abalone ''Haliotis Kamtschatkana'' |website=NOAA: National Marine Fisheries Service |url-status=live }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Hoiberg | editor-first = Dale H. | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica| edition = 15th | year = 1993 | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | volume = 1: A-ak Bayes | location = Chicago, IL | isbn = 978-0-85229-961-6 | lccn = 2002113989 | title = The New Encyclopaedia Britannica }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Lin | first1 = Albert | last2 = Meyers | first2 = Marc André | doi = 10.1016/j.msea.2004.06.072 | title = Growth and Structure in Abalone Shell | date = 15 January 2005 | journal = Materials Science and Engineering: A | volume = 390 | issue = 1–2 | issn = 0921-5093 | pages = 27–41 }}
* {{cite web |last=Neuman |first=Melissa |date=10 June 2009 |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/species/greenabalone_detailed.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111523/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/species/greenabalone_detailed.pdf |title=Species of Concern: Green Abalone ''Haliotis fulgens'' |website=NOAA: National Marine Fisheries Service |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last=Neuman |first=Melissa |date=2 November 2007 |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/species/pinkabalone_detailed.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050111/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/species/pinkabalone_detailed.pdf |title=Species of Concern: Pink Abalone ''Haliotis corrugata'' |website=NOAA: National Marine Fisheries Service |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |author=State of California |date=January 2011 |url=http://www.dfg.ca.gov/biogeodata/cnddb/pdfs/spanimals.pdf |title=Special Animals (898 Taxa) |website=State of California: Division of Fish and Game |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=24 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124164328/http://www.dfg.ca.gov/biogeodata/cnddb/pdfs/spanimals.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |last1=Tran |first1=Bastien |last2=Bouchet |first2=Phillippe |year=2009 |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=445309 |website=WoRMS: World Register of Marine Species |title=WoRMS Taxon Details: ''Haliotis corrugata oweni'' Talmadge, 1966 |access-date=19 August 2014 |archive-date=17 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017054534/http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=445309 |url-status=live }}
* Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna tria Naturae, secundem Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentis, Synonymis, Locis. Tom.1 Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae : Laurentii Salvii 824 pp.
* Iredale, T. 1927. ''Caloundra Shells.'' The Australian Zoologist 4: 331–336, pl. 46
* Iredale, T. 1929. ''Queensland molluscan notes, No. 1''. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 9(3): 261–297, pls 30-31
* Cotton, B.C. & Godfrey, F.K. 1933. ''South Australian Shells. Part 9''. South Australian Naturalist 15(1): 14-24
* Cotton, B.C. 1943. ''Australian Shells of the Family Haliotidae''. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 67(1): 175-180
* Moore, R.C. (ed.) 1960. ''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part I. Mollusca 1''. Boulder, Colorado & Lawrence, Kansas : Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press xxiii + 351 pp.
* Wilson, B. 1993. ''Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods.'' Kallaroo, Western Australia : Odyssey Publishing Vol. 1 408 pp.
* Geiger, D.L. & Poppe, G.T. 2000. ''A Conchological Iconography. The family Haliotidae''. Germany : ConchBooks 135 pp.
* Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2014). Haliotis Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138050 World Register of Marine Species]
* {{cite book | last = Tryon | first = George W. Jr.| author-link = George Washington Tryon | year = 1880 | title = Manual of Conchology; Structural and Systematic With Illustrations of the Species | volume = II: Muricinæ, Purpurinæ | publisher = Academy of Natural Sciences | location = Philadelphia, PA | url = https://archive.org/details/manualofconcholo2tryo | format = PDF }}

==External links==

[[Category:Haliotis| ]]
[[Category:Haliotidae]]
[[Category:Extant Late Cretaceous first appearances]]
[[Category:Gastropod genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

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Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
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Wikidata entities used in this page

Catalogue of Life ID: Statement: P1630
ZooBank ID for name or act: Statement: P1630
Plazi ID: Statement: P1630
New Zealand Organisms Register ID: Statement: P1630
EPPO Code: Statement: P1630
iNaturalist taxon ID: Statement: P1630
NBN System Key: Statement: P1630
BOLD Systems taxon ID: Statement: P1630
ADW taxon ID: Statement: P1630
IRMNG ID: Statement: P1630
Australian Faunal Directory ID: Statement: P1630
NCBI taxonomy ID: Statement: P1630
ITIS TSN: Statement: P1630
Encyclopedia of Life ID: Statement: P1630
BioLib taxon ID: Statement: P1630
Fossilworks taxon ID: Statement: P1630
GBIF taxon ID: Statement: P1630
WoRMS-ID for taxa: Statement: P1630
Open Tree of Life ID: Statement: P1630
Haliotis: Title, Sitelink, Some statements, Description: en, Miscellaneous (e.g. aliases, entity existence)
Haliotidae: Some statements, Sitelink, Miscellaneous (e.g. aliases, entity existence), Title

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