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C o o r d i n a t e s : 3 ° 4 9 ′ 1 8 . 9 ″ N 7 5 ° 2 1 ′ 2 2 . 4 ″ W / 3 . 8 2 1 9 1 7 ° N 7 5 . 3 5 6 2 2 2 ° W / 3.821917; -75.356222
F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
Geological formation in Colombia
The Caballos Formation (Spanish : Formación Caballos , KI) is a geological formation of the Upper Magdalena Valley (VSM), Caguán-Putumayo Basin , Central and Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes . The sandstone and shale formation dates to the Middle Cretaceous period; Aptian to Albian epochs and has a maximum thickness of 411 metres (1,348 ft ).
Etymology [ edit ]
The formation was defined and named in 1967 by Corrigan after Cerro Caballos, to the west of Olaya Herrera , Tolima .[1]
Description [ edit ]
Lithologies [ edit ]
The Caballos Formation has a maximum thickness of 411 metres (1,348 ft ) in the Quebrada Bambucá and is characterized by a lower sequence of fine to coarse sandstones , of lithic arenite , quartz arenite and feldspar arenite composition, a middle section of fossiliferous black shales and siltstones , intercalated by micritic limestones and coals and very fine sandstones. The upper part of the formation contains conglomerates and glauconitic sandstones.[1]
Stratigraphy and depositional environment [ edit ]
The Caballos Formation in some parts concordantly overlies the Yaví Formation and in other parts rests unconformably on the Saldaña Formation and Ibagué Batholith .[2] Hondita Formation . The age has been estimated to be Aptian to Albian . Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Une , Aguardiente , Simijaca , El Peñón , Capotes , Tablazo , Tibú-Mercedes and Pacho Formations .[3] fluvial to estuarine and shallow marine environment .[4]
The Caballos Formation is a source , reservoir and seal rock in the Upper Magdalena Valley ,[5] [6] Caguán-Putumayo Basin .[7] [8] Orito and Moqueta Fields of the latter basin produce from Caballos reservoirs.
Fossil content [ edit ]
The formation has provided fossils of Heminautilus etheringtoni [9] Araucarites sp. Brachyphyllum sp. Cladophlebis sp. Weichselia sp. [10] pollen .[11]
Outcrops [ edit ]
Type locality of the Caballos Formation in Tolima
The Caballos Formation is apart from its type locality , found in Huila, Tolima and Putumayo Departments.
Regional correlations [ edit ]
Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma Age
Paleomap
Regional events Catatumbo Cordillera proximal Llanos
distal Llanos
Putumayo VSM Environments Maximum thickness Petroleum geology Notes
0.01 Holocene Holocene volcanismSeismic activity
alluvium
Overburden
1 Pleistocene Pleistocene volcanismAndean orogeny 3 Glaciations
Guayabo Soatá Sabana Necesidad Guayabo Gigante
Neiva
Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)550 m (1,800 ft ) [12] [13] [14] [15]
2.6 Pliocene Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI Subachoque
5.3 Messinian Andean orogeny 3 Foreland Marichuela Caimán Honda [14] [16]
13.5 Langhian Regional flooding
León hiatus Caja León Lacustrine (León)400 m (1,300 ft ) Seal [15] [17]
16.2 Burdigalian Miocene inundationsAndean orogeny 2
C1 Carbonera C1 Ospina Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)
850 m (2,790 ft ) Reservoir [16] [15]
17.3 C2 Carbonera C2 Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)
Seal
19 C3 Carbonera C3 Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)
Reservoir
21 Early Miocene Pebas wetlands C4 Carbonera C4 Barzalosa Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4)
Seal
23 Late Oligocene Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep C5 Carbonera C5 Orito Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)
Reservoir [13] [16]
25 C6 Carbonera C6 Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)
Seal
28 Early Oligocene C7 C7 Pepino Gualanday Proximal deltaic-marine (C7)
Reservoir [13] [16] [18]
32 Oligo-Eocene
C8 Usme C8 onlap Marine-deltaic (C8)
Seal Source [18]
35 Late Eocene Mirador Mirador Coastal (Mirador)
240 m (790 ft ) Reservoir [15] [19]
40 Middle Eocene Regadera hiatus
45
50 Early Eocene Socha Los Cuervos Deltaic (Los Cuervos)
260 m (850 ft ) Seal Source [15] [19]
55 Late Paleocene PETM 2000 ppm CO2 Los Cuervos Bogotá Gualanday
60 Early Paleocene SALMA Barco Guaduas Barco Rumiyaco Fluvial (Barco)
225 m (738 ft ) Reservoir [12] [13] [16] [15] [20]
65 Maastrichtian KT extinction Catatumbo Guadalupe Monserrate Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)
750 m (2,460 ft ) Reservoir [12] [15]
72 Campanian End of rifting Colón-Mito Juan [15] [21]
83 Santonian Villeta /Güagüaquí
86 Coniacian
89 Turonian Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event La Luna Chipaque Gachetá hiatus Restricted marine (all)
500 m (1,600 ft ) Source [12] [15] [22]
93 Cenomanian Rift 2
100 Albian Une Une Caballos Deltaic (Une)500 m (1,600 ft ) Reservoir [16] [22]
113 Aptian Capacho Fómeque Motema Yaví Open marine (Fómeque)
800 m (2,600 ft ) Source (Fóm)[13] [15] [23]
125 Barremian High biodiversity Aguardiente Paja Shallow to open marine (Paja)
940 m (3,080 ft ) Reservoir [12]
129 Hauterivian Rift 1 Tibú- Las Juntas hiatus Deltaic (Las Juntas)910 m (2,990 ft ) Reservoir (LJun)[12]
133 Valanginian Río Negro Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca Restricted marine (Macanal)
2,935 m (9,629 ft ) Source (Mac)[13] [24]
