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{{short description|British Army officer and administrator, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada}}
{{About|the British general|the American musician|Isaac Brock (musician)|the unverified supercentenarian|Isaac Brock (supercentenarian)}}
{{pp-protect|small=yes}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[Major General (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
| honorific-suffix    = [[Order of Bath|KB]]
| name                = Sir Isaac Brock
| birth_date          = {{birth date|df=yes|1769|10|6}}
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1812|10|13|1769|10|6}}
| resting_place       = [[Brock's Monument]], [[Queenston]]
| image               = Isaac Brock portrait 1, from The Story of Isaac Brock (1908)-2 (cropped).png
| caption             = Portrait c. 1809, possibly by [[William Berczy]]<ref>[[#Kosche|Kosche (1985)]]</ref>
| office              = [[Lieutenant Governor of Ontario|Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada]]
| status              = Acting
| term_start          = 1811
| term_end            = 13 October 1812
| alongside           = 
| monarch             = [[George III]]
| governor_general    = [[George Prévost]]
| 1blankname          = Acting for
| 1namedata           = [[Francis Gore]]
| successor           = [[Roger Hale Sheaffe]]
| signature           = Isaac Brock Signature.svg
| nickname            = "The Hero of Upper Canada"
| birth_place         = [[St Peter Port]], [[Guernsey]]
| death_place         = [[Queenston]], [[Upper Canada]]
| death_cause         = [[Killed in action]] by a [[gunshot wound]] to the chest
| allegiance          = [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] (1785–1801)<br>[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] (1801–1812)
| branch              = [[British Army]]
| serviceyears        = 1785–1812
| rank                = [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-general]]
| unit                = 
| commands            = [[Upper Canada]]
| battles             = {{Tree list}}
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]]
** [[Battle of Alkmaar (1799)|Battle of Alkmaar]]
** [[Battle of Copenhagen (1801)|Battle of Copenhagen]]
* [[War of 1812]]
** [[Siege of Detroit]]
** [[Battle of Queenston Heights]]{{KIA}}
{{Tree list/end}}
| mawards             = [[Order of the Bath]]
| relations           = 
| laterwork           = 
}}

[[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] '''Sir Isaac Brock''' [[Order of the Bath|KB]] (6 October 1769&nbsp;– 13 October 1812) was a [[British Army]] officer and colonial [[Administrator of the Government|administrator]] from [[Guernsey]]. Brock was assigned to [[Lower Canada]] in 1802. Despite facing desertions and near-mutinies, he commanded his regiment in [[Upper Canada]] (part of present-day [[Ontario]]) successfully for many years. He was promoted to [[major general]], and became responsible for defending Upper Canada against the [[United States]]. While many in Canada and Britain believed war could be averted, Brock began to ready the army and [[militia]] for what was to come. When the [[War of 1812]] broke out, the populace was prepared, and quick victories at [[Siege of Fort Mackinac|Fort Mackinac]] and [[Siege of Detroit|Detroit]] defeated American invasion efforts.

Brock's actions, particularly his success at [[Detroit]], earned him accolades including a [[knighthood]] in the [[Order of the Bath]] and the sobriquet "The Hero of Upper Canada". His name is often linked with that of the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] leader [[Tecumseh]], although the two men collaborated in person only for a few days.<ref>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] p. viii</ref> Brock died at the [[Battle of Queenston Heights]], which the British won.

==Early life==
[[File:Guernsey sm02.png|thumb|left|[[Saint Peter Port]], where Brock was born]]

Brock was born at [[St Peter Port]] on the [[Channel Islands|Channel Island]] of [[Guernsey]], the eighth son of John Brock (1729–1777), a [[midshipman]] in the [[Royal Navy]], and Elizabeth de Lisle, daughter of Daniel de Lisle, then Lieutenant-[[Bailiff of Guernsey]]. The Brocks were an English family who had been established in Guernsey since the sixteenth century. Brock earned a reputation during his early education on Guernsey as an assiduous student, as well as an exceptional swimmer and boxer.<ref name=hc>{{cite web |url=http://www.historica.ca/isaac_brock.php |title=Isaac Brock – Saviour of Canada |website=Historica Canadiana |date=27 November 2006 |access-date=16 July 2008}}</ref> At age ten, he was sent to school in [[Southampton]]. He also studied for one year in [[Rotterdam]], learning French.<ref name=stacey/>

Despite his lack of an extensive formal education, Brock appreciated its importance. As an adult, he spent much time reading in an attempt to improve his education.<ref>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] pp. 4–5, 88</ref> He read many works on [[military tactics]] and [[military science|science]], but he also read ancient history and other less immediately practical topics. At the time of his death, he owned a modest library of books, including classic works by [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], [[Voltaire]], and [[Samuel Johnson]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=W.R. |date=2004 |url=http://www.uppercanadahistory.ca/brock/brock14.html |title=The Earthly Possessions of Sir Isaac Brock |website=Historical Narratives of Early Canada |access-date=31 July 2008}}</ref>

He kept a reputation as an "unusually tall, robust"<ref>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] p. 4</ref> man throughout his life, with an adult height of about {{convert|6|ft|2|in|cm|abbr=on}}. Measurements taken from his uniform show that at his death he had a waist size of {{convert|47|in|cm}} and the inside brim of his hat measured {{convert|24|in|cm}} in circumference.<ref name=malcolm>[[#Malcomson2004|Malcomson (2004)]]</ref> Though Brock was noted as a handsome man who enjoyed the company of women, he never married.<ref name=hc/>

==Military service==
Brock had a successful pre-war military career and a quick rise through the ranks, which many commented on at the time. Some credited luck and others skill in his rapid promotions, and Brock had substantial portions of both on his way to prominence. Lacking special political connections, Brock's ability to gain promotions even when the nation was at peace attests to his skills in recruiting men and organizing finances, and ambition.<ref name="refTupper1847">[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] p. 6</ref>

===Early career===

At the age of fifteen, Brock joined the [[8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot]] on 8 March 1785 with the rank of [[ensign (rank)|ensign]],<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=12627|page=121|date=5 March 1785}}</ref> and was likely given responsibility for the [[regimental colours]].<ref group=Note>Traditionally the regimental colours were placed in the care of the regiment's most junior officer, which in this case would be Brock.</ref> His elder brother John was already an officer in the same regiment. As was usual at the time, Brock's commission was [[Sale of commissions|purchased]]. On 16 January 1790 he bought the rank of [[first lieutenant|lieutenant]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=13166|pages=25–26|date=12 January 1790}}</ref> and later that year he raised his own [[company (military)|company]] of men.<ref name=ODNB>[[#Sweetman2004|Sweetman (2004)]]</ref> As a result, he was promoted to [[Captain (OF-2)|captain]] (of an [[Independent Company]] of foot) on 27 January 1791<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=13278|page=63|date=29 January 1791}}</ref> and transferred to the [[49th (Princess Charlotte of Wales's) (Hertfordshire) Regiment of Foot|49th (Hertfordshire) Regiment of Foot]] on 15 June 1791.<ref name=stacey/>

