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{{short description|Textual variants in the Epistle to Titus}} |
{{More footnotes needed|date=December 2021}}{{short description|Textual variants in the Epistle to Titus}} |
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| ⚫ | '''Textual variants in the [[Epistle to Titus]]''' are the subject of the study called [[textual criticism]] of the [[New Testament]]. Textual variants in [[manuscript]]s arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to a text that is being reproduced. An abbreviated list of textual variants in this particular book is given in this article below. |
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| ⚫ | [[File:Minuscule 699 GA folio 41v.jpg|thumb|190px|The first page of the Epistle to Titus in [[Minuscule 699]]]] |
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| ⚫ | '''Textual variants in the [[Epistle to Titus]]''' are the subject of the study called [[textual criticism]] of the [[New Testament]]. Textual variants in [[manuscript]]s arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to a text that is being reproduced. |
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An abbreviated list of textual variants in this particular book is given in this article below. |
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Most of the variations are not significant and some common alterations include the deletion, rearrangement, repetition, or replacement of one or more words when the copyist's eye returns to a similar word in the wrong location of the original text. If their eye skips to an earlier word, they may create a repetition (error of [[dittography]]). If their eye skips to a later word, they may create an omission. They may resort to performing a rearranging of words to retain the overall meaning without compromising the context. In other instances, the copyist may add text from memory from a similar or parallel text in another location. Otherwise, they may also replace some text of the original with an alternative reading. Spellings occasionally change. Synonyms may be substituted. A pronoun may be changed into a proper noun (such as "he said" becoming "Jesus said"). [[John Mill (theologian)|John Mill]]'s 1707 Greek New Testament was estimated to contain some 30,000 variants in its accompanying textual apparatus<ref>Adam Fox, ''John Mill and Richard Bentley: A Study of the Textual Criticism of the New Testament 1675–1729'' (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1954), pp. 105–115; John Mill, ''Novum Testamentum Graecum, cum lectionibus variantibus MSS'' (Oxford 1707)</ref> which was based on "nearly 100 [Greek] manuscripts."<ref>Metzger and Ehrman (2005), p.154</ref> Peter J. Gurry puts the number of non-spelling variants among New Testament manuscripts around 500,000, though he acknowledges his estimate is higher than all previous ones.<ref>Peter J. Gurry, "[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=10040842 The Number of Variants in the Greek New Testament: A Proposed Estimate]" ''New Testament Studies'' 62.1 (2016), p. 113</ref> |
Most of the variations are not significant and some common alterations include the deletion, rearrangement, repetition, or replacement of one or more words when the copyist's eye returns to a similar word in the wrong location of the original text. If their eye skips to an earlier word, they may create a repetition (error of [[dittography]]). If their eye skips to a later word, they may create an omission. They may resort to performing a rearranging of words to retain the overall meaning without compromising the context. In other instances, the copyist may add text from memory from a similar or parallel text in another location. Otherwise, they may also replace some text of the original with an alternative reading. Spellings occasionally change. Synonyms may be substituted. A pronoun may be changed into a proper noun (such as "he said" becoming "Jesus said"). [[John Mill (theologian)|John Mill]]'s 1707 Greek New Testament was estimated to contain some 30,000 variants in its accompanying textual apparatus<ref>Adam Fox, ''John Mill and Richard Bentley: A Study of the Textual Criticism of the New Testament 1675–1729'' (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1954), pp. 105–115; John Mill, ''Novum Testamentum Graecum, cum lectionibus variantibus MSS'' (Oxford 1707)</ref> which was based on "nearly 100 [Greek] manuscripts."<ref>Metzger and Ehrman (2005), p.154</ref> Peter J. Gurry puts the number of non-spelling variants among New Testament manuscripts around 500,000, though he acknowledges his estimate is higher than all previous ones.<ref>Peter J. Gurry, "[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=10040842 The Number of Variants in the Greek New Testament: A Proposed Estimate]" ''New Testament Studies'' 62.1 (2016), p. 113</ref> |
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==Legend== |
==Legend== |
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{{New Testament sigla legend}} |
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A guide to the symbols used in the body of this article. |
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{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| |
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*number beginning with "0": [[List of New Testament uncials|uncial]] |
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*number ''not'' beginning with "0": [[List of New Testament minuscules|minuscule]] |
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*'''Byz''': [[Byzantine text-type]] |
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*cop: [[Coptic versions of the Bible|Coptic versions]] |
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*eth: [[Bible translations into Amharic|Ethiopian versions]] |
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*ƒ: Family |
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*geo: [[Bible translations into Georgian|Georgian versions]] |
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*it: [[List of New Testament Latin manuscripts#Vetus Latina|Itala]] ([[Vetus Latina|Old Latin/Vetus Latina]]) |
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* lat: [[Vulgate]] and [[List of New Testament Latin manuscripts#Vetus Latina|some Itala versions]] |
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*𝔐: [[Byzantine text-type|Majority Text]] |
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*mss: manuscripts |
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*<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>: [[List of New Testament papyri|papyrus]] |
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*'''ℓ''' or ''Lect.'': [[List of New Testament lectionaries|lectionary]] |
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*''rell'': ''reliqui''; "[[Biblical manuscript|all other manuscripts]]" |
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*slav: [[Bible translations into Slavic languages|Slavic versions]] |
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*syr: [[Syriac versions of the Bible|Syriac versions]] |
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*TR: [[Textus Receptus]] |
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*vg: [[Vulgate]]}} |
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===Notable manuscripts=== |
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{{show |
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{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| |
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|head-style = background-color: #F0F8FF; text-align: center; |
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*א: [[Codex Sinaiticus]] ('''01''') |
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|content-style = background-color: #FFFFFF; text-align: left; |
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*A: [[Codex Alexandrinus]] ('''02''') |
