Contents

Hepatitis A and B vaccine

Vaccine against hepatitis virus A and B

Hepatitis A and B vaccine

Combined hepatitis A and B vaccine (Twinrix)
Combination of
Hepatitis A vaccine	Vaccine
Hepatitis B vaccine	Vaccine
Clinical data
Trade names	Twinrix, Ambirix, others
AHFS/Drugs.com	FDA Professional Drug Information
License data	US DailyMed: Hepatitis A and hepatitis A
Pregnancy category	AU: B2
Routes of administration	Intramuscular
ATC code	J07BC20 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S4 (Prescription only) UK: POM (Prescription only)[1][2] US: ℞-only[3] EU: Rx-only[4][5][6]
Identifiers
CAS Number	467420-42-4 Y
ChemSpider	none
UNII	5BFC8LZ6LQ

Combined hepatitis A and B vaccine, is used to provide protection against hepatitis A and hepatitis B.^[3][7] It is given by injection into muscle.^[8]

It is used in areas where hepatitis A and B are endemic, for travelers, people with hepatitis C or chronic liver disease, and those at high risk of sexually transmitted diseases.^[7]

The combined vaccine is as safe and protective as if given as separate hepatitis A and B vaccines.^[7] It is generally well-tolerated.^[9] Common side effects are mild and include redness and pain at the injection site, where a small lump may appear.^[8] Feeling faint or tired, or a headache may occur.^[8] Other side effects include numbness, tingling, rash, bruising, abnormal bleeding such as from the nose or gums, weak muscle or pain.^[8] Severe side effects are rare and include an allergic reaction and seizures.^[8]

It is widely available.^[7]

Administration schedule[edit]

Routine Twinrix vaccination is administered by intramuscular injection in the deltoid area using a schedule of three separate doses at 0, 1, and 6 months ([minimum intervals: 4 weeks between doses 1 and 2, 5 months between doses 2 and 3]).^[3][10] In some circumstances, an accelerated dosing schedule of 0, 7 and 21 to 30 days followed by a booster at 12 months can be used and was shown to have similar efficacy as the traditional schedule.^[11]

Efficacy[edit]

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that clinical trials found the following levels of protection against Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B one month after each dose:^[12]

A: 93.8%, 98.8%, 99.9%

B: 30.8%, 78.2%, 98.5%

Availability[edit]

Twinrix is a brand manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals. The full generic name is hepatitis A inactivated & hepatitis B (recombinant) vaccine.^[13] Twinrix is administered over three doses. The name was created because it is a mixture of two earlier vaccines — Havrix, an inactivated-virus Hepatitis A vaccine, and Engerix-B, a recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine.^{[citation needed]} Twinrix first entered the market in early 1997.^[14]

In the United States, Twinrix is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for those aged 18 and older.^[3][12] In some countries outside the United States, notably Canada and in the European Union, Twinrix is known as Twinrix Adult or Ambirix and a pediatric formulation, called Twinrix Junior or Twinrix Paediatric, is available.^{[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][excessive citations]}

Society and culture[edit]

Economics[edit]

By being a combination it may reduce administrative costs and achieve a better uptake of the vaccine.^[23]

Brand names[edit]

Brand names include Twinrix, Twinrix Junior, Twinrix paediatric, Ambirix,^[7] and Bilive.^[9]

References[edit]

^ "Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule for ages 19 years or older, United States, 2019". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 5 February 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

Viruses