His nephew and biographer ([[Ferdinand Brock Tupper]]) asserts that shortly after Brock joined the [[regiment]], a professional dueller forced a match on him.<ref name=tupper5-6>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] pp. 5–6</ref> As the one being challenged Brock had his choice of terms, and he insisted that they use pistols. His friends were shocked as Brock was a large target and his opponent an expert shot. Brock, however, refused to change his mind. When the duellist arrived at the field, he asked Brock to decide how many paces they would take. Brock insisted that the duel would take place not at the usual range, but at handkerchief distance (i.e., close range). The duellist declined and subsequently was forced to leave the regiment. This contributed to Brock's popularity and reputation among his fellow officers, as this duellist had a formidable reputation and was reportedly regarded as a bully in the regiment. During his time with this regiment, Brock served in the [[Caribbean]], where he fell ill with fever and nearly died. He did not fully recover until after returning to England in 1793.<ref name=tupper5-6/>

Once back in Britain he spent much of his time recruiting, and he was placed in charge of recruits on [[Jersey]]. He purchased his [[major (United Kingdom)|majority]] on 27 June 1795,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=13790|pages=659–660|date=23 June 1795}}</ref> and rejoined his regiment in 1796, when the rest of his men returned from the West Indies.<ref name=stacey/>

===First command===
On 28 October 1797 Brock purchased the rank of [[Lieutenant-Colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant-colonel]] for £3,000, and became acting [[commanding officer]] of the regiment, assuming substantive command on 22 March 1798 with the retirement of Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Keppel.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=14059|pages=1023–1024|date=24 October 1797}}</ref> The rank was apparently bought cheaply; his predecessor from whom he purchased the rank was advised to sell up and leave the army rather than face a [[court martial]] and probable dismissal.<ref name="refTupper1847"/>

In 1799 the 49th was assigned to the [[Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland|Helder Expedition]] against the [[Batavian Republic]] (now known as the Netherlands), to be led by Sir [[Ralph Abercromby]]. During the troop landings, Brock saw his first combat on 10 September 1799 under the command of then-Major-General [[John Moore (British soldier)|John Moore]]. Given that the 49th was in poor shape when Brock took command, they saw little actual combat. Likely Moore was sparing them and using more experienced troops to establish the [[beachhead]]. Finally on 2 October the 49th was actively involved in heavy combat at the [[Battle of Alkmaar (1799)|Battle of Alkmaar]], where they acquitted themselves well, sustaining only 33 deaths.

The 49th had been ordered to proceed up the beaches of Egmont-op-Zee, a steep climb through sand dunes and poor terrain. The risks were exacerbated by harassment from French [[sharpshooter]]s, who had excellent cover. After about six hours of heavy fighting, the attack was stopped about a mile (1.6&nbsp;km) short of the British objective. After an hour of close combat, the French began to withdraw. Brock was injured in the fighting when hit in the throat by a spent [[musket]] ball. His neck cloth prevented a possibly fatal injury.<ref>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] p. 8</ref> In his own words, "I got knocked down shortly after the enemy began to retreat, but never quitted the field, and returned to my duty in less than half an hour."<ref name=stacey/>
[[File:Slaget på reden.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the [[Battle of Copenhagen (1801)|Battle of Copenhagen]]. Aboard {{HMS|Ganges|1782|6}}, Brock was to lead the 49th on an assault against the city's fortress, although the outcome of the battle made such actions unnecessary.]]
In 1801 while aboard the 74-gun {{HMS|Ganges|1782|6}} (commanded by Captain [[Thomas Fremantle (admiral)|Thomas Fremantle]], a personal friend), Brock was present at the [[Battle of Copenhagen (1801)|Battle of Copenhagen]]. His troops were supposed to lead an assault on the forts at [[Copenhagen]]. The outcome of the sea battle made such an assault unnecessary, and Brock was able to observe first-hand the tactical brilliance of [[Horatio Nelson|Lord Nelson]]. After the battle, Fremantle and Brock celebrated the victory with Nelson.<ref>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] pp. 18–20</ref> In 1802, Brock and the 49th were ordered to Canada.

===Transfer to Canada===
Brock arrived in Canada with the rest of the 49th and was initially assigned to Montreal.<ref name=ODNB/> Almost immediately, in 1804 he was faced with one of the primary problems in Canada: desertion. Seven soldiers stole a boat and fled across the river (and border) into the United States. Despite having no jurisdiction on American soil, Brock sent a party across the border in pursuit and the men were captured.<ref name=stacey>[[#StaceyDCB|Stacey (DCB)]]</ref>

===Mutiny===
A short time later Brock received a report from [[Fort George, Ontario|Fort George]] that some of the [[garrison]] were planning to imprison the officers and flee to the U.S. Immediately he boarded the [[schooner]] that had brought the message and proceeded to Fort George, under the command of then-Lieutenant-Colonel [[Roger Hale Sheaffe]]. A hastily assembled honour guard formed to greet Brock's unexpected arrival. Alone on entering the fort, Brock ordered the [[sergeant]] of the guard to disarm and had him confined.<ref name=mutiny>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] pp. 26–30</ref>

As it was the dinner hour, all the soldiers were in [[barracks]]. Brock ordered the drummers to call out the men. He ordered the first officer on the scene, Lieutenant Williams, to bring him a soldier suspected of being one of the mutiny's ringleaders. Pinning the man with a sabre, Williams took him into custody. The other suspected mutineers were also captured.<ref name=mutiny/>

Brock sent the twelve mutineers and the seven deserters to Quebec for [[court martial]]. The mutineers had planned to jail all the officers (save Sheaffe, who was to be killed) and to cross the [[Niagara River]] into the U.S. at Queenston. Seven soldiers were subsequently executed by firing squad.<ref name=mutiny/> The mutineers testified that they were forced to such measures by the severity of Sheaffe's command. They said if they had continued under Brock's command, they would never have taken such action.<ref>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] pp. 31–32</ref> Brock was evidently upset by the news that the conspirators had been shot. In a botched execution, the firing squad discharged their weapons at too long a distance, so that the condemned men were not killed instantly.<ref>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] pp. 348–349</ref><ref>[[#Nursey1908|Nursey (1908)]], p. 49</ref>

Brock's younger brother John Savery Brock was compelled to retire from the [[Royal Navy]] after his involvement in a mutinous incident; he induced "his brother midshipmen of the fleet at [[Spithead]] to sign a round robin against their being subjected to the practice of mast-heading." He was "recommended privately to retire from the service."<ref>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] p. 22</ref>

===Pre-war preparations===

After a period of leave in England over winter 1805–1806 and promotion to [[colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]] on 29 October 1805,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15856|page=1341|date=29 October 1805}}</ref> Brock returned to Canada temporarily in command of the entire British army there. By 1806 the United States was becoming increasingly hostile to the [[British Empire]]; relations between the two nations continued to deteriorate until war finally broke out in 1812.

