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Contents

   



(Top)
  


1 Units of mass  


1.1  Other units  




1.2  The least massive things: below 10−24kg  




1.3  10−24 to 10−18kg  




1.4  10−18 to 10−12kg  




1.5  10−12 to 10−6kg  




1.6  10−6 to 1 kg  




1.7  1 kg to 105kg  




1.8  106to 1011kg  




1.9  1012to 1017kg  




1.10  1018to 1023kg  




1.11  1024to 1029kg  




1.12  1030to 1035kg  




1.13  1036to 1041kg  




1.14  The most massive things: 1042 kg and greater  






2 See also  




3 Notes  




4 External links  













Orders of magnitude (mass)






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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  
(Redirected from Picogram)

An overview of ranges of mass

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following lists describe various mass levels between 10−67 kg and 1052 kg. The least massive thing listed here is a graviton, and the most massive thing is the observable universe. Typically, an object having greater mass will also have greater weight (see mass versus weight), especially if the objects are subject to the same gravitational field strength.

Units of mass[edit]

SI multiples of gram (g)
Submultiples Multiples
Value SI symbol Name Value SI symbol Name
10−1 g dg decigram 101 g dag decagram
10−2 g cg centigram 102 g hg hectogram
10−3 g mg milligram 103 g kg kilogram
10−6 g μg microgram (mcg) 106 g Mg megagram (tonne)
10−9 g ng nanogram 109 g Gg gigagram
10−12 g pg picogram 1012 g Tg teragram
10−15 g fg femtogram 1015 g Pg petagram
10−18 g ag attogram 1018 g Eg exagram
10−21 g zg zeptogram 1021 g Zg zettagram
10−24 g yg yoctogram 1024 g Yg yottagram
10−27 g rg rontogram 1027 g Rg ronnagram
10−30 g qg quectogram 1030 g Qg quettagram
Common prefixes are in bold face.[1]

The table at right is based on the kilogram (kg), the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI). The kilogram is the only standard unit to include an SI prefix (kilo-) as part of its name. The gram (10−3kg) is an SI derived unit of mass. However, the names of all SI mass units are based on gram, rather than on kilogram; thus 103 kg is a megagram (106g), not a *kilokilogram.

The tonne (t) is an SI-compatible unit of mass equal to a megagram (Mg), or 103 kg. The unit is in common use for masses above about 103 kg and is often used with SI prefixes. For example, a gigagram (Gg) or 109 g is 103 tonnes, commonly called a kilotonne.

Other units[edit]

Other units of mass are also in use. Historical units include the stone, the pound, the carat, and the grain.

For subatomic particles, physicists use the mass equivalent to the energy represented by an electronvolt (eV). At the atomic level, chemists use the mass of one-twelfth of a carbon-12 atom (the dalton). Astronomers use the mass of the sun (M☉).

The least massive things: below 10−24kg[edit]

Unlike other physical quantities, mass–energy does not have an a priori expected minimal quantity, or an observed basic quantum as in the case of electric charge. Planck's law allows for the existence of photons with arbitrarily low energies. Consequently, there can only ever be an experimental upper bound on the mass of a supposedly massless particle; in the case of the photon, this confirmed upper bound is of the order of 3×10−27 eV/c2 = 10−62 kg.

Factor (kg) Value Item
10−67 1.07×10−67kg Graviton, upper bound (6×10−32 eV/c2)[2]
10−40 4.2×10−40kg Mass equivalent of the energy of a photon at the peak of the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation (0.235 meV/c2)[3]
10−36 1.8×10−36kg 1 eV/c2, the mass equivalent of one electronvolt[4]
3.6×10−36kg Electron neutrino, upper limit on mass (2 eV/c2)[5]
10−33
quectogram (qg)
10−31 9.11×10−31kg Electron (511 keV/c2), the lightest elementary particle with a measured nonzero rest mass[6]
10−30
rontogram (rg) 		3.0–5.5×10−30kg Up quark (as a current quark) (1.7–3.1 MeV/c2)[7]
10−28 1.9×10−28kg Muon (106 MeV/c2)[8]
10−27
yoctogram (yg) 		1.661×10−27kg Dalton (Da), a.k.a. unified atomic mass unit (u)
1.673×10−27kg Proton (938.3 MeV/c2)[9][10]
1.674×10−27kg Hydrogen atom, the lightest atom
1.675×10−27kg Neutron (939.6 MeV/c2)[11][12]
10−26 1.2×10−26kg Lithium atom (6.941 Da)
3.0×10−26kg Water molecule (18.015 Da)
8.0×10−26kg Titanium atom (47.867 Da)
10−25 1.1×10−25kg Copper atom (63.546 Da)
1.6×10−25kg Z boson (91.2 GeV/c2)[13]
2.2×10−25kg Higgs boson (125 GeV/c2)
3.1×10−25kg Top quark (173 GeV/c2),[14] the heaviest known elementary particle
3.2×10−25kg Caffeine molecule (194 Da)
3.5×10−25kg Lead-208 atom
4.9×10−25kg Oganesson-294 atom, the heaviest known nuclide

