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== History == |
== History == |
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{{Further|Friday Fast}} |
{{Further|Friday Fast}} |
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Abstention from meat was historically done for religious reasons (e.g. the [[Friday Fast]]). In the [[Methodist Church]], on Fridays, especially those of [[Lent]], "abstinence from meat one day a week is a universal act of penitence".<ref name="McKnight2010">{{cite book |last1=McKnight |first1=Scot |title=Fasting: The Ancient Practices |date=2010 |publisher=Thomas Nelson |isbn=9781418576134 |pages=88 |language=English|quote=John Wesley, in his ''Journal'', wrote on Friday, August 17, 1739, that "many of our society met, as we had appointed, at one in the afternoon and agreed that all members of our society should obey the Church to which we belong by observing 'all Fridays in the year' as 'days of fasting and abstinence.'}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=2872 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310224612/http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=2872 | |
Abstention from meat was historically done for religious reasons (e.g. the [[Friday Fast]]). In the [[Methodist Church]], on Fridays, especially those of [[Lent]], "abstinence from meat one day a week is a universal act of penitence".<ref name="McKnight2010">{{cite book |last1=McKnight |first1=Scot |title=Fasting: The Ancient Practices |date=2010 |publisher=Thomas Nelson |isbn=9781418576134 |pages=88 |language=English|quote=John Wesley, in his ''Journal'', wrote on Friday, August 17, 1739, that "many of our society met, as we had appointed, at one in the afternoon and agreed that all members of our society should obey the Church to which we belong by observing 'all Fridays in the year' as 'days of fasting and abstinence.'}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=2872 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310224612/http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=2872 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 March 2010 |title=What does The United Methodist Church say about fasting? |publisher=The United Methodist Church |accessdate=27 April 2014 }}</ref> [[Anglican]]s (Episcopalians) and [[Roman Catholic]]s also traditionally observe Friday as a meat-free day.<ref name="Buchanan2009">{{cite book|last=Buchanan|first=Colin|title=The A to Z of Anglicanism|date=4 August 2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810870086|page=182|quote=In the 1662 Book of Common Prayer, there is a list of "Days of Fasting, or Abstinence," consisting of the 40 days of Lent, the ember days, the three rogation days (the Monday to Wednesday following the Sunday after Ascension Day), and all Fridays in the year (except Christmas, if it falls on a Friday).}}</ref><ref name="Green2006">{{cite book|last=Green|first=Jennifer|title=Dealing with Death: A Handbook of Practices, Procedures and Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jH2DrcY2DXMC&pg=PA224|accessdate=27 April 2014|date=25 May 2006|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|isbn=9781846425127|page=224|quote=Friday is a day of abstinence and self-denial for Catholics in health, and, by tradition, this became a meat-free day.}}</ref> Historically, Anglican and Catholic countries enforced prohibitions on eating meat on certain days of Lent. In England, for example, "butchers and victuallers were bound by heavy recognizances not to slaughter or sell meat on the weekly 'fish days', Friday and Saturday."<ref name="BarrowsRoom1991">{{cite book|last1=Barrows|first1=Susanna|last2=Room|first2=Robin|title=Drinking: Behavior and Belief in Modern History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-wmSdtGer0C&pg=PA340|accessdate=27 April 2014|year=1991|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520070851|page=340|quote=The main legally enforced prohibition in both Catholic and Anglican countries was that against meat. During Lent, the most prominent annual season of fasting in Catholic and Anglican churches, authorities enjoined abstinence from meat and sometimes "white meats" (cheese, milk, and eggs); in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England butchers and victuallers were bound by heavy recognizances not to slaughter or sell meat on the weekly "fish days," Friday and Saturday.}}</ref> In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], Wednesdays and Fridays are meat-free days.<ref name="Vitz1991">{{cite book|last=Vitz|first=Evelyn Birge|title=A Continual Feast|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrdUYzuAO14C&pg=PA80|accessdate=27 April 2014|year=1991|publisher=Ignatius Press|isbn=9780898703849|page=80|quote=In the Orthodox groups, on ordinary Wednesdays and Fridays no meat, olive oil, wine, or fish can be consumed.}}</ref> In the [[Lutheran Church]], Fridays and Saturdays are historically considered meat-free days.<ref name="Lund2002">{{cite book|last=Lund|first=Eric|title=Documents from the History of Lutheranism, 1517–1750|quote=Of the Eating of Meat: One should abstain from the eating of meat on Fridays and Saturdays, also in fasts, and this should be observed as an external ordinance at the command of his Imperial Majesty.|date=January 2002|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=9781451407747|page=166}}</ref> |
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Meat-free days have also been observed due to wartime rationing (e.g. Meatless Tuesdays in Canada<ref>[http://www.city.waterloo.on.ca/VeteransGreen/PrinterFriendly.aspx?tabid=1381 "Making Do with Less": Rationing in Canada] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20121216045606/http://www.city.waterloo.on.ca/VeteransGreen/PrinterFriendly.aspx?tabid=1381 |date=2012-12-16 }}</ref> and the United States—which also observed Wheatless Wednesdays—during [[World War I]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/food/the-history-kitchen/history-meatless-mondays/ |title=History of Meatless Mondays | The History Kitchen | PBS Food |publisher=Pbs.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-02}}</ref><ref>[http://dinersjournal.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/23/the-way-we-ate-the-year-harry-truman-passed-on-pumpkin-pie/ The Way We Ate: The Year Harry Truman Passed on Pumpkin Pie]</ref> or in states with [[shortage economy|failing economies]]. |