The United States had grievances at British violations of American sovereignty, restriction of American trade by Britain, and an American desire to gain territory by invading and annexing the poorly defended British North American colonies. American grievances included the [[impressment]] of American sailors by the [[Royal Navy]], the [[Orders in Council (1807)|blockade of French ports]], and a belief that the British were inciting [[American Indians (U.S.)|American Indians]] to attack U.S. settlements on the western frontier. [[War hawk]]s in the U.S. called for an invasion of Canada to punish the British Empire and to lessen the threat to American interests represented by the Native Americans. At the same time, the US leaders believed that the growing population needed new territory; some imagined that the United States was destined to control all of the North American continent. (This philosophy was later known as [[Manifest Destiny]].) American hawks assumed that Canadian colonists would rise up and support the invading U.S. armies as liberators and that, as [[Thomas Jefferson]] famously wrote, conquering Canada would be "a mere matter of marching".<ref>Letter from Jefferson to Colonel William Duane, 4 August 1812</ref>

In response to this emerging threat, Brock moved quickly to bolster Canadian defences. He strengthened the [[fortification]]s of [[Quebec City|Quebec]] by building walls and an elevated [[artillery battery|battery]]. Brock succeeded in creating a formidable defensive position due largely to his military reading, which included several volumes on the science of running and setting up [[artillery]]. He also rearranged and strengthened the [[Canadian Units of the War of 1812#The Provincial Marine|Provincial Marine]] (responsible for transport on the lakes and rivers). He ordered warships to be built and developed a naval force capable of holding the [[Great Lakes]]. This was to be pivotal during the war. But Brock's appropriation of civilian lands and labour for military use brought him into conflict with the civilian authorities led by [[Thomas Dunn (lieutenant-governor)|Thomas Dunn]].<ref name=stacey/>

In 1807 Brock was appointed [[brigadier general (United Kingdom)|brigadier general]]<ref group=Note>In British practice of the time brigadier general was not a permanent rank but an appointment of colonels or lieutenant colonels for a specific purpose or period of time</ref> by [[Governor General]] Sir [[James Henry Craig]], the new commander of Canadian forces. He was to take command of all forces in [[Upper Canada]] in 1810. During this time Brock continued to ask for a posting in Europe. In June 1811 he was promoted to major general and in October of that year [[Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada|Lieutenant Governor]] [[Francis Gore]] left for England. Brock was sent to Upper Canada as senior officer commander of the troops and senior member of the [executive] council, putting him fully in charge of both the military and civil authority. He was usually referred to as president of the council or administrator of Upper Canada (never as lieutenant governor). When permission to leave for Europe finally came in early 1812, Brock declined the offer, believing he had a duty to defend Canada in war against the United States.<ref name=stacey/><ref>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] pp. 108–109</ref>

As Upper Canada's administrator, Brock made a series of changes to prepare for war. He amended the militia act to allow use of all available volunteers and ordered enhanced training of these raw recruits, despite opposition from the provincial [[legislature]].<ref name=stacey/> He continued strengthening and reinforcing defences. Brock also began seeking out First Nations leaders, such as the [[Shawnee]] chief [[Tecumseh]], to build alliances with him against the Americans in the event of war. Although the conventional wisdom of the day was that Canada would fall quickly in the event of an invasion, Brock pursued these strategies to give the colony a fighting chance.

Meanwhile, back in England, Brock's brother William faced financial difficulties, as the bank in which he was a senior partner failed. Isaac's commissions had been purchased with a loan entered into the bank's books by his brother, and the Brocks faced a demand for payment. Isaac could not meet the £3000 debt, but made over the whole of his salary to his brother Irving, to be used for whatever was considered most critical: his commission debt or the family's other bills.<ref name=stacey/><ref>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] pp. 110–113</ref>

==War of 1812==

===Early war and the capture of Detroit===
{{Main article|Siege of Detroit}}
[[File:Georgeprevost.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Governor General Sir [[George Prevost]], whose approach to the war conflicted with Brock's]]
The United States declared war on Britain on 18 June 1812. Despite his preparations, Brock was worried about Canadian security. In Upper Canada, besides the militia, there was only one British regular infantry regiment, a detachment of retired veterans, and a company of artillery. These had to be dispersed among several widely separated posts. Brock's advantage was that the armed vessels of the Provincial Marine controlled the lakes, and allowed him to move his reserves rapidly between threatened points.

Brock continually kept the commanders of his posts informed of all developments. When news of the outbreak of war reached him, he sent a canoe party under the noted trader and voyager [[William McKay]] to the British outpost at [[St. Joseph Island (Ontario)|St. Joseph Island]] on [[Lake Huron]]. His orders to commander (Captain Charles Roberts) allowed him to stand on the defensive or attack the nearby American outpost at [[Fort Mackinac]] at his discretion. Roberts immediately launched an [[Siege of Fort Mackinac|attack on Fort Mackinac]] with a scratch force of regulars, fur traders, and First Nations warriors. On 17 July, the American garrison was taken by surprise (not being aware that war had been declared) and surrendered. This victory immediately encouraged many First Nations tribes, who had hitherto been neutral or undecided, to give their active support to the British. They hoped to expel the American settlers from their territories west of the Appalachian Mountains.<ref>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] pp. 224–225</ref><ref>[[#Steppler|Steppler]]</ref>

Brock felt he needed to go further. He was hampered by Governor General [[George Prevost]], who had replaced Craig in late 1811. Prevost's orders from the government, and his own inclinations, were to emphasise defence. Prevost kept the bulk of his forces in Lower Canada to protect [[Quebec City|Quebec]], and opposed any attack into United States. Brock also believed that he was handicapped by inertia and defeatism among the legislature and other officials.

He wrote to Prevost's adjutant general,
<blockquote>My situation is most critical, not from anything the enemy can do, but from the disposition of the people&nbsp;– The Population, believe me is essentially bad&nbsp;– A full belief possesses them that this Province must inevitably succumb&nbsp;– This Prepossession is fatal to every exertion&nbsp;– Legislators, Magistrates, Militia Officers, all, have imbibed the idea, and are so sluggish and indifferent in all their respective offices that the artful and active scoundrel is allowed to parade the Country without interruption, and commit all imaginable mischief... What a change an additional regiment would make in this part of the Province! Most of the people have lost all confidence&nbsp;– I however speak loud and look big.<ref>[[#Stacey1964|Stacey, quoted in Zaslow]], p. 13</ref></blockquote>

On 12 July, an American army under [[William Hull]] had invaded Canada at Sandwich (later known as [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]]). The invasion was quickly halted, and Hull withdrew, but this gave Brock the excuse he needed to abandon Prevost's orders. Having finally obtained limited support from the legislature for his measures to defend the Province, Brock prorogued the Assembly and set out on 6 August with a small body of regulars and some volunteers from the [[York Militia]] (the "York Volunteers") to reinforce the garrison at [[Fort Malden]] – [[Amherstburg, Ontario|Amherstburg]] at the western end of [[Lake Erie]], facing Hull's position at [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]]. Travelling mainly by water in bad weather, Brock reached Amherstburg on 13 August.<ref>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] pp. 241–242</ref>
[[File:The story of Isaac Brock, hero, defender and saviour of upper Canada, 1812 (1908) (14763177825).jpg|upright|thumb|left|Brock met with [[Shawnee]] chief Tecumseh in [[Amherstburg, Ontario|Amherstburg]]. He quickly established a rapport with Tecumseh, ensuring his cooperation against [[Fort Shelby (Michigan)|Fort Detroit]].]]
Here, Brock met Tecumseh, and was immediately impressed.<ref>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] pp. 244, 253</ref> Brock also read American dispatches captured from Hull's army. He quickly judged Hull to be timid and afraid of the First Nations in particular, and the American force to be demoralised and short of rations. Against the advice of his officers, Brock immediately prepared to launch an attack on Detroit.