10−24 to 10−18kg[edit]

Factor (kg) Value Item
10−24
zeptogram (zg) 		1.2×10−24kg Buckyball molecule (720 Da)
10−23 1.4×10−23kg Ubiquitin, a small protein (8.6 kDa)[15]
5.5×10−23kg A typical protein (median size of roughly 300 amino acids ≈ 33 kDa)[16]
10−22 1.1×10−22kg Haemoglobin A molecule in blood (64.5 kDa)[17]
10−21
attogram (ag) 		1.65×10−21kg Double-stranded DNA molecule consisting of 1,578 base pairs (995 kDa)[18]
4.3×10−21kg Prokaryotic ribosome (2.6 MDa)[19]
7.1×10−21kg Eukaryotic ribosome (4.3 MDa)[19]
7.6×10−21kg Brome mosaic virus, a small virus (4.6 MDa)[20]
10−20 3×10−20kg Synaptic vesicle in rats (16.1 ± 3.8 MDa)[21]
6.8×10−20kg Tobacco mosaic virus (41 MDa)[22]
10−19 1.1×10−19kg Nuclear pore complex in yeast (66 MDa)[23]
2.5×10−19kg Human adenovirus (150 MDa)[24]

10−18 to 10−12kg[edit]

Factor (kg) Value Item
10−18
femtogram (fg) 		1×10−18kg HIV-1 virus[25][26]
4.7×10−18kg DNA sequence of length 4.6 Mbp, the weight of the E. coli genome[27]
10−17 ~1×10−17kg Vaccinia virus, a large virus[28]
1.1×10−17kg Mass equivalent of 1 joule[29]
10−16 3×10−16kg Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria, the smallest (and possibly most plentiful)[30] photosynthetic organism on Earth[31][32]
10−15
picogram (pg) 		1×10−15kg E. coli bacterium (wet weight)[33]
6×10−15kg DNA in a typical diploid human cell (approximate)
10−14 2.2×10−14kg Human sperm cell[32][34]
6×10−14kg Yeast cell (quite variable)[35][36]
10−13 1.5×10−13kg Dunaliella salina, a green alga (dry weight)[37]

10−12 to 10−6kg[edit]

Scanning electron micrograph showing grains of sand

Factor (kg) Value Item
10−12
nanogram (ng) 		1×10−12kg Average human cell (1 nanogram)[38]
2–3×10−12kg HeLa human cell[39][40][41]
8×10−12kg Grain of birch pollen[42]
10−11    
10−10 2.5×10−10kg Grain of maize pollen[43]
3.5×10−10kg Very fine grainofsand (0.063 mm diameter, 350 nanograms)
10−9
microgram (μg) 		3.6×10−9kg Human ovum[32][44]
2.4×10−9kg USRDA for vitamin B12 for adults[45]
10−8 10−8 kg Speculated approximate lower limit of the mass of a primordial black hole
1.5×10−8 kg USRDA for vitamin D for adults[46]
~2×10−8kg Uncertainty in the mass of the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK) (±~20 μg)[47]
2.2×10−8kg Planck mass,[48] can be expressed as the mass of a 2 Planck Length radius black hole
~7×10−8kg One eyelash hair (approximate)[49]
10−7 1.5×10−7kg USRDA for iodine for adults[50]
2–3×10−7kg Fruit fly (dry weight)[51][52]

10−6 to 1 kg[edit]