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|1 = {{big|Textual variants in the Epistle to Titus}} |
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*B: [[Codex Vaticanus]] ('''03''') |
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|2 = |
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*C: [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus]] ('''04''') |
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| ⚫ | |||
*D{{sup|p}}: [[Codex Claromontanus]] (06) |
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{{show |
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*K{{sup|ap}}: [[Codex Mosquensis I]] (018) |
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|head-style = background-color: #F0F8FF; text-align: center; |
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*L{{sup|ap}}: [[Codex Angelicus]] (020) |
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|content-style = background-color: #FFFFFF; text-align: left; |
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*P{{sup|apr}}: [[Codex Porphyrianus]] (025) |
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|1 = {{font|text=1|font=Helvetica|size=16px|color=#FF0000|bgcolor=white}} {{big|Textual variants in Titus 1}} |
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*W: [[Codex Washingtonianus]] (032) |
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|2 = |
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*Ψ: [[Codex Athous Lavrensis]] (044) |
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| ⚫ | [[File:Minuscule 699 GA folio 41v.jpg|thumb|190px|The first page of the Epistle to Titus in [[Minuscule 699]]]] |
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*g<sup>1</sup>: [[Codex Sangermanensis I]]}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
Titus 1:14 |
Titus 1:14 |
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: ἐνταλμασιν – F, G |
: ἐνταλμασιν – F, G |
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: γενεαλογιας – 1908 |
: γενεαλογιας – 1908 |
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: ἐντολαῖς – ''rell'' |
: ἐντολαῖς – ''rell'' |
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}} |
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<br>{{show |
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|head-style = background-color: #F0F8FF; text-align: center; |
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|content-style = background-color: #FFFFFF; text-align: left; |
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|1 = {{font|text=1|font=Helvetica|size=16px|color=#FF0000|bgcolor=white}} {{big|Textual variants in Titus 2}} |
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|2 = |
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Titus 2:7 |
Titus 2:7 |
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: αφθοριαν – א Α C D* Κ P 33 (81) 104 1739 2495 al g vgst |
: αφθοριαν – א Α C D* Κ P 33 (81) 104 1739 2495 al g vgst |
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: αδιαφθοριαν – א{{sup|2}} D{{sup|2}} Ψ Byz |
: αδιαφθοριαν – {{lang|he|א}}{{sup|2}} D{{sup|2}} Ψ Byz |
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: αφθονιαν – {{Papyrus link|32}} F G 1881 pc |
: αφθονιαν – {{Papyrus link|32}} F G 1881 pc |
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}} |
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<br>{{show |
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|head-style = background-color: #F0F8FF; text-align: center; |
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|content-style = background-color: #FFFFFF; text-align: left; |
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|1 = {{font|text=1|font=Helvetica|size=16px|color=#FF0000|bgcolor=white}} {{big|Textual variants in Titus 3}} |
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|2 = |
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Titus 3:9 |
Titus 3:9 |
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: λογομαχιας – F, G |
: λογομαχιας – F, G |
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: γενεαλογίας – ''rell''</onlyinclude> |
: γενεαλογίας – ''rell'' |
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}} |
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</onlyinclude> |
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}} |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[Alexandrian text-type]] |
* [[Alexandrian text-type]] |
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* [[Comparison of codices Sinaiticus and Vaticanus]] |
* [[Comparison of codices Sinaiticus and Vaticanus]] |
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* [[List of New Testament verses not included in modern English translations]] |
* [[List of New Testament verses not included in modern English translations]] |
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* [[List of major textual variants in the New Testament]] |
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* [[Textual variants in the New Testament]] |
* [[Textual variants in the New Testament]] |
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* [[Western text-type]] |
* [[Western text-type]] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110120220811/http://dubitando.no.sapo.pt/nt_gr.htm#3 Variantes textuais] {{in lang|pt}} |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110120220811/http://dubitando.no.sapo.pt/nt_gr.htm#3 Variantes textuais] {{in lang|pt}} |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110606153005/http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/translation/TR-Varianten/index.html Varianten Textus receptus versus Nestle-Aland] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110606153005/http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/translation/TR-Varianten/index.html Varianten Textus receptus versus Nestle-Aland] |
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<!--* [http://www.bibletranslation.ws/trans/ |
<!--* [http://www.bibletranslation.ws/trans/holybible.pdf Epistle to Titus part of the Holy Bible]--> |
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{{New Testament textual variants navigation}} |
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{{Epistle to Titus}} |
{{Epistle to Titus}} |
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This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
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Textual variants in the Epistle to Titus are the subject of the study called textual criticism of the New Testament. Textual variants in manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to a text that is being reproduced. An abbreviated list of textual variants in this particular book is given in this article below.
Most of the variations are not significant and some common alterations include the deletion, rearrangement, repetition, or replacement of one or more words when the copyist's eye returns to a similar word in the wrong location of the original text. If their eye skips to an earlier word, they may create a repetition (error of dittography). If their eye skips to a later word, they may create an omission. They may resort to performing a rearranging of words to retain the overall meaning without compromising the context. In other instances, the copyist may add text from memory from a similar or parallel text in another location. Otherwise, they may also replace some text of the original with an alternative reading. Spellings occasionally change. Synonyms may be substituted. A pronoun may be changed into a proper noun (such as "he said" becoming "Jesus said"). John Mill's 1707 Greek New Testament was estimated to contain some 30,000 variants in its accompanying textual apparatus[1] which was based on "nearly 100 [Greek] manuscripts."[2] Peter J. Gurry puts the number of non-spelling variants among New Testament manuscripts around 500,000, though he acknowledges his estimate is higher than all previous ones.[3]
A guide to the sigla (symbols and abbreviations) most frequently used in the body of this article.[4][5]
Titus 1:14