He later (3 September) wrote to his brothers,
<blockquote>Some say that nothing could be more desperate than the measure, but I answer that the state of the Province admitted of nothing but desperate remedies. I got possession of the letters my antagonist addressed to the Secretary at War, and also of the sentiments which hundreds of his army uttered to their friends. Confidence in the General was gone, and evident despondency prevailed throughout. I have succeeded beyond expectation. I crossed the river contrary to the opinion of Cols. Procter, St. George etc.; it is therefore no wonder that envy should attribute to good fortune what in justice to my own discernment, I must say, proceeded from a cool calculation of the ''pours'' and ''contres''.<ref>[[#Stacey1964|Stacey, quoted in Zaslow]], p. 17</ref></blockquote>

Even with his First Nations allies, Brock was outnumbered.  His force included 600 "Indians" and 1300 soldiers, as well as two battleships, according to his later report.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hannings |first=Bud |year=2012 |title=The War of 1812: A Complete Chronology with Biographies of 63 General Officers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G46OgJcYeN0C&q=Brock+fort+detroit+troops+and+Indians+numbering&pg=PA50 |publisher=McFarland Publishing |page=50 |isbn=978-0786463855 }}</ref> Hull had 2,500 soldiers under his command.<ref>{{cite book |last=Laxer |first=James |year= 2012 |title=Tecumseh and Brock: The War of 1812 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQb5JI-G9bwC&q=Brock+fort+detroit++Hull+had+troops&pg=PA155 |publisher=House of Anansi Press  |page=155 |isbn=978-0887842610 }}</ref>

He decided to use tricks to intimidate Hull. He dressed his militia contingent in uniforms discarded by his regulars, making it appear (at a distance) as if his force consisted entirely of British regular infantry. Brock laid siege to [[Fort Shelby (Michigan)|Fort Detroit]], from established artillery positions across the river in Sandwich. Through a carefully crafted series of marches, he gave the appearance of having much more numerous forces. He had Tecumseh's forces cross in front of the fort several times (doubling back under cover), intimidating Hull with the show of a large, raucous, barely controlled group of First Nations warriors. Finally, he sent Hull a letter demanding his surrender, in which he stated, in part, "It is far from my inclination to join in a war of extermination, but you must be aware that the numerous body of Indians who have attached themselves to my troops will be beyond my control the moment the contest commences."<ref>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] p. 246</ref> Brock hammered the fort with cannon fire.

On 16 August, the day after receiving Brock's letter, Hull surrendered. Hull, elderly and without recent military experience, was terrified by the risk of losing the battle.<ref>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] p. 254</ref>
[[File:Reddition de Détroit.jpg|thumb|Depiction of American forces surrendering [[Fort Shelby (Michigan)|Fort Detroit]]]] He later wrote that the surrender had saved 2,500 troops and 700 civilians from "the horrors of an Indian massacre".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/capture-of-detroit-war-of-1812 |title=Capture of Detroit, War of 1812 |date=March 1, 2016 |publisher=Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=July 12, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hannings |first=Bud |year= 2012 |title=The War of 1812: A Complete Chronology with Biographies of 63 General Officers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G46OgJcYeN0C&q=Brock+fort+detroit+troops+and+Indians+numbering&pg=PA50 |publisher=McFarland Publishing |page=50 |isbn=978-0786463855 }}</ref>

The capture of Detroit and Hull's army wounded American morale, and eliminated the main American force in the area as a threat, while at the same time boosting morale among his own forces. Brock took the American supplies at Detroit and used them for his own forces, particularly the ill-equipped militia. Under [[Prize (law)|prize regulations]], a substantial part of the value of the captured military stores would accrue to him. (If he had lived longer, he could have settled his debts.) Brock valued the captured ordnance supplies at £30,000. Finally, the victory secured the support of Tecumseh and the other chiefs in his confederation, who took Brock's actions as both a sign of competence and a willingness to take action.<ref name=hc/>

Tecumseh evidently trusted and respected Brock, reportedly saying, "This is a ''man''" after meeting him for the first time.<ref name=hc/><ref name="refTupper1847_2">[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] p. 262</ref> Although Brock's correspondence indicates a certain amount of paternal condescension for the First Nations,<ref group=Note>See letters from Brock to Lt.-Gen. Prevost, dated 2 and 3 December 1811, quoted in [[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] pp. 123–130</ref> he seems to have regarded Tecumseh very highly,<ref>{{cite web |last=Gevinson |first=Alan |url=http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/19530 |title=Namesake of a Peacekeeper |website=Teachinghistory.org |access-date=8 October 2011}}</ref> calling him "the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Wellington]] of the Indians",<ref name="refTupper1847_2"/> and saying "a more sagacious or a more gallant warrior does not I believe exist".<ref>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] p. 253</ref> Brock made a number of commitments to the Shawnee. He promised to negotiate no peace treaty without addressing the Shawnee's vision of an independent homeland. There is no evidence Brock negotiated in bad faith.<ref group=Note>See for example, letters from Brock to [[Henry Procter (general)|Colonel Procter]], dated 17 September 1812, and Sir George Prevost, dated 18 September 1812, quoted in [[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] pp. 310–311, 314–315</ref><ref>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] pp. 318–321, 347</ref> Brock's personal integrity and respect for First Nations peoples has been well documented, and suggest that if he had lived he would have kept his word to the Shawnee.

The capture of Detroit led to British domination over most of [[Michigan Territory]]. Brock had planned to continue his campaign into the U.S., but he was thwarted by negotiation of an armistice by Prevost with American Major General [[Henry Dearborn]]. This stalled Brock's momentum, and gave the Americans time to regroup and prepare to invade Canada. Unable to predict the point of invasion, Brock frantically worked to prepare defences throughout Upper Canada.

