| Storage type
|
Specific energy (MJ/kg)
|
Energy density (MJ/L)
|
Peak recovery efficiency %
|
Practical recovery efficiency %
|
| Arbitrary Antimatter |
89,875,517,874 |
depends on density |
|
|
| Deuterium–tritium fusion |
576,000,000[1] |
|
|
|
| Uranium-235 fissile isotope |
144,000,000[1] |
1,500,000,000 |
|
|
| Natural uranium (99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235) in fast breeder reactor |
86,000,000 |
|
|
|
| Reactor-grade uranium (3.5% U-235) in light-water reactor |
3,456,000 |
|
|
35%
|
| Pu-238 α-decay |
2,200,000 |
|
|
|
| Hf-178m2 isomer |
1,326,000 |
17,649,060 |
|
|
| Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light-water reactor |
443,000 |
|
|
35%
|
| Ta-180m isomer |
41,340 |
689,964 |
|
|
| Metallic hydrogen (recombination energy) |
216[2] |
|
|
|
| Specific orbital energyofLow Earth orbit (approximate) |
33.0 |
|
|
|
| Beryllium + Oxygen |
23.9[3] |
|
|
|
| Lithium + Fluorine |
23.75[citation needed] |
|
|
|
| Octaazacubane potential explosive |
22.9[4] |
|
|
|
| Ammonia (NH3) |
16.9 |
11.5[5][circular reference] |
|
|
| Hydrogen + Oxygen |
13.4[6] |
|
|
|
| Gasoline + Oxygen –> Derived from Gasoline |
13.3[citation needed] |
|
|
|
| Dinitroacetylene explosive - computed[citation needed] |
9.8 |
|
|
|
| Octanitrocubane explosive |
8.5[7] |
16.9[8] |
|
|
| Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive - computed[citation needed] |
8.3 |
|
|
|
| Heptanitrocubane explosive - computed[citation needed] |
8.2 |
|
|
|
| Sodium (reacted with chlorine)[citation needed] |
7.0349 |
|
|
|
| Hexanitrobenzene explosive |
7[9] |
|
|
|
| Tetranitrocubane explosive - computed[citation needed] |
6.95 |
|
|
|
| Ammonal (Al+NH4NO3 oxidizer)[citation needed] |
6.9 |
12.7 |
|
|
| Tetranitromethane + hydrazine bipropellant - computed[citation needed] |
6.6 |
|
|
|
| Nitroglycerin |
6.38[10] |
10.2[11] |
|
|
| ANFO-ANNM[citation needed] |
6.26 |
|
|
|
| battery, Lithium–air |
6.12 |
|
|
|
| Octogen (HMX) |
5.7[10] |
10.8[12] |
|
|
| TNT [Kinney, G.F.; K.J. Graham (1985). Explosive shocks in air. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-15147-0.][citation needed] |
4.610 |
6.92 |
|
|
| Copper Thermite (Al + CuOasoxidizer)[citation needed] |
4.13 |
20.9 |
|
|
| Thermite (powder Al + Fe2O3asoxidizer) |
4.00 |
18.4 |
|
|
| Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (asmonopropellant) |
2.7 |
3.8 |
|
|
| battery, Lithium-ion nanowire |
2.54 |
29 |
|
95%[clarification needed][13]
|
| battery, Lithium Thionyl Chloride (LiSOCl2)[14] |
2.5 |
|
|
|
| Water 220.64 bar, 373.8 °C[citation needed][clarification needed] |
1.968 |
0.708 |
|
|
| Kinetic energy penetrator [clarification needed] |
1.9 |
30 |
|
|
| battery, Fluoride-ion [citation needed] |
1.7 |
2.8 |
|
|
| battery, Hydrogen closed cycle H fuel cell[15] |
1.62 |
|
|
|
| Hydrazine decomposition (asmonopropellant) |
1.6 |
1.6 |
|
|
| Ammonium nitrate decomposition (asmonopropellant) |
1.4 |
2.5 |
|
|
| Thermal Energy Capacity of Molten Salt |
1[citation needed] |
|
|
98%[16]
|
| Molecular spring approximate[citation needed] |
1 |
|
|
|
| battery, Sodium–Sulfur |
0.72[17] |
1.23[citation needed] |
|
85%[18]
|
| battery, Lithium–Manganese[19][20] |
0.83-1.01 |
1.98-2.09 |
|
|
| battery, Lithium-ion[21][22] |
0.46-0.72 |
0.83-3.6[23] |
|
95%[24]
|
| battery, Lithium–Sulfur[25] |
1.80[26] |
1.26 |
|
|
| battery, Sodium–Nickel Chloride, High Temperature |
0.56 |
|
|
|
| battery, Silver-oxide[19] |
0.47 |
1.8 |
|
|
| Flywheel |
0.36-0.5[27][28] |
|
|
|
| 5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet[clarification needed] |
0.4 |
3.2 |
|
|
| battery, Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), low power design as used in consumer batteries[29] |
0.4 |
1.55 |
|
|
| battery, Zinc-manganese (alkaline), long life design[19][21] |
0.4-0.59 |
1.15-1.43 |
|
|
| Liquid Nitrogen |
0.349 |
|
|
|
| Water - Enthalpy of Fusion |
0.334 |
0.334 |
|
|
| battery, Zinc Bromine flow (ZnBr)[30] |
0.27 |
|
|
|
| battery, Nickel metal hydride (NiMH), High Power design as used in cars[31] |
0.250 |
0.493 |
|
|
| battery, Nickel–Cadmium (NiCd)[21] |
0.14 |
1.08 |
|
80%[24]
|
| battery, Zinc–Carbon[21] |
0.13 |
0.331 |
|
|
| battery, Lead–acid[21] |
0.14 |
0.36 |
|
|
| battery, Vanadium redox |
0.09[citation needed] |
0.1188 |
|
7070-75%
|
| battery, Vanadium–Bromide redox |
0.18 |
0.252 |
|
80%–90%[32]
|
| Capacitor Ultracapacitor |
0.0199[33] |
0.050[citation needed] |
|
|
| Capacitor Supercapacitor |
0.01[citation needed] |
|
80%–98.5%[34] |
39%–70%[34]
|
| Superconducting magnetic energy storage |
0 |
0.008[35] |
|
>95%
|
| Capacitor |
0.002[36] |
|
|
|
| Neodymium magnet |
|
0.003[37] |
|
|
| Ferrite magnet |
|
0.0003[37] |
|
|
| Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring |
0.0003[38] |
0.0006 |
|
|
| Storage type
|
Energy density by mass (MJ/kg)
|
Energy density by volume (MJ/L)
|
Peak recovery efficiency %
|
Practical recovery efficiency %
|
