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One herbivore of lima bean is ''[[Spodoptera littoralis]]'', the African cotton leafworm. An attack by this herbivore induces hydrogen peroxide in the leaves. This may be also advantageous to defend against pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses, as they can easily invade herbivore-infected leaves.<ref name=pmid16443697>{{cite journal |last1=Maffei |first1=Massimo E. |last2=Mithöfer |first2=Axel |last3=Arimura |first3=Gen-Ichiro |last4=Uchtenhagen |first4=Hannes |last5=Bossi |first5=Simone |last6=Bertea |first6=Cinzia M. |last7=Cucuzza |first7=Laura Starvaggi |last8=Novero |first8=Mara |last9=Volpe |first9=Veronica |last10=Quadro |first10=Stefano |last11=Boland |first11=Wilhelm |title=Effects of Feeding Spodoptera littoralis on Lima Bean Leaves. III. Membrane Depolarization and Involvement of Hydrogen Peroxide |journal=Plant Physiology |date=March 2006 |volume=140 |issue=3 |pages=1022–1035 |doi=10.1104/pp.105.071993 |pmid=16443697 |pmc=1400574 }}</ref> |
One herbivore of lima bean is ''[[Spodoptera littoralis]]'', the African cotton leafworm. An attack by this herbivore induces hydrogen peroxide in the leaves. This may be also advantageous to defend against pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses, as they can easily invade herbivore-infected leaves.<ref name=pmid16443697>{{cite journal |last1=Maffei |first1=Massimo E. |last2=Mithöfer |first2=Axel |last3=Arimura |first3=Gen-Ichiro |last4=Uchtenhagen |first4=Hannes |last5=Bossi |first5=Simone |last6=Bertea |first6=Cinzia M. |last7=Cucuzza |first7=Laura Starvaggi |last8=Novero |first8=Mara |last9=Volpe |first9=Veronica |last10=Quadro |first10=Stefano |last11=Boland |first11=Wilhelm |title=Effects of Feeding Spodoptera littoralis on Lima Bean Leaves. III. Membrane Depolarization and Involvement of Hydrogen Peroxide |journal=Plant Physiology |date=March 2006 |volume=140 |issue=3 |pages=1022–1035 |doi=10.1104/pp.105.071993 |pmid=16443697 |pmc=1400574 }}</ref> |
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Other predatory insects include ants, wasps, flies<ref name="Kost & Heil 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Kost |first1=Christian |last2=Heil |first2=Martin |title=Increased availability of extrafloral nectar reduces herbivory in Lima bean plants (Phaseolus lunatus, Fabaceae) |journal=Basic and Applied Ecology |date=June 2005 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=237–248 |doi=10.1016/j.baae.2004.11.002 }}</ref> and beetles.<ref name=pmid19424497>{{cite journal |last1=Ballhorn |first1=Daniel J. |last2=Kautz |first2=Stefanie |last3=Heil |first3=Martin |last4=Hegeman |first4=Adrian D. |title=Cyanogenesis of Wild Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) Is an Efficient Direct Defence in Nature |journal=PLOS ONE |date=8 May 2009 |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=e5450 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005450 |pmid=19424497 |pmc=2675055 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5450B |
Other predatory insects include ants, wasps, flies<ref name="Kost & Heil 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Kost |first1=Christian |last2=Heil |first2=Martin |title=Increased availability of extrafloral nectar reduces herbivory in Lima bean plants (Phaseolus lunatus, Fabaceae) |journal=Basic and Applied Ecology |date=June 2005 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=237–248 |doi=10.1016/j.baae.2004.11.002 }}</ref> and beetles.<ref name=pmid19424497>{{cite journal |last1=Ballhorn |first1=Daniel J. |last2=Kautz |first2=Stefanie |last3=Heil |first3=Martin |last4=Hegeman |first4=Adrian D. |title=Cyanogenesis of Wild Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) Is an Efficient Direct Defence in Nature |journal=PLOS ONE |date=8 May 2009 |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=e5450 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005450 |pmid=19424497 |pmc=2675055 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5450B }}</ref> |
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== Defenses == |
== Defenses == |
Copy and paste: – — ° ′ ″ ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥ ± − × ÷ ← → · § Cite your sources: <ref></ref>
{{}} {{{}}} | [] [[]] [[Category:]] #REDIRECT [[]] <s></s> <sup></sup> <sub></sub> <code></code> <pre></pre> <blockquote></blockquote> <ref></ref> <ref name="" /> {{Reflist}} <references /> <includeonly></includeonly> <noinclude></noinclude> {{DEFAULTSORT:}} <nowiki></nowiki> <!-- --> <span class="plainlinks"></span>
Symbols: ~ | ¡ ¿ † ‡ ↔ ↑ ↓ • ¶ # ∞ ‹› «» ¤ ₳ ฿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ € ₠ ₣ ƒ ₴ ₭ ₤ ℳ ₥ ₦ № ₧ ₰ £ ៛ ₨ ₪ ৳ ₮ ₩ ¥ ♠ ♣ ♥ ♦ 𝄫 ♭ ♮ ♯ 𝄪 © ® ™
Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}}
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