The [[George IV of the United Kingdom|Prince Regent]] decreed a silver medal be struck for presentation to the senior officers to commemorate the event.<ref>{{cite book |last=Porter |first=Maj Gen Whitworth |title=History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I |year=1889 |publisher=The Institution of Royal Engineers |location=Chatham}}</ref>{{rp|357}}

===Death at Battle of Queenston Heights===
{{Main article|Battle of Queenston Heights}}
Meanwhile, American general [[Stephen Van Rensselaer III]], a [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] political appointee, in command of a sizable army near [[Lewiston (town), New York|Lewiston]], was pressured by the American president to invade. Although Van Rensselaer had severe doubts about the quality of his troops, he had no choice but to attack. He was an inexperienced militia general, and not trusted by the majority of regular army troops. In the early morning of 13 October 1812, he attempted to cross the [[Niagara River]], leading to the [[Battle of Queenston Heights]]. Despite heavy fire from British artillery, the first wave of Americans (under Captain [[John E. Wool]]) managed to land, and then follow a fishermen's path up to the heights. From this point, they attacked and routed the British artillery. Brock had arrived from nearby [[Fort George, Ontario|Fort George]] and moved up to the artillery battery to gain a better view only minutes before Wool attacked. He, his aides, and the gunners were forced to beat a hasty retreat, leading their horses down the steep slope.
[[Image:Brock1812.jpg|thumb|General Brock leading the charge. Fearing the Americans would move the rest of their soldiers, Brock ordered an immediate attack on the American position.]]
Fearing that the Americans would move the rest of their troops across the river, Brock ordered an immediate attack on their position. True to his philosophy of never ordering men where he would not lead them, he personally led the charge on foot. Brock's charge was made by Dennis' and Williams' two companies of the 49th and two companies of militia.<ref name=Zaslow33>[[#Cruikshank1964|Cruikshank, in Zaslow]], p. 33</ref> The assault was halted by heavy fire and as he noticed unwounded men dropping to the rear, Brock shouted angrily that "This is the first time I have ever seen the 49th turn their backs!<ref name=Cruikshank9>Cruikshank, in Lundy's Lane Historical Society, p. 9</ref><ref name=Nursey1>[[#Nursey1908|Nursey (1908)]], p. 177</ref> Surely the heroes of Egmont will not tarnish their record!"<ref name=Nursey1/> At this rebuke, the ranks promptly closed up and were joined by two more companies of militia, those of Cameron and Heward. Brock saw that the militia supports were lagging behind at the foot of the hill and ordered one of his Provincial [[aide de camp|aides-de-camp]], Lieutenant Colonel [[John Macdonell]], to "Push on the York Volunteers," while he led his own party to the right, presumably intending to join his party with that of Williams' detachment, who were beginning to make progress on that flank.<ref name=Cruikshank9/>

Brock was struck in the wrist of his sword arm by a musket ball but continued to press home the attack. His height and energetic gestures, together with his officer's uniform and a gaudy sash given to him eight weeks earlier by Tecumseh after the siege of Detroit,<ref name="Hitsman96">[[#HitsmanGravesPrevost2000|Hitsman, Graves, & Prevost (2000)]], p. 96</ref> made him a conspicuous target. An unknown American stepped forward from a thicket and fired at a range of barely fifty yards. The musketball struck Brock in the chest and he fell.<ref>[[#Cruikshank1964|Cruikshank, in Zaslow]], p. 36</ref> His last words have been reported as "Push on, brave York Volunteers"<ref name=hc/> (in reference to a group of the militia Brock favoured) or "Push on, don't mind me"<ref>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]], p. 331 footnote</ref> or ''Surgite!'' ([[Latin language|Latin]] for "rise" or "push on" &nbsp;– now used as a motto by [[Brock University]]), and even "a request that his fall might not be noticed or prevent the advance of his brave troops, adding a wish, which could not be distinctly understood, that some token of remembrance should be transmitted to his sister."<ref>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] p. 331</ref> These accounts are considered unlikely, since he was not in the company of the York Volunteers but regular soldiers at the time and it is also reported that Brock died almost immediately without speaking,<ref>[[#Latimer2007|Latimer (2007)]], p. 79</ref> and the hole in his uniform suggests that the bullet entered his heart.<ref name=stacey/> His body was carried from the field and secreted in a nearby house at the corner of Queenston and Partition streets, diagonally opposite that of [[Laura Secord]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://eedition.niagaraadvance.ca/doc/Niagara-Advance/niagaraadvance10-03-12/2012100201/13.html#12 |title=Battle re-enactment, Brock funeral parade weekend highlights |work=Niagara Advance |date=3 October 2012 |access-date=6 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203406/http://eedition.niagaraadvance.ca/doc/Niagara-Advance/niagaraadvance10-03-12/2012100201/13.html#12 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
[[File:Push on, brave York volunteers(large).jpg|thumb|left|"Push on, brave [[York Militia|York volunteers]]!" shouts Brock, who is shown mortally wounded at the lower right of the picture.]]
Following the death of Brock, Lieutenant-Colonel [[John Macdonell]] became the senior officer. A lawyer by trade and having little military experience, Macdonell led a second attempt to retake the redan.<ref name=Malcomson154>[[#Malcomson2003|Malcomson (2003)]], p. 154</ref> With Williams' men of the 49th starting from brush to the right of the line near the escarpment and Macdonell's anchoring the left, the force of between 70 and 80 men (more than half of whom were militia) advanced toward the redan. Wool had been reinforced by more troops who had just made their way up the path to the top of the Heights, and Macdonell faced some four hundred troops. During the charge, it is reported that the 49th used "Revenge the General" as a [[battle cry]].<ref name=nursey>[[#Nursey1908|Nursey (1908)]], pp. 161–162</ref>

Despite the disadvantage in numbers as well as attacking a fixed position, Williams' and Macdonell's small force was driving the opposing force to the edge of the gorge on which the redan was situated, and seemed on the verge of success before the Americans were able to regroup and stand firm. The momentum of the battle turned when a musket ball hit Macdonell's mount (causing it to rear and twist around) and another shot hit him in the small of the back, causing him to fall from the horse.<ref name=Malcomson155>[[#Malcomson2003|Malcomson (2003)]], p. 155</ref> He was removed from the battlefield and died from his injuries early the next day. Captain Williams was laid low by a wound to the head, and Dennis by a severe wound to the thigh (although he continued to lead his detachment throughout the action).<ref>Cruikshank, in Lundy's Lane Historical Society, p. 10</ref> Carrying Macdonnell and the body of Brock, the British fell back through Queenston to Durham's Farm, a mile north near Vrooman's Point.<ref name="Zaslow38">[[#Cruikshank1964|Cruikshank, in Zaslow]], p. 38</ref>

In the afternoon, Sheaffe arrived on the battlefield with reinforcements and took command of the British forces. In sharp contrast to his predecessors' direct attacks, Sheaffe took a more cautious approach. This ultimately proved successful, leading to a total victory over the Americans.