Factor (kg) Value Item
10−6
milligram (mg) 		2.5×10−6kg Mosquitoes, common smaller species (about 2.5 milligrams),[53] grain of salt or sand,[54] medicines are typically expressed in milligrams[55]
10−5
centigram (cg) 		1.1×10−5kg Small granule of quartz (2 mm diameter, 11 milligrams)[56]
2×10−5kg Adult housefly (Musca domestica, 21.4 milligrams)[57]
10−4
decigram (dg) 		0.27–2.0×10−4kg Range of amounts of caffeine in one cup of coffee (27–200 milligrams)[58]
1.5×10−4kg A frame of 35mm motion picture film (157 milligrams)[59]
2×10−4kg Metric carat (200 milligrams)[59]
10−3
gram (g) 		1×10−3kg One cubic centimeter of water (1 gram)[60]
1×10−3kg US dollar bill (1 gram)[61]
~1×10−3kg Two raisins (approximately 1 gram)[62]
~8×10−3kg Coins of one euro (7.5 grams),[63] one U.S. dollar (8.1 grams)[64] and one Canadian loonie (7 grams [pre-2012], 6.27 grams [2012-])[65]
10−2
decagram (dag) 		1.2×10−2kg Mass of one mole (6.02214×1023 atoms) of carbon-12 (12 grams)
1.37×10−2kg Amount of ethanol defined as one standard drink in the U.S. (13.7 grams)[66]
2–4×10−2kg Adult mouse (Mus musculus, 20–40 grams)[67]
2.8×10−2kg Ounce (avoirdupois) (28.3495 grams)[59]
4.7×10−2kg Mass equivalent of the energy that is 1 megaton of TNT equivalent[59][68]
10−1
hectogram   (hg) 		0.1-0.2 kg Anorange (100–200 grams)[69]
0.142-0.149 kg Abaseball used in the major league.[70]
0.454 kg Pound (avoirdupois) (453.6 grams)[59]

1 kg to 105kg[edit]

Iron weights up to 50 kilograms depicted in Dictionnaire encyclopédique de l'épicerie et des industries annexes.
Factor (kg) Value Item
1 kg
kilogram (kg) 		1 kg One litre (0.001 m3) of water[71]
1–3 kg Smallest breed of dog (Chihuahua)[72]
1–3 kg Typical laptop computer, 2010[73]
1–3 kg Adult domestic tortoise
2.5–4 kg Newborn human baby[74]
4.0 kg Women's shot[75]
4–5 kg Housecat[76]
7.26 kg Men's shot[75]
101 9–27 kg Medium-sized dog[77]
10–30 kg ACRT computer monitorortelevision set[citation needed]
50 kg Large dog breed (Great Dane)
70 kg Adult human[78]
102 130–180 kg Mature lion, female (130 kg) and male (180 kg)[79]
200–250 kg Giant tortoise
240–450 kg Grand piano[80][81]
400–900 kg Dairy cow[82]
500–500,000 kg Ateaspoon (5 ml) of white dwarf material (0.5–500 tonnes)[83][84]
635 kg Heaviest human in recorded history (Jon Brower Minnoch)
907.2 kg 1short ton (2000 pounds - U.S.)[59]
103
megagram (Mg) 		1000 kg 1tonne (U.S. spelling: metric ton)[59]
1000 kg 1cubic metre of water[71]
1016.05 kg Ton (British) / 1 long ton (2240 pounds - U.S.)[59]
1300–1600 kg Typical passenger cars[85]
2700–6000 kg Adult elephant[86]
104 1.1×104kg Hubble Space Telescope (11 tonnes)[87]
1.2×104kg Largest elephant on record (12 tonnes)[88]
1.4×104kg Big Ben (bell) (14 tonnes)[89]
2.7×104kg ENIAC computer, 1946 (30 tonnes)[90]
4×104kg Maximum gross mass (truck + load combined) of a semi-trailer truck in the EU (40–44 tonnes)[91]
5×104–6×104kg Tank; Bulldozer (50–60 tonnes)
6.0×104kg Largest single-piece meteorite, Hoba West Meteorite (60 tonnes)[92]
7.3×104kg Largest dinosaur, Argentinosaurus (73 tonnes)[93]
105 1.74-1.83×105kg Operational empty weight of a Boeing 747-300
1.8×105kg Largest animal ever, a blue whale (180 tonnes)[94]
4.2×105kg International Space Station (417 tonnes)[95]
6×105kg World's heaviest aircraft: Antonov An-225 (maximum take-off mass: 600 tonnes, payload: 250 tonnes)[96]

106 to 1011kg[edit]

