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(Top) 1 Varieties 1.1 Others 2 Phonology 2.1 Consonants 2.2 Vowels 3 References

Bunu language

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Bunu
Pu Nu
Buod Nuox
Native to	China
Region	Guangxi and bordering regions
Ethnicity	Yao
Native speakers	359,474 (2001)^[1]
Language family	Hmong–Mien Hmongic West Hmongic Bu–Nao Bunu
Dialects	Dongnu Nunu Bunuo
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	`buna1273`

Bunu is a Hmongic language of southern China. Bunu speakers are classified as Yao by the People's Republic of China.

Varieties

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Meng (2001) lists the following language varieties for Bunu.^[1]

Bunu 布努 (Pu Nu) - 359,474 speakers; representative dialect: Nongjing, Qibainong Township, Dahua County 大化七百弄乡弄京
- Dongnu 东努 (Tung Nu, autonyms: no22, tuŋ11 no22) - 293,489 speakers in Funing County, Yunnan (in Longshao 龙绍, etc.) and northern Guangxi: Du'an (in Meizhu 梅珠, etc.), Dahua, Bama, Pingguo, Tiandong, Mashan, Debao, Long'an, Baise, Tianyang, Donglan, Hechi, Shanglin, Xincheng, Yishan, Laibin. In Funing County, they are known as Buzha 布咋 (their autonym) or the Mountain Yao 山瑶.
- Nunu 努努 (Nu Nu, autonyms: no22 no22, po33 no22) - 53,870 speakers in northwestern Guangxi: Lingyun (in Taohua 陶化, etc.), Fengshan, Donglan, Bama (in Xishan 西山, etc.), Tianlin, Leye
- Bunuo 布诺 (Pu No, autonym: pu33 no22) - 12,115 speakers in Du'an (in Sanzhiyang 三只羊; Longma 龙麻 of Xia'ao 下坳乡,^[2] etc.), Guangxi

The Shaoyang Prefecture Gazetteer (1997:533) reports that the MiaoofXinning County, Hunan, speak a Bunu-branch language.

The Yunnan Province Gazetteer (1989) reports that a Bunu dialect known as pu55 ʐa11 (布咋) is spoken by about 7,000 people in Guichao 归朝乡 and Dongbo 洞波瑶族乡 (including in Dadongzhai 大洞寨, Saxiangdong Village 三湘洞村^[3]) townships of Funing County, Yunnan.

Others

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The following may be alternative names for speakers of Bunu languages.^[4]

Beidalao 北大老: 15,000 (1990) in Rong'an County and Rongshui County, Guangxi; probably Bunu, though divergent^[5]
Changpao 长袍: 5,000 (1999) in southern Guizhou; undetermined linguistic affiliation, but could possibly be Bunu.^[6] Identified as Dongmeng by Bradley (2007).^[7]
Youmai 优迈: 2,000 (1999) in southwestern Guizhou; possibly a Bunu variety;^[8] classified as Pingtang Miao by Li Yunbing (2000)^[9]

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

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		Labial		Dental/Alveolar			Retroflex	(Alveolo-) palatal	Velar			Glottal
		plain	pal.	plain	sib.	lat.	Retroflex	(Alveolo-) palatal	plain	lab.	pal.	Glottal
Nasal	voiceless	m̥	m̥ʲ	n̥				ɲ̟̊	ŋ̊	ŋ̊ʷ
Nasal	voiced	m	mʲ	n				ɲ̟	ŋ	ŋʷ
Stop	voiceless	p	pʲ	t			ʈ		k	kʷ	kʲ
	aspirated	pʰ	pʲʰ	tʰ			ʈʰ		kʰ	kʷʰ	kʲʰ
	prenasal	ᵐp	ᵐpʲ	ⁿt			ᶯʈ		ᵑk	ᵑkʷ	ᵑkʲ
	prenasal asp.	ᵐpʰ	ᵐpʲʰ	ⁿtʰ			ᶯʈʰ		ᵑkʰ	ᵑkʷʰ
Affricate	voiceless					tɬ		tɕ
	aspirated					tɬʰ		tɕʰ
	prenasal			ⁿtθ	ⁿts	ⁿtɬ		ᶮtɕ
	prenasal asp.			ⁿtθʰ	ⁿtsʰ	ⁿtɬʰ		ᶮtɕʰ
Fricative	voiceless	f		θ	s	ɬ	ʂ	ɕ				h
	aspirated			θʰ	sʰ
	voiced	v					ʐ	ʑ	ɣ			ɦ
Approximant						l

Sounds /tɬ, tɬʰ, ⁿtɬ, ⁿtɬʰ/ may be pronounced as [pl, plʰ, ᵐpl, ᵐplʰ] in some areas.^[10]

Vowels

[edit]

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		ɯ	u
Close-mid	e	ə	o
Open-mid	ɛ	ə	ɔ
Open		a

References

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^ ^a ^b Meng, Chaoji 蒙朝吉 (2001). Yáozú Bùnǔyǔ fāngyán yánjiū 瑤族布努语方言研究 [A Study of the Bunu Dialects of the Yao People] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.

^ Meng, Youyi 蒙有义 (2011). "Lóngmá Bùnǔyǔ yǔyīn xìtǒng" 龙麻布努语语音系统 [On Phonetic System of Bunu Language in Longma]. Sānxiá lùntán (Sānxiá wénxué. Lǐlùn bǎn) 三峡论坛（三峡文学.理论版） (in Chinese). 2011 (5): 61–65, 148. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2013-02-13.

^ "Fùníng Xiàn Dòngbō Yáozú Xiāng Sānxiāngdòng Cūnwěihuì Shàngdàdòng" 富宁县洞波瑶族乡三湘洞村委会上大洞 [Shangdadong, Sanxiangdong Village Committee, Dongbo Yao Ethnic Township, Funing County]. ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2017-09-26. Retrieved 2017-09-26.

^ "China". Asia Harvest. Archived from the original on 2013-08-01. Retrieved 2013-07-19.

^ "Beidalao" (PDF) – via Asia Harvest.

^ "Changpao" (PDF) – via Asia Harvest.

^ Bradley, David (2007). "East and Southeast Asia". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. New York: Routledge.

^ "Youmai" (PDF) – via Asia Harvest.

^ Li, Yunbing 李云兵 (2000). Miáoyǔ fāngyán huàfēn yíliú wèntí yánjiū 苗语方言划分遗留问题研究 (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.

^ Meng, Chaoji (2008). 瑤汉词典 : (布努语) [Yao Han ci dian : (Bunu yu)]. 民族出版社 [Minzu chubanshe], Beijing Shi.