===Burial===
[[File:The story of Isaac Brock, hero, defender and saviour of upper Canada, 1812 (1908) (14576495020).jpg|thumb|The [[cenotaph]], Queenston Heights, erected near the spot where Brock fell.]]
After the battle, Sheaffe and his staff decided to entrust the funeral arrangements to Captain [[John Glegg]], who had served with Brock for many years. On 16 October, a funeral procession for Brock and Colonel Macdonell went from [[Government House (Ontario)|Government House]] to Fort George, with soldiers from the British Army, the colonial militia, and First Nations warriors on either side of the route. The caskets were lowered into a freshly dug grave at the northeast corner of Fort George. The British fired a [[twenty-one gun salute]] in three salvos, in a gesture of respect. Later that day, the American garrison at [[Fort Niagara]] respectfully fired a similar salute. Over five thousand people attended the funeral,<ref>[[#Collins2006|Collins (2006)]], p. 116</ref> a remarkable number given the limited population of Upper Canada at that time.
[[File:Brock's Monument at Queenston Heights, Ontario.JPG|thumb|Brock's remains are interred at [[Brock's Monument]], in [[Queenston, Ontario]].]]
A small [[cairn]] at the foot of the [[Niagara Escarpment]] marks the spot where Brock fell. In 1824, Brock's and Macdonell's remains were moved into [[Brock's Monument]], which overlooked the [[Queenston Heights]]. That original monument was bombed and heavily damaged in 1840. (This action was reputedly by Irish-Canadian terrorist [[Benjamin Lett]]<ref>[[#Malcomson2003|Malcomson (2003)]], p. 216</ref> although a subsequent Assize failed to confirm this.).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.niagaragreenbelt.com/listings/70-monuments/637-brocks-monument.html |title=Brock's Monument |website=Tourism Niagara |access-date=7 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509063814/http://www.niagaragreenbelt.com/listings/70-monuments/637-brocks-monument.html |archive-date=9 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was replaced by a larger structure {{convert|185|ft|m}} high, built at public expense, that still stands. Brock's remains were reinterred inside the new Monument on 13 October 1853. An inscription reads: "Upper Canada has dedicated this monument to the memory of the late Major-General Isaac Brock, K.B. provisional lieutenant-governor and commander of the forces in the province whose remains are deposited in the vault beneath. Opposing the invading enemy he fell in action near these heights on 13 October 1812, in the forty-third year of his age. Revered and lamented by the people whom he governed and deplored by the sovereign to whose services his life had been devoted."<ref name=plaque>{{cite web|url=http://www.niagaraparks.com/heritage/plaques.php |title=Commemorative Plaques & Markers |website=Niagara Parks |access-date=1 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731175319/http://www.niagaraparks.com/heritage/plaques.php |archive-date=31 July 2008 }}</ref>

==Legacy==
===On British leadership===
[[File:GenIsaacBrock.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Posthumous portrait, c. 1883, by [[George Theodore Berthon]]]]
British military leadership, which had been decisive up to Brock's death, suffered a blow with his loss. His direct successor, Major-General Sheaffe, although successful in his approach at Queenston Heights, was never able to live up to Brock's reputation. He was criticised by many, including [[John Strachan]], for his retreat at the [[Battle of York]], and was shortly after recalled to England, where he continued a successful, if not brilliant, military career.<ref>[[#WhitfieldTurner|Whitfield & Turner]]</ref>

Brock's successor at Detroit, however, fared much worse. [[Colonel]] [[Henry Procter (general)|Henry Procter]] faced an attack from a resurrected American [[Army of the Northwest (United States)|Army of the Northwest]] under future [[President of the United States|President]] [[William Henry Harrison]]. Harrison set out to retake Detroit, but a detachment of his army was [[Battle of Frenchtown|defeated at Frenchtown]] on 22 January 1813. Procter, displaying poor judgement, left the prisoners in the custody of his First Nations allies, who proceeded to execute an indeterminate number of them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riverraisinbattlefield.org/the_battles.htm |title=The Battle of the River Raisin |website=River Raisin Battlefield |access-date=16 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725042206/http://www.riverraisinbattlefield.org/the_battles.htm |archive-date=25 July 2008 }}</ref> Subsequent American victories allowed Harrison to attempt another invasion of Canada, which led to the [[Battle of the Thames]] on 5 October 1813. After a successful American charge, Procter's forces turned and fled, leaving Tecumseh and his American Indian troops to fight alone. They fought on, eventually being defeated. Perhaps of more importance to the British, at this battle Tecumseh died, and their alliance with the American Indians effectively ended.

As for Governor General Prevost, who often clashed with Brock, he remained in command of all British forces until after the [[Battle of Plattsburgh]], in 1814. The battle was intended to be a joint naval/infantry attack, but Prevost did not commit his forces until after the naval battle had nearly ended. When he finally did attack, his forces proved unable to cross the [[Saranac River]] bridge, which was held by a small group of American regulars under the command of the recently promoted [[John E. Wool]]. Despite a heavy advantage in manpower, Prevost finally retreated upon hearing of the failure of the naval attack. For his failure at [[Plattsburgh (city), New York|Plattsburgh]], Prevost was recalled to England to face an inquiry, and a naval [[court martial]] determined that the blame for the loss at Plattsburgh primarily rested with Prevost.<ref>[[#Burroughs|Burroughs]]</ref> Prevost's health failed him, and he died in early 1816.

===In Britain===
[[File:Isaac Brock monument, St. Paul's Cathedral.gif|thumb|Memorial for Brock at [[St. Paul's Cathedral]].]]
Although Brock's achievements in Canada were overshadowed by larger-scale fighting in Europe, his death was still widely noted, particularly in [[Guernsey]]. In London, he is remembered at a memorial in [[St Paul's Cathedral]].<ref>"Memorials of St Paul's Cathedral" [[William Sinclair (Archdeacon of London)|Sinclair, W.]] pp. 457: London; Chapman & Hall, Ltd; 1909</ref> This was paid for by £1575 voted by the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]], which also granted pensions of £200 to each of his four surviving brothers.<ref name=ODNB /> For his actions in the capture of [[Siege of Detroit|Detroit]], Brock was appointed a [[Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath]] (<span class="ltr">KB</span>) on 10 October 1812. He died at the Battle of Queenston Heights before learning of his knighthood.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16656|page=2040|date=6 October 1812}}</ref><ref name=supporters>{{London Gazette|issue=16696|pages=157–158|date=19 January 1813}}</ref>

As a mark of esteem, the [[George IV of the United Kingdom|Prince Regent]] made a special grant to allow the [[heraldic]] [[supporters]] that would have been incorporated into his [[coat of arms]] if he had lived, to be incorporated into the arms of Brock's father's descendants, and on monuments raised in Brock's memory.<ref name=supporters />

A British naval vessel named in his honour, [[HMS Sir Isaac Brock|HMS ''Sir Isaac Brock'']], was destroyed at the [[Battle of York]] while under construction to prevent it falling into enemy hands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timeline/war-of-1812-timeline|title=War of 1812 Timeline|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date=15 February 2022}}</ref> The Regimental Depot of the 49th of Foot (later the Royal Berkshire Regiment), was established at Reading and named [[Brock Barracks]] in his memory in 1934. It is now used as a cadets and reserve infantry centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collections.readingmuseum.org.uk/index.asp?page=record&mwsquery=%7Btotopic%7D=%7BReading%20landmarks%7D&filename=REDMG&hitsStart=16|title=Brock Barracks, Reading|website=Reading Museum|access-date=15 February 2022}}</ref>

