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(Top) 1 Classification 2 Sounds 2.1 Consonants 2.2 Vowels 3 Syntax 3.1 Subject-Object Concord 3.2 Center-embedding Relative Clauses 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links

Coahuilteco language

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Coahuilteco
Native to	Mexico, United States
Region	Coahuila, Texas
Ethnicity	Quems, Pajalat, etc.
Extinct	not attested after 18th century
Language family	Hokan ? Coahuiltecan ? Pakawan Coahuilteco
Dialects	Pajalat
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`xcw`
Linguist List	`xcw`
Glottolog	`coah1252`
Coauhuilteco language
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Coahuilteco was one of the Pakawan languages that was spoken in southern Texas (United States) and northeastern Coahuila (Mexico). It is now extinct.

Classification

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Coahuilteco was grouped in an eponymous Coahuiltecan family by John Wesley Powell in 1891, later expanded by additional proposed members by e.g. Edward Sapir. Ives Goddard later treated all these connections with suspicion, leaving Coahuilteco as a language isolate. Manaster Ramer (1996) argues Powell's original more narrow Coahuiltecan grouping is sound, renaming it Pakawan in distinction from the later more expanded proposal.^[1] This proposal has been challenged by Campbell,^[2] who considers its sound correspondences unsupported and considers that some of the observed similarities between words may be due to borrowing.

Sounds

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Consonants

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		Bilabial	Inter- dental	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar		Glottal
		Bilabial	Inter- dental	Alveolar		Palatal	plain	labial	Glottal
Nasal		m		n
Plosive/ Affricate	plain	p		t	ts	tʃ	k	kʷ	(ʔ)
Plosive/ Affricate	ejective	pʼ		tʼ	tsʼ	tʃʼ	kʼ	kʷʼ	(ʔ)
Fricative			(θ)	s		ʃ	x	xʷ	h
Approximant	plain			l		j		w
Approximant	ejective			lʼ

Vowels

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	Front	Central	Back
Close	i / iː		u / uː
Mid	e / eː		o / oː
Open		a / aː

Coahuilteco has both short and long vowels.^[3]

Syntax

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Based primarily on study of one 88-page document, Fray Bartolomé García's 1760 Manual para administrar los santos sacramentos de penitencia, eucharistia, extrema-uncion, y matrimonio: dar gracias despues de comulgar, y ayudar a bien morir, Troike describes two of Coahuilteco's less common syntactic traits: subject-object concord and center-embedding relative clauses.^[4]^[5]

Subject-Object Concord

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In each of these sentences, the object Dios 'God' is the same, but the subject is different, and as a result different suffixes (-n for first person, -m for second person, and -t for third person) must be present after the demonstrative tupo· (Troike 1981:663).

Dios

God

tupo·-n

DEM-1CON

naxo-xt'e·wal

1pS-annoy

wako·

CAUS

'We annoyed God'

Dios

God

tupo·-m

DEM-2CON

xa-ka·wa

2S-love

AUX

'Do you love God?'

Dios

God

tupo·-t

DEM-3CON

a-pa-k'tace·y

3S-SUB-pray(PL)

'that (all) pray to God'

Center-embedding Relative Clauses

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Troike (2015:135) notes that relative clauses in Coahuilteco can appear between the noun and its demonstrative (NP → N (Srel) Dem), leading to a center-embedding structure quite distinct from the right-branching or left-branching structures more commonly seen in the world's languages.

One example of such a center-embedded relative clause is the following:

saxpame·

sins

pinapsa·_i

you

[xami·n

(OBJ)

e_i-Obj

xa-p-xo·]

2-sub-know

tupa·-n

DEM-1C

‘the sins (which) you know’

The Coahuilteco text studied by Troike also has examples of two levels of embedding of relative clauses, as in the following example (Troike 2015:138):

pi·lam

people

apšap’a·kan_i

good.PL

[e_i-SUBJ

pi·nwakta·_j

things

[Dios

God

(∅)

(DEM)

pil’ta·_j

pronj

a-pa-ta·nko]

3-sub-command

tuče·-t

DEM-3C

a-p-awa·y]

3-sub-do.PL

tupa·-t

DEM-3C

‘(He will carry to heaven) the good people [who do the things [that God commands]]’.

References

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^ Ramer, Alexis Manaster (1996). "Sapir's Classifications: Coahuiltecan". Anthropological Linguistics. 38 (1): 1–38. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30028442.

^ Campbell, Lyle (1996). "Coahuiltecan: A Closer Look". Anthropological Linguistics. 38 (4): 620–634. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30013048.

^ Troike, 1996

^ Troike, Rudolph C. (1981). "Subject-Object Concord in Coahuilteco". Language. 57 (3): 658–673. doi:10.2307/414344. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 414344.

^ Troike, Rudolph C. (January 2015). "Center-Embedding Relative Clauses in Coahuilteco". International Journal of American Linguistics. 81 (1): 133–142. doi:10.1086/679045. ISSN 0020-7071. S2CID 141664014.

Bibliography

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Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1–20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18–20 not yet published).
Troike, Rudolph. (1996). Coahuilteco (Pajalate). In I. Goddard (Ed.), Languages (pp. 644–665). Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.