Meat-free days have also been observed due to wartime rationing (e.g. Meatless Tuesdays in Canada<ref>[http://www.city.waterloo.on.ca/VeteransGreen/PrinterFriendly.aspx?tabid=1381 "Making Do with Less": Rationing in Canada] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20121216045606/http://www.city.waterloo.on.ca/VeteransGreen/PrinterFriendly.aspx?tabid=1381 |date=2012-12-16 }}</ref> and the United States—which also observed Wheatless Wednesdays—during [[World War I]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/food/the-history-kitchen/history-meatless-mondays/ |title=History of Meatless Mondays | The History Kitchen | PBS Food |publisher=Pbs.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-02}}</ref><ref>[http://dinersjournal.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/23/the-way-we-ate-the-year-harry-truman-passed-on-pumpkin-pie/ The Way We Ate: The Year Harry Truman Passed on Pumpkin Pie]</ref> or in states with [[shortage economy|failing economies]]. |
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=== Africa === |
=== Africa === |
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==== South Africa ==== |
==== South Africa ==== |
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* [[Cape Town]]<ref name="za-ct2010" /><ref name="za-ct2010">{{cite web|title=City to launch ‘one meat-free day a week’ campaign|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/MediaReleases/Pages/Citytolaunchonemeatfreedayaweekcampaign.aspx|date=2010-07-27|accessdate=2010-08-03| |
* [[Cape Town]]<ref name="za-ct2010" /><ref name="za-ct2010">{{cite web|title=City to launch ‘one meat-free day a week’ campaign|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/MediaReleases/Pages/Citytolaunchonemeatfreedayaweekcampaign.aspx|date=2010-07-27|accessdate=2010-08-03|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827083135/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/MediaReleases/Pages/Citytolaunchonemeatfreedayaweekcampaign.aspx|archivedate=2010-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Pollack|first=Martin|title=City launches Meat-free Day|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CitylaunchesMeat-freeDay.aspx|date=2010-07-30|publisher=City of Cape Town|accessdate=2010-08-03|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802003555/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CitylaunchesMeat-freeDay.aspx|archivedate=2010-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=South Africa scores for farm animal welfare, the environment and human health|url=http://www.ciwf.org.uk/news/compassion_news/south_africa_scores_for_farm_animal_welfare_the_environment_and_human_health.aspx|date=2010-04-12 |
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|publisher=Compassion in World Farming|accessdate=2010-08-03}}</ref> |
|publisher=Compassion in World Farming|accessdate=2010-08-03}}</ref> |
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Meat-free days are declared to discourage or prohibit the consumption of meat on certain days of the week. Mondays and Fridays are the most popular days. There are also movements encouraging people giving up meat on a weekly, monthly, or permanent basis.[citation needed]
Abstention from meat was historically done for religious reasons (e.g. the Friday Fast). In the Methodist Church, on Fridays, especially those of Lent, "abstinence from meat one day a week is a universal act of penitence".[1][2] Anglicans (Episcopalians) and Roman Catholics also traditionally observe Friday as a meat-free day.[3][4] Historically, Anglican and Catholic countries enforced prohibitions on eating meat on certain days of Lent. In England, for example, "butchers and victuallers were bound by heavy recognizances not to slaughter or sell meat on the weekly 'fish days', Friday and Saturday."[5] In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Wednesdays and Fridays are meat-free days.[6] In the Lutheran Church, Fridays and Saturdays are historically considered meat-free days.[7]
Meat-free days have also been observed due to wartime rationing (e.g. Meatless Tuesdays in Canada[8] and the United States—which also observed Wheatless Wednesdays—during World War I)[9][10] or in states with failing economies.
In the People's Republic of Poland, meat-free days were encouraged by the government due to market forces. They were aimed at limiting meat consumption, primarily in favour of flour-based foods. The meat-free day was traditionally Friday, Monday or Wednesday.
Attempts to reintroduce meat-free days are part of a campaign to reduce anthropogenic climate change and improve human health and animal welfare by reducing factory farming and promoting vegetarianismorveganism.
John Wesley, in his Journal, wrote on Friday, August 17, 1739, that "many of our society met, as we had appointed, at one in the afternoon and agreed that all members of our society should obey the Church to which we belong by observing 'all Fridays in the year' as 'days of fasting and abstinence.'
In the 1662 Book of Common Prayer, there is a list of "Days of Fasting, or Abstinence," consisting of the 40 days of Lent, the ember days, the three rogation days (the Monday to Wednesday following the Sunday after Ascension Day), and all Fridays in the year (except Christmas, if it falls on a Friday).
Friday is a day of abstinence and self-denial for Catholics in health, and, by tradition, this became a meat-free day.
The main legally enforced prohibition in both Catholic and Anglican countries was that against meat. During Lent, the most prominent annual season of fasting in Catholic and Anglican churches, authorities enjoined abstinence from meat and sometimes "white meats" (cheese, milk, and eggs); in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England butchers and victuallers were bound by heavy recognizances not to slaughter or sell meat on the weekly "fish days," Friday and Saturday.
In the Orthodox groups, on ordinary Wednesdays and Fridays no meat, olive oil, wine, or fish can be consumed.
Of the Eating of Meat: One should abstain from the eating of meat on Fridays and Saturdays, also in fasts, and this should be observed as an external ordinance at the command of his Imperial Majesty.
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