===In Canada===
Canadians regard Brock as one of their greatest military heroes.<ref>[[#Fredriksen2001|Fredriksen (2001)]], p. 72</ref> He was voted number 28 on the television show ''[[The Greatest Canadian]]'', although he was not born or naturalized as a Canadian.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/greatest/greatcanadians/index.html#21 |title=The Greatest Canadian |work=CBC |access-date=4 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605184034/http://www.cbc.ca/greatest/greatcanadians/index.html |archive-date=5 June 2008 }}</ref>
{{multiple image
 | align     = left
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 | image1    = Isaac Brock bust.jpg
 | width1    = 125
 |footer= Busts of Isaac Brock at [[Valiants Memorial]] in [[Ottawa]] (left), and in [[Brockville]], [[Ontario]] (right).
 | image2    = Brockville - ON - Büste Brock.jpg
 | width2    = 110
}}
Although many Canadians have come to view Brock as one of their own, Brock never really felt at home in Canada. On the whole, he viewed the country as a backwater, and earnestly wished to return to Europe to fight against [[Napoleon]].<ref group=Note>See letters from Brock to his brothers dated 5 September 1808 and 19 November 1808, quoted in [[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] pp. 72–74</ref> Brock mistrusted the Canadian colonists,<ref group=Note>See letters from Brock to his brothers dated 31 December 1809, and to the Right Honourable W. Windham, dated 12 February 1807, quoted in [[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] pp. 75, 46</ref> many of whom he suspected of being American sympathizers, and he was reluctant to arm them indiscriminately to help defend the colonies. He favoured expansion of volunteer forces which could be trained and supervised,<ref group=Note>See letter from Brock to [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh|Viscount Castlereagh]] dated 25 July 1807, quoted in [[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] p. 63</ref> as well as the use of British regulars and Tecumseh's warriors.

Since his death, several legends and myths about Brock have arisen. In 1908, the story of Brock's betrothal to Sophia Shaw, the daughter of General [[Æneas Shaw]], was first published.<ref>[[#Nursey1908|Nursey (1908)]], pp. 79, 136</ref> There is no supporting evidence for the claim and most biographers consider it apocryphal.<ref name=malcolm/> A legend about Brock's horse Alfred was first published in 1859. The horse was supposedly shot and killed during the battle while being ridden by Macdonell, and it is commemorated in a monument erected in 1976 in [[Queenston, Ontario|Queenston]] near the cairn marking the spot where Brock fell.<ref name=plaque/> But little evidence supports this account.<ref name=malcolm/> The General's horse "fully caparisoned, led by four Grooms," is listed as preceding the coffin at the General's interment at Fort George.<ref>[[#refTupper1847|Tupper (1847)]] p. 341</ref>

In 1816, an unknown company issued a series of private half-penny tokens honouring Brock with the title "The Hero of Upper Canada". Private copper tokens became common in Canada due to initial distrust of "army bills", paper notes issued by Brock when there was a currency shortage caused by economic growth.<ref>{{cite web|last=Whelan |first=Martin |date=26 July 2001 |url=http://www.waterfordcountymuseum.org/exhibit/web/Display/article/35/10/;jsessionid=C0A9947D5365E2DED5583C2D8B75DBB4?lang=en |title=The Coin Collection: Hero of Upper Canada |publisher=Waterford County Museum |access-date=4 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208163809/http://www.waterfordcountymuseum.org/exhibit/web/Display/article/35/10/%3Bjsessionid%3DC0A9947D5365E2DED5583C2D8B75DBB4?lang=en |archive-date= 8 December 2008 }}</ref>
[[File:Brock University statue of its namesake.JPG|thumb|Statue of Brock at [[Brock University]], a post-secondary institution also named after the general.]]
[[Brockville]] and [[Brock, Ontario|Brock in Ontario]], [[Brock, Saskatchewan|Brock in Saskatchewan]], [[Ontario Highway 405|General Isaac Brock Parkway on Highway 405]] and [[Brock University]] in [[St. Catharines]], [[Ontario]], are all named in tribute to Brock. Schools named in his honour include one in [[Winnipeg]], and public schools in Toronto, [[Guelph]], [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], [[London, Ontario|London]], [[Vancouver]], and [[Windsor, Ontario]]. An Ontario Historical Plaque was erected by the province to commemorate Major-General Sir Isaac Brock's role in Ontario's heritage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques_MNO/Plaque_Outside05.html |title=Ontario Plaque |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207231059/http://ontarioplaques.com/Plaques_MNO/Plaque_Outside05.html |archive-date=7 February 2012 }}</ref> The section of [[Spadina Avenue]] south of Queen Street in Toronto was once named Brock Street in his honour.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://tayloronhistory.com/2013/01/26/spadina-ave-when-it-was-a-quiet-rural-location/ |title = Toronto's Spadina Ave. When it was a quiet rural location|date = 26 January 2013}}</ref>

In September 2012, the [[Royal Canadian Mint]] issued a .99999 pure gold coin with a face value of 350 dollars to honor the bicentenary of Brock's death. The reverse design was taken from a half-penny token issued in 1816 as a memorial to Brock.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.coinupdate.com/sir-isaac-brock-gold-coin-1576/ |title=2012 Sir Isaac Brock $350 Gold Coin |date=10 September 2012 |website=Coin Update |access-date=3 August 2015}}</ref> In addition, there have been [[quarter (Canadian coin)|quarters]] that have been released, one with a coloured maple leaf and the other with a frosted maple leaf.

The Bathurst Street Bridge was renamed the [[Sir Isaac Brock Bridge]] by the City of Toronto at the suggestion of the Friends of [[Fort York]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Direction |website=Friends of Fort York and Garrison Common |url=http://www.fortyork.ca/plan-your-visit/directions.html |access-date=3 August 2015}}</ref>

===In Guernsey===
Brock's childhood home on High Street, [[St Peter Port]], Guernsey still stands, and is marked with a memorial plaque. A memorial, paid for by Canada, is fitted into the side of the [[Town Church, Guernsey|Town Church]], the parish church of St Peter Port.

[[Brock University]] in Ontario provides scholarships to Guernsey students who achieve sufficiently high grades.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.gg/brock|title=Brock University, Canada|date=13 July 2011|publisher=States of Guernsey|access-date=23 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://brocku.ca/safa/awards/awardlist/future-student-awards-2|title=Future Student Awards|publisher=Brock University|access-date=23 April 2016}}</ref> In 1969, the [[Guernsey Post|Guernsey Post Office]] issued [[postage stamps]] to commemorate his life and achievements.