Factor (kg) Value Item
106
gigagram (Gg) 		1×106kg Trunk of the giant sequoia tree named General Sherman, largest living tree by trunk volume (1121 tonnes)[97]
2.0×106kg Launch mass of the Space Shuttle (2041 tonnes)[98]
6×106kg Largest clonal colony, the quaking aspen named Pando (largest living organism) (6000 tonnes)[99]
7.8×106kg Virginia-class nuclear submarine (submerged weight)[100]
107 1×107kg Annual production of Darjeeling tea[101]
5.2×107kg RMS Titanic when fully loaded (52,000 tonnes)[102]
9.97×107kg Heaviest train ever: Australia's BHP Iron Ore, 2001 record (99,700 tonnes)[103]
108 6.6×108kg Largest ship and largest mobile man-made object, Seawise Giant, when fully loaded (660,000 tonnes)[104]
7×108kg Heaviest (non-pyramid) building, Palace of the Parliament in Bucharest, Romania[105]
109
teragram (Tg) 		4.3×109kg Amount of matter converted into energy by the Sun each second[106]
6×109kg Great Pyramid of Giza[107]
1010
 6×1010kg Amount of concrete in the Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest concrete structure[108][109]
1011 ~1×1011kg The mass of a primordial black hole with an evaporation time equal to the age of the universe[110]
2×1011kg Amount of water stored in London storage reservoirs (0.2 km3)[111]
6×1011kg Total mass of the world's human population[112]
5×1011kg Total biomass of Antarctic krill, one of the most plentiful animal species on the planet in terms of biomass[113]

1012 to 1017kg[edit]

Factor (kg) Value Item
1012
petagram (Pg) 		0.8–2.1×1012kg Global biomassoffish[114]
4×1012kg Global annual human food production[115]
4×1012kg World crude oil production in 2009 (3,843 Mt)[116]
5.5×1012kg Ateaspoon (5 ml) of neutron star material (5000 million tonnes)[117]
1013 1×1013kg Mass of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko[118]
4×1013kg Global annual human carbon dioxide emission[119][120]
1014 1.05×1014kg Global net primary production – the total mass of carbon fixed in organic compounds by photosynthesis each year on Earth[121]
7.2×1014kg Total carbon stored in Earth's atmosphere[122]
1015
exagram (Eg) 		2.0×1015kg Total carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere[123]
3.5×1015kg Total carbon stored in coal deposits worldwide[124]
1016 1×1016kg 951 Gaspra, the first asteroid ever to be closely approached by a spacecraft (rough estimate)[125]
1×1016kg Rough estimate of the total carbon content of all organisms on Earth.[126]
3×1016kg Rough estimate of everything produced by the human species.[127]
3.8×1016kg Total carbon stored in the oceans.[128]
1017 1.6×1017kg Prometheus, a shepherd satellite for the inner edge of Saturn's F Ring[129]

1018 to 1023kg[edit]

Factor (kg) Value Item
1018
zettagram (Zg) 		5.1×1018kg Earth's atmosphere[130]
5.6×1018kg Hyperion, a moon of Saturn[129]
1019 3×1019kg 3 Juno, one of the larger asteroids in the asteroid belt[131]
3×1019kg The rings of Saturn[132]
1020 9.4×1020kg Ceres, dwarf planet within the asteroid belt[133]
1021
yottagram (Yg) 		1.4×1021kg Earth's oceans[134]
1.5×1021kg Charon, the largest moon of Pluto[135]
2.9–3.7×1021kg The asteroid belt[136]
1022 1.3×1022kg Pluto[135]
2.1×1022kg Triton, largest moon of Neptune[137]
7.3×1022kg Earth's Moon[138]
1023 1.3×1023kg Titan, largest moon of Saturn[139]
1.5×1023kg Ganymede, largest moon of Jupiter[140]
3.3×1023kg Mercury[141]
6.4×1023kg Mars[142]

1024 to 1029kg[edit]

Jupiter is the most massive planet in the Solar System.
Factor (kg) Value Item
1024
ronnagram (Rg) 		4.9×1024kg Venus[143]
6.0×1024kg Earth[144]
1025 3×1025kg Oort cloud[145]
8.7×1025kg Uranus[146]
1026 1.0×1026kg Neptune[147]
5.7×1026kg Saturn[148]
1027
quettagram (Qg) 		1.9×1027kg Jupiter[149]
1028 2–14×1028kg Brown dwarfs (approximate)[150]
1029 3×1029kg Barnard's Star, a nearby red dwarf[151]

1030 to 1035kg[edit]

