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=== Flight behavior === |
=== Flight behavior === |
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Males must first wait to sense a female's pheromones before they can locate her.<ref name="Kingan_1993" /> Before males engage in flight to find a female, they warm-up by [[shivering]] the major flight muscles to reach [[thoracic]] temperature optimal to sustain flight, around 26 degrees Celsius. The thermoregulatory shivering activities of males were measured as they were exposed to different sex-related olfactory cues.<ref name="Crespo_2012" /> Males are found to heat up more quickly in the presence of a female pheromone and take-off at a lower thoracic temperature than males who are exposed to other chemical scents.<ref name="Crespo_2012" /> Since heating up to the right temperature leads to better flight performance than flying immediately, there is a trade-off between sub-optimal flight performance and rapid onset of directed flight.<ref name="Crespo_2012" /> ''Helicoverpa zea'' males exposed to an attractive pheromone blend thus spend less time shivering and increase their heating rate.<ref name="Crespo_2012" /> Thermoregulatory behavior of unrestrained moths is associated with competition for access to females, showing the [[ecological]] trade-off.<ref name="Crespo_2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Crespo JG, Goller F, Vickers NJ | title = Pheromone mediated modulation of pre-flight warm-up behavior in male moths | journal = The Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 215 | issue = Pt 13 | pages = 2203–9 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22675180 | pmc = 3368620 | doi = 10.1242/jeb.067215 }}</ref> |
Males must first wait to sense a female's pheromones before they can locate her.<ref name="Kingan_1993" /> Before males engage in flight to find a female, they warm-up by [[shivering]] the major flight muscles to reach [[thoracic]] temperature optimal to sustain flight, around 26 degrees Celsius.<ref name="Kingan_1993" /> The thermoregulatory shivering activities of males were measured as they were exposed to different sex-related olfactory cues.<ref name="Crespo_2012" /> Males are found to heat up more quickly in the presence of a female pheromone and take-off at a lower thoracic temperature than males who are exposed to other chemical scents.<ref name="Crespo_2012" /> Since heating up to the right temperature leads to better flight performance than flying immediately, there is a trade-off between sub-optimal flight performance and rapid onset of directed flight.<ref name="Crespo_2012" /> ''Helicoverpa zea'' males exposed to an attractive pheromone blend thus spend less time shivering and increase their heating rate.<ref name="Crespo_2012" /> Thermoregulatory behavior of unrestrained moths is associated with competition for access to females, showing the [[ecological]] trade-off.<ref name="Crespo_2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Crespo JG, Goller F, Vickers NJ | title = Pheromone mediated modulation of pre-flight warm-up behavior in male moths | journal = The Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 215 | issue = Pt 13 | pages = 2203–9 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22675180 | pmc = 3368620 | doi = 10.1242/jeb.067215 }}</ref> |
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==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
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Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}}
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