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The '''third plague pandemic''' was a major [[bubonic plague]] [[pandemic]] that began in [[Yunnan]], China, in 1855.<ref name="Cohn">{{cite book | last = Cohn | first = Samuel K. | title = The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe | publisher = A Hodder Arnold | year = 2003 | url = https://archive.org/details/blackdeathtransf00samu/page/336 | isbn = 0-340-70646-5 | page = [https://archive.org/details/blackdeathtransf00samu/page/336 336] }}</ref> This episode of bubonic plague spread to all inhabited continents, and ultimately led to more than 12 million deaths in [[India]] and China<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-05-07|title=Plague deaths: Quarantine lifted after couple die of bubonic plague|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48182646|access-date=2021-08-28|quote=In the 19th Century there was a plague outbreak in China and India, which killed more than 12 million.}}</ref> (and perhaps over 15 million worldwide<ref name=":2" />), and at least 10 million Indians were killed in [[British Raj|British Raj India]] alone, making it one of the [[List of epidemics|deadliest pandemics]] in history.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stenseth|first=Nils Chr|date=2008-08-08|title=Plague Through History|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1161496|journal=Science|language=en|volume=321|issue=5890|pages=773–774|doi=10.1126/science.1161496|s2cid=161336516 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Frith|first=John|date=|title=The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics|url=https://jmvh.org/article/the-history-of-plague-part-1-the-three-great-pandemics/|journal=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|volume=20|issue=2|pages=|quote=The third pandemic waxed and waned throughout the world for the next five decades and did not end until 1959, in that time plague had caused over 15 million deaths, the majority of which were in India.|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Sanburn|first=Josh|date=2010-10-26|title=Top 10 Terrible Epidemics: The Third Plague Pandemic|language=en-US|magazine=Time|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2027479_2027486_2027498,00.html|access-date=2021-01-01|issn=0040-781X}}</ref> According to the [[World Health Organization]], the pandemic was considered active until 1960 when worldwide casualties dropped to 200 per year. Plague deaths have continued at a lower level for every year since.<ref name=Høiby2021>{{cite journal |last1=Høiby |first1=Niels |title=Pandemics: past, present, future: That is like choosing between cholera and plague |journal=[[APMIS]] |date=July 2021 |volume=129 |issue=7 |pages=352–371 |doi=10.1111/apm.13098 |pmid=33244837 |pmc=7753327 |issn=1600-0463}}</ref> |
The '''third plague pandemic''' was a major [[bubonic plague]] [[pandemic]] that began in [[Yunnan]], China, in 1855.<ref name="Cohn">{{cite book | last = Cohn | first = Samuel K. | title = The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe | publisher = A Hodder Arnold | year = 2003 | url = https://archive.org/details/blackdeathtransf00samu/page/336 | isbn = 0-340-70646-5 | page = [https://archive.org/details/blackdeathtransf00samu/page/336 336] }}</ref> This episode of bubonic plague spread to all inhabited continents, and ultimately led to more than 12 million deaths in [[India]] and China<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-05-07|title=Plague deaths: Quarantine lifted after couple die of bubonic plague|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48182646|access-date=2021-08-28|quote=In the 19th Century there was a plague outbreak in China and India, which killed more than 12 million.}}</ref> (and perhaps over 15 million worldwide<ref name=":2" />), and at least 10 million Indians were killed in [[British Raj|British Raj India]] alone, making it one of the [[List of epidemics|deadliest pandemics]] in history.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stenseth|first=Nils Chr|date=2008-08-08|title=Plague Through History|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1161496|journal=Science|language=en|volume=321|issue=5890|pages=773–774|doi=10.1126/science.1161496|s2cid=161336516 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Frith|first=John|date=|title=The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics|url=https://jmvh.org/article/the-history-of-plague-part-1-the-three-great-pandemics/|journal=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|volume=20|issue=2|pages=|quote=The third pandemic waxed and waned throughout the world for the next five decades and did not end until 1959, in that time plague had caused over 15 million deaths, the majority of which were in India.|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Sanburn|first=Josh|date=2010-10-26|title=Top 10 Terrible Epidemics: The Third Plague Pandemic|language=en-US|magazine=Time|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2027479_2027486_2027498,00.html|access-date=2021-01-01|issn=0040-781X}}</ref> According to the [[World Health Organization]], the pandemic was considered active until 1960 when worldwide casualties dropped to 200 per year. Plague deaths have continued at a lower level for every year since.<ref name=Høiby2021>{{cite journal |last1=Høiby |first1=Niels |title=Pandemics: past, present, future: That is like choosing between cholera and plague |journal=[[APMIS]] |date=July 2021 |volume=129 |issue=7 |pages=352–371 |doi=10.1111/apm.13098 |pmid=33244837 |pmc=7753327 |issn=1600-0463}}</ref> |
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The name refers to the third of at least three known major plague pandemics.<ref name=Stenseth2008>{{cite journal |last1=Stenseth |first1=Nils Chr |last2=Atshabar |first2=Bakyt B |last3=Begon |first3=Mike |last4=Belmain |first4=Steven R |last5=Bertherat |first5=Eric |last6=Carniel |first6=Elisabeth |last7=Gage |first7=Kenneth L |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Rahalison |first9=Lila |title=Plague: Past, Present, and Future |journal=PLOS Medicine |date=January 2008 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=e3 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050003 |pmid=18198939 |pmc=2194748 |issn=1549-1277 |
The name refers to the third of at least three known major plague pandemics.<ref name=Stenseth2008>{{cite journal |last1=Stenseth |first1=Nils Chr |last2=Atshabar |first2=Bakyt B |last3=Begon |first3=Mike |last4=Belmain |first4=Steven R |last5=Bertherat |first5=Eric |last6=Carniel |first6=Elisabeth |last7=Gage |first7=Kenneth L |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Rahalison |first9=Lila |title=Plague: Past, Present, and Future |journal=PLOS Medicine |date=January 2008 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=e3 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050003 |pmid=18198939 |pmc=2194748 |issn=1549-1277}}</ref> The [[First plague pandemic|first]] began with the [[Plague of Justinian]], which ravaged the [[Byzantine Empire]] and surrounding areas in 541 and 542; the pandemic persisted in successive waves until the middle of the 8th century. The [[Second plague pandemic|second]] began with the [[Black Death]], which killed at least one third of [[Europe]]'s population in a series of expanding waves of infection from 1346 to 1353; this pandemic recurred regularly until the 19th century.<ref name="Hurem2019">{{cite journal |last1=Huremović |first1=Damir |title=Brief History of Pandemics (Pandemics Throughout History) |journal=Psychiatry of Pandemics |date=16 May 2019 |pages=7–35 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-15346-5_2 |pmc=7123574 |isbn=978-3-030-15345-8 }}</ref> |
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Casualty patterns indicate that waves of this late-19th-century/early-20th-century pandemic may have come from two different sources. The first was primarily bubonic and was carried around the world through ocean-going trade, through transporting infected persons, [[rat]]s, and cargoes harboring [[flea]]s. The second, more virulent strain, was primarily [[pneumonic plague|pneumonic]] in character with a strong person-to-person contagion. This strain was largely confined to Asia.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} |
Casualty patterns indicate that waves of this late-19th-century/early-20th-century pandemic may have come from two different sources. The first was primarily bubonic and was carried around the world through ocean-going trade, through transporting infected persons, [[rat]]s, and cargoes harboring [[flea]]s. The second, more virulent strain, was primarily [[pneumonic plague|pneumonic]] in character with a strong person-to-person contagion. This strain was largely confined to Asia.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} |
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