Factor (kg) Value Item
1030 2×1030kg The Sun[152] (one solar massorM☉ = 1.989×1030kg)
2.8×1030kg Chandrasekhar limit (1.4 M☉)[153][154]
1031 4×1031kg Betelgeuse, a red supergiant star (20 M☉)[155]
1032 4–7×1032kg R136a1, the most massive of known stars (230 to 345 M☉)[156]
6–8×1032kg Hyades star cluster (300 to 400 M☉)[157]
1033 1.6×1033kg Pleiades star cluster (800 M☉)[158]
1034
1035 ~1035kg Typical globular cluster in the Milky Way (overall range: 3×103 to 4×106 M☉)[159]
2×1035kg Low end of mass range for giant molecular clouds (1×105 to 1×107 M☉)[160][161]
7.3×1035kg Jeans mass of a giant molecular cloud at 100 K and density 30 atoms per cubic centimeter;[162]
possible example: Orion molecular cloud complex

1036 to 1041kg[edit]

Factor (kg) Value Item
1036 1.79×1036kg The entire Carina complex.
2.4×1036kg The Gould Belt of stars, including the Sun (1.2×106 M☉)[163]
7–8×1036kg The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, associated with the radio source Sagittarius A* (3.7±0.2×106 M☉)[164]
8×1036kg Omega centauri, the largest globular cluster in the Milky Way, containing approximately 10 million stars.
1037    
1038    
1039    
1040 4.17×1040kg NGC 4889, the largest measured supermassive black hole, weighing 21 billion solar masses (2.1×1010 M☉)
1041 4×1041kg Visible mass of the Milky Way galaxy[165]

The most massive things: 1042 kg and greater[edit]

Factor (kg) Value Item
1042 1.2×1042kg Milky Way galaxy (5.8×1011 M☉)[166]
2–3×1042kg Local Group of galaxies, including the Milky Way (1.29±0.14×1012 M☉)[166]
1043 5.37×1043kg ESO 146-5, the heaviest known galaxy in the universe[167]
1044    
1045 1–2×1045kg Local or Virgo Supercluster of galaxies, including the Local Group (1×1015 M☉)[168]
1046    
1047 2×1047kg Laniakea Supercluster of galaxies, which encompasses the Virgo supercluster
1048 2×1048kg Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, a galaxy filament that includes the Laniakea Supercluster.
1049 4×1049kg Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall, the largest structure in the known universe
1050    
1051    
1052 4.4506×1052kg Mass of the observable universe as estimated by NASA
1.4×1053kg Mass of the observable universe as estimated by the U.S. National Solar Observatory[169]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Criterion: A combined total of at least 250,000 Google hits on both the modern spelling (‑gram) and the dated British spelling (‑gramme). 
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  • ^ "CODATA Value: proton mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  • ^ "CODATA Value: proton mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  • ^ "CODATA Value: neutron mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  • ^ "CODATA Value: neutron mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  • ^ Amsler, C.; Doser, M.; Antonelli, M.; Asner, D.; Babu, K.; Baer, H.; Band, H.; Barnett, R.; Bergren, E.; Beringer, J.; Bernardi, G.; Bertl, W.; Bichsel, H.; Biebel, O.; Bloch, P.; Blucher, E.; Blusk, S.; Cahn, R. N.; Carena, M.; Caso, C.; Ceccucci, A.; Chakraborty, D.; Chen, M. -C.; Chivukula, R. S.; Cowan, G.; Dahl, O.; d'Ambrosio, G.; Damour, T.; De Gouvêa, A.; et al. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics⁎". Physics Letters B. 667 (1): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. S2CID 227119789. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012.
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  • ^ Van Beekvelt MC; Colier WN; Wevers RA; Van Engelen BG (February 2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol. 90 (2): 511–519. doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511. ISSN 8750-7587. PMID 11160049. S2CID 15468862.
  • ^ From attograms to Daltons: Cornell NEMS device detects the mass of a single DNA molecule [1]. Retrieved 2010-10-14
  • ^ a b "Eukaryotic Ribosome". ETH Zurich. Archived from the original on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  • ^ Bockstahler, L.; Kaesberg, P. (1962). "The Molecular Weight and Other Biophysical Properties of Bromegrass Mosaic Virus". Biophysical Journal. 2 (1): 1–9. Bibcode:1962BpJ.....2....1B. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(62)86836-2. PMC 1366384. PMID 19431313.
  • ^ "Atomic mass of synaptic vesicle – Rat Rattus". BioNumbers. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
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