140 Berriasian Girón
145 Tithonian Break-up of Pangea Jordán Arcabuco Buenavista
Batá
Saldaña Alluvial , fluvial (Buenavista)110 m (360 ft ) "Jurassic"
[16] [25]
150 Early-Mid Jurassic Passive margin 2 La Quinta
Montebel
Noreán hiatus Coastal tuff (La Quinta)
100 m (330 ft ) [26]
201 Late Triassic Mucuchachi Payandé [16]
235 Early Triassic Pangea hiatus "Paleozoic"
250 Permian
300 Late Carboniferous Famatinian orogeny Cerro Neiva () [27]
340 Early Carboniferous Fossil fish Romer's gap Cuche (355-385) Farallones () Deltaic , estuarine (Cuche)900 m (3,000 ft )
360 Late Devonian Passive margin 1 Río Cachirí (360-419) Ambicá () Alluvial -fluvial -reef (Farallones)2,400 m (7,900 ft ) [24] [28] [29] [30] [31]
390 Early Devonian High biodiversity Floresta (387-400)
El Tíbet
Shallow marine (Floresta)
600 m (2,000 ft )
410 Late Silurian Silurian mystery
425 Early Silurian hiatus
440 Late Ordovician Rich fauna in Bolivia San Pedro (450-490) Duda ()
470 Early Ordovician First fossils Busbanzá (>470±22 )
Chuscales
Otengá
Guape () Río Nevado ()
Hígado ()
Agua Blanca Venado (470-475)
[32] [33] [34]
488 Late Cambrian Regional intrusions
Chicamocha (490-515) Quetame () Ariarí () SJ del Guaviare (490-590) San Isidro () [35] [36]
515 Early Cambrian Cambrian explosion [34] [37]
542 Ediacaran Break-up of Rodinia pre-Quetame post-Parguaza El Barro () Yellow: allochthonous basementChibcha Terrane )Río Negro-Juruena Province )
Basement [38] [39]
600 Neoproterozoic Cariri Velhos orogeny Bucaramanga (600-1400) pre-Guaviare [35]
800 Snowball Earth [40]
1000 Mesoproterozoic Sunsás orogeny Ariarí (1000) La Urraca (1030-1100) [41] [42] [43] [44]
1300 Rondônia-Juruá orogeny pre-Ariarí Parguaza (1300-1400) Garzón (1180-1550) [45]
1400 pre-Bucaramanga [46]
1600 Paleoproterozoic Maimachi (1500-1700) pre-Garzón [47]
1800 Tapajós orogeny Mitú (1800) [45] [47]
1950 Transamazonic orogeny pre-Mitú [45]
2200 Columbia
2530 Archean Carajas-Imataca orogeny [45]
3100 Kenorland
Sources
Legend
group
important formation
fossiliferous formation
minor formation
(age in Ma)
proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]
See also [ edit ]
^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[48] [49] [50]
^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[48] UIS and ANH in 2009[51]
References [ edit ]
^ a b Velandia et al., 2001, p.53
^ Velandia et al., 2001, p.34
^ Velandia et al., 2001, p.54
^ Villamil, 2012, p.166
^ ANH, 2007, p.84
^ García González et al., 2009, p.83
^ ANH, 2007, p.57
^ García González et al., 2009, p.16
^ Badouin et al., 2016, p.87
^ Monje et al., 2016, p.38
^ Los Mangos at Fossilworks .org
^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.27
^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.50
^ a b García González et al., 2009, p.85
^ a b c d e f g h i j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
^ a b c d e f g h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
^ a b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
^ a b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
^ a b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
^ a b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
^ a b c d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
^ a b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
^ a b Duarte et al., 2019
^ García González et al., 2009
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
^ García González et al., 2009, p.60
Bibliography [ edit ]
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R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caballos_Formation&oldid=1232255308 " C a t e g o r i e s : ● G e o l o g i c f o r m a t i o n s o f C o l o m b i a ● C r e t a c e o u s C o l o m b i a ● L o w e r C r e t a c e o u s S e r i e s o f S o u t h A m e r i c a ● A l b i a n S t a g e ● A p t i a n S t a g e ● S a n d s t o n e f o r m a t i o n s ● S h a l e f o r m a t i o n s ● S i l t s t o n e f o r m a t i o n s ● L i m e s t o n e f o r m a t i o n s ● C o a l f o r m a t i o n s ● F l u v i a l d e p o s i t s ● S h a l l o w m a r i n e d e p o s i t s ● S o u r c e r o c k f o r m a t i o n s ● R e s e r v o i r r o c k f o r m a t i o n s ● S e a l r o c k f o r m a t i o n s ● F o s s i l i f e r o u s s t r a t i g r a p h i c u n i t s o f S o u t h A m e r i c a ● P a l e o n t o l o g y i n C o l o m b i a ● G e o g r a p h y o f H u i l a D e p a r t m e n t ● G e o g r a p h y o f P u t u m a y o D e p a r t m e n t ● G e o g r a p h y o f T o l i m a D e p a r t m e n t H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s : ● P a g e s u s i n g g a d g e t W i k i M i n i A t l a s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n ● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n m a t c h e s W i k i d a t a ● C o o r d i n a t e s o n W i k i d a t a ● A r t i c l e s c o n t a i n i n g S p a n i s h - l a n g u a g e t e x t
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 2 J u l y 2 0 2 4 , a t 1 9 : 5 7 ( U T C ) . ● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n . ● P r i v a c y p o l i c y ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● D i s c l a i m e r s ● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a ● C o d e o f C o n d u c t ● D e v e l o p e r s ● S t a t i s t i c s ● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t ● M o b i l e v i e w
Colombia