==Notes and references==
'''Notes'''
{{reflist|group=Note}}

'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}

===References===
* {{cite DCB |last=Burroughs |first=Peter |title=Prevost, Sir George |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/prevost_george_5E.html |volume=5 |access-date=1 August 2008|ref=Burroughs}}
* {{cite book |last=Collins |first=Gilbert |date=2006 |title=Guidebook to the Historic Sites of the War of 1812 |url={{google books|UmbQbOcdKngC|plainurl=yes}} |edition=2nd |publisher=Dundurn |location=Toronto |isbn=978-1-55002-626-9 |ref=Collins2006}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cruikshank |first=Ernest A. |author-link=Ernest Alexander Cruikshank |chapter=The Battle of Queenston Heights |editor-last=Zaslow |editor-first=Morris|title=The Defended Border: Upper Canada and the War of 1812 |publisher=MacMillan |location=Toronto |year=1964 |oclc= 480289|ref=Cruikshank1964}}
* {{cite book |last=Fredriksen |first=John C. |date=2001 |chapter=Isaac Brock |title=America's Military Adversaries |location=Sant Barbara, California |publisher=ABC-CLIO |url={{google books|ZJlm7AQK-T4C|plainurl=yes|page=72}} |ref=Fredriksen2001 |access-date=3 August 2015}}
* {{cite journal |last=Garrard |first=Graeme |date=October 2012 |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/saviour-canada |title=The Saviour of Canada |journal=History Today |publisher=History Today Ltd |access-date=6 October 2022 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hitsman |first1=J. MacKay |first2=Donald E. |last2=Graves |first3=Christopher, Sir |last3=Prevost |title=The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History |year=2000 |location=Toronto |publisher=Robin Brass Studio |isbn= 1-896941-13-3 |ref=HitsmanGravesPrevost2000}}
* {{Cite book |last=Latimer |first=Jon |title=1812: War with America |url={{google books|0lsWOwZXw1gC|plainurl=yes|page=79}} |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-674-02584-4 |ref=Latimer2007}}
* {{cite journal|journal=Archivaria|volume=1|issue=20|date=Summer 1985|pages=22–66|title=Contemporary portraits of Isaac Brock: An analysis|first=Ludwig |last=Kosche|url=http://journals.sfu.ca/archivar/index.php/archivaria/article/view/11176 |ref=Kosche |access-date=3 August 2015}}
* {{Cite book |last=Malcomson|first=Robert|title=A Very Brilliant Affair: The Battle of Queenston Heights, 1812 |location=Toronto |publisher=Robin Brass Studio |year=2003 |isbn=1-896941-33-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWhkMwAACAAJ |ref=Malcomson2003}}
* {{cite journal |last=Malcomson |first=Robert |date=1 October 2004 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-124077611.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329065046/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-124077611.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 March 2015 |title=Picturing Isaac Brock: heroes attract legends like magnets attract iron. But what is really true about Isaac Brock, the saviour of Upper Canada? |journal=The Beaver: Exploring Canada's History |publisher=Canada's National History Society |access-date=25 July 2008 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Nursey |first=Walter R.|year=1908 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18025 |title=The Story of Isaac Brock  |location=Toronto |publisher=William Briggs |version=(published online by [[Project Gutenberg]]) |ref=Nursey1908}}
* {{cite DCB |last=Stacey |first=C. P. |author-link=Charles Perry Stacey |title=Brock, Sir Isaac |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/brock_isaac_5E.html |volume=5 |access-date=16 July 2008 |ref=StaceyDCB}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stacey |first=C. P. |chapter=The Defence of Upper Canada |editor-last=Zaslow |editor-first=Morris|title=The Defended Border: Upper Canada and the War of 1812 |publisher=MacMillan |location=Toronto |year=1964 |oclc= 480289|ref=Stacey1964}}
* {{cite DCB |last=Steppler |first=Glenn A. |title=Roberts, Charles |volume=5 |ref=Steppler |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/roberts_charles_5E.html  |access-date=27 September 2008}}
* {{cite ODNB|first=John|last=Sweetman |chapter=Brock, Sir Isaac (1769–1812)|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|title-link=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |location= Oxford |year= 2004 |ref=Sweetman2004 |chapter-url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3468 |access-date=17 July 2008 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/3468}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Tupper |editor-first=Ferdinand Brock |title=The Life and Correspondence of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, K.B. |edition=2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeandcorrespo01tuppgoog |location=London |publisher=Simpkin, Marshall & Co. |year=1847 |ref=refTupper1847}}
* {{cite DCB |last1=Whitfield |first1=Carol M. |last2=Turner |first2=Wesley B. |title=Sheaffe, Sir Roger Hale |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/sheaffe_roger_hale_8E.html |volume=8 |access-date=1 August 2008 |ref=WhitefieldTurner}}

==Further reading==
{{See also|List of books about the War of 1812}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |author=Benn, Carl |title=The War of 1812 |location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ml2pdfWRnMoC |isbn=1-84176-466-3 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book|author=[[Pierre Berton|Berton, Pierre]]| title=The Invasion of Canada, Volume 1, 1812–1813| location=Toronto| publisher= [[McClelland & Stewart]] |year= 1980 |isbn= 0-316-09216-9}}
* {{Cite book|author=Berton, Pierre| title=The Capture of Detroit| location=Toronto| publisher= McClelland & Stewart| year=1991 |isbn= 0-7710-1425-2}}
* {{Cite book |author= Berton, Pierre |title= The Death of Isaac Brock |location= Toronto |publisher= McClelland & Stewart |year= 1991 |isbn= 0-7710-1426-0 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/deathofisaacbroc0000bert }}
* {{Cite book| author=Lamb, William K.| title=The Hero of Upper Canada| publisher=Rous and Mann |year=1962 |location=Toronto |oclc= 4770927}}
* {{Cite book| author=Malcomson, Robert | title=Burying General Brock: A History of Brock's Monuments |location= Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON |publisher= Friends of Fort George |year= 1996 |isbn= 0-9699298-1-1}}
* {{cite book|author=Riley, Jonathon|title=A Matter of Honour: The Life, Campaigns and Generalship of Isaac Brock|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCxNYgEACAAJ|year=2011|publisher=Midpoint Trade Books|isbn=978-1896941653}}
* {{Cite book | author=[[Ferdinand Brock Tupper|Tupper, Ferdinand Brock]] | title=The Life and Correspondence of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, K.B. | url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14428 | oclc=2227295 | location=London | publisher=Simpkin, Marshall & Co. | year=1845 }}
* {{cite book|author=Turner, Wesley B.|title=Astonishing General: The Life and Legacy of Sir Isaac Brock|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugrSHwy1wysC&pg=PA15|year=2011|publisher=Dundurn Press|isbn=978-1459700062}}
* Published dispatches by Brock relating to the capture of Fort Detroit. {{London Gazette|issue=16653|pages=2011–2014|date=6 October 1812}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Brock, Sir Isaac}}
* [http://www.historica.ca/isaac_brock.php Historica.ca Article on Isaac Brock, Complete With References]
* [http://www.uppercanadahistory.ca/brock/brock13.html Information on Isaac Brock's family and genealogy]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050710081754/http://www.friendsoffortgeorge.ca/bm.htm The Friends of Fort George: Brock's Monument]
* [http://www.brocku.ca/ Brock University]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=37618| name=Isaac Brock}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Isaac Brock}}
* [http://dr.library.brocku.ca/handle/10464/9525 Various Research on Isaac Brock] Brock University Library Digital Repository

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{{Succession box|title=[[List of Lieutenant Governors of Ontario|Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada]]|
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{{War of 1812}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Brock, Isaac}}
[[Category:British Army major generals]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars]]
[[Category:British Army commanders of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the War of 1812]]
[[Category:Guernsey expatriates in Canada]]
[[Category:People from pre-statehood Michigan]]
[[Category:Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada]]
[[Category:People from Niagara Falls, Ontario]]
[[Category:British military personnel killed in the War of 1812]]
[[Category:49th Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:1769 births]]
[[Category:1812 deaths]]
[[Category:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)]]
[[Category:People from Saint Peter Port]]
[[Category:Canadian people of the War of 1812]]

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