| Calusa–Tunica | |
|---|---|
| Tunica–Calusa | |
| (proposed) | |
| Geographic distribution | Southeastern United States |
| Linguistic classification | Gulf ?
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | None |
The Calusa–Tunica languages are a proposed small language family that comprises the Tunica language of Louisiana and the extinct Calusa language of Florida.[1]
Julian Granberry (1994) suggests that the Calusa language was related to the Tunica language of the lower Mississippi River Valley, with Calusa possibly being relatively a recent arrival from the lower Mississippi region. Another possibility was that similarities between the languages were derived from long-term mutual contact.[1]
Granberry (1994: 510–512) compares the following Tunica and Calusa morphemes. The Tunica data is from Mary Haas,[2][3] while the Proto-Tunica reconstructions are Granberry's own work.[1] The Calusa data is primarily drawn from Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda's 16th-century writings.
| gloss | Proto-Tunica | Tunica | Calusa B | Calusa A |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| fem. sg. noun | *-hki ~ *-hči | -hči | -(h)ki | *-hki |
| imperative verb | *-k... | -ki | -ka | |
| over there, yonder | *-mi | mí-, -mí | -mi | |
| very much | *-štʔɛ | -štʔɛ | *st(ʔ)a | |
| this (noun designator) | *ka- | ká- | ka- | |
| all around, about | *te- | té- | te- | |
| watch (over, for), guard, wait | *hɛ́ra | hɛ́ra | śer(a) | |
| fast, prayer (noun) (húma = berry) | *huma | húma-ra | homa | |
| destroy, crush, mash | *kuč... | kúča | kuči | |
| assemble, gather together | *kunpa ([kuNpa] > kuhpa ?) | kúhpa | kupe ~ kunpe | *kuhpe ~ *kuNpe |
| settle, camp dwell, sit (down), stay, remain | *ʔuki | ʔúk(i) | (ʔ)uk(i) | |
| run | *lɔta | lɔ́ta | lɛte | |
| tongue(d), language | *lu | -lu | -lo ~ -lu | |
| make, build | *mašu | mášu | maś(u) | |
| on the other side | *may... | máyi | mayai | |
| come to rest, stop, lie down | *ña | ná | ño | |
| war, warrior | *ñaka | náka | ñoka | |
| look, find, see, watch | *po ~ *pe; *wo ~ *we | pó | we | |
| firm, hard, strong | *ra | rá | r(a) | |
| house, home, dwelling, building | *ri | r(í) | r(i) | |
| tree, branch, wood | *šahka | -šáhka | *śa(h)ka | *śahka |
| examine, look at | *sɛha | sɛ́ha | śe(h)(a) | |
| brave, bold | *ši | -š(í) | -ś(i) | |
| stick, impale, harpoon | *šihpu | šíhpu | śi(h)pi | *śihpi |
| prairie | *tahta | táhta | ta(h)te | *tahte |
| join, connect | *tepi | -tépi | -tepe | |
| cry, weep | *waha | wáha | wa(h)(a) | |
| water, liquid | *wiši ~ *ʔ...ši | wíš(i) | (ʔ)eś(i) | |
| bring, arrive | *yaka | yáka | yaka |
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