Jump to content
 







Main menu
    


Navigation  


●Main page
 ●Contents
 ●Current events
 ●Random article
 ●About Wikipedia
 ●Contact us
 ●Donate
  



Contribute  


●Help
 ●Learn to edit
 ●Community portal
 ●Recent changes
 ●Upload file
  







Search  

































●Create account

●Log in
 









●Create account
 ● Log in
  



Pages for logged out editors learn more  


●Contributions
 ●Talk
  


















Contents

   



(Top)
  


1 Classification  


1.1  Ethnologue  




1.2  Foley (2018)  






2 Lexical comparison  




3 See also  




4 References  













Sepik–Ramu languages






●Asturianu
 ●Brezhoneg
 ●Español
 ●한국어
 ●Hausa
 ●Hrvatski
 ●Ilokano
 ●Occitan
 ●Piemontèis
 ●Polski
 ●Português
 ●Русский
  
Edit links
  








●Article
 ●Talk
  
















●Read
 ●Edit
 ●View history
  







Tools
    


Actions  


●Read
 ●Edit
 ●View history
  



General  


●What links here
 ●Related changes
 ●Upload file
 ●Special pages
 ●Permanent link
 ●Page information
 ●Cite this page
 ●Get shortened URL
 ●Download QR code
 ●Wikidata item
  



Print/export  


●Download as PDF
 ●Printable version
  















Appearance
    

 





From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  

Sepik–Ramu
(obsolete)
Geographic
distribution		New Guinea
Linguistic classificationProposed language family
Subdivisions
GlottologNone

The Sepik–Ramu languages are an obsolete language familyofNew Guinea linking the Sepik, Ramu, Nor–Pondo (Lower Sepik), Leonhard Schultze (Walio–Papi) and Yuat families, together with the Taiap language isolate, and proposed by Donald Laycock and John Z'graggen in 1975.[1]

Sepik–Ramu would consist of a hundred languages of the Sepik and Ramu river basins of northern Papua New Guinea, but spoken by only 200,000 people in all. The languages tend to have simple phonologies, with few consonants or vowels and usually no tones.

The best known Sepik–Ramu language is Iatmül. The most populous are Iatmül's fellow Ndu languages Abelam and Boiken, with about 35,000 speakers apiece.

Malcolm Ross and William A. Foley separately re-evaluated the Sepik–Ramu hypothesis in 2005. They both found no evidence that it forms a valid family. However, all of the constituent branches, except for Yuat within Ramu, remain individually valid in his evaluation. Ross links Nor–Pondo to Ramu in a Ramu–Lower Sepik proposal, places Leonhard Schultze (tentatively broken up into Walio and Papi) within an extended Sepik family, and treats Yuat and Taiap as independent families.

Classification[edit]

Ethnologue[edit]

This list is a mirror of the classification in Ethnologue 15.

  • Sepik–Ramu phylum (based on Laycock 1973)
  • Leonhard Schultze stock
    • Walio family (4 languages)
    • Papi family (2 languages)
  • Nor–Pondo stock (6 languages)
  • Ramu subphylum (37 languages)
  • Sepik subphylum (50 languages) [see subclassification at that article]

    • Foley (2018)[edit]

    Uncontroversially coherent subgroups accepted by Foley (2018) are:[2]

    Lexical comparison[edit]

    Below is a comparison of proto-Ndu, proto-Lower Sepik, and proto-Ottilien reconstructed by and listed in Foley (2005).[3]

    gloss proto-Ndu proto-Lower Sepik proto-Ottilien
    man, person *ntɨw *nor *namot
    water *ŋkɨw *arɨm
    fire *ya *awr *s(u)ək
    sun *ɲa *ra(u)
    moon *mpapmɨw *m(w)il ? *kər(v)i
    breast *mɨwɲ *nɨŋgay *mɨr
    tooth *nɨmpɨy *sisiŋk ? *nda(r)
    bone *apə *sariŋamp *ɣar
    tongue *tɨkŋa *minɨŋ *mi(m)
    eye *mɨyR *tambri *rəmeak
    nose *tam(w)ə *ŋgum
    leg *man *namuŋk *or ?
    ear *wan *kwand-
    name *cɨ *ɣi
    pig *mp(w)al *numpran *rəkəm
    snake *kampwəy *wakɨn *ndop
    mosquito *kɨvɨy *naŋgun *ŋgit
    eat *kɨ *am(b) *amb
    go *yɨ *wa *saŋg
    come *ya *ya *kɨp
    sit *rə *sa *mbirak
    stand *rap(m) *-tik
    one *nək *mb(w)ia- *kaku
    two *ri-pa- *mbuniŋ
    three *-ram

    Due to its highly divergent lexicon, Foley does not classify Sepik with Lower Sepik and Ramu.

    The lexical data below is from the Trans-New Guinea database,[4] Foley (2005),[3] and Usher (2020) (for Proto-Arafundi).[5]

    Body parts
    family language head hair ear eye nose tooth tongue leg blood bone skin breast
    Trans-New Guinea Proto-Trans-New Guinea *kobutu; *kV(mb,p)utu; *mUtUna; *mVtVna *iti; *(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *zumun *ka(nd,t)(i,e)C; *kat(i,e)C; *tVmV(d) *g(a,u)mu; *ŋg(a,u)mu; *(ŋg,k)iti [maŋgV]; *nVpV *mundu; *mutu *magata; *maŋgat[a]; *titi *balaŋ; *mbilaŋ; *me(l,n)e; *me(n,l)e *kani(n); *k(a,o)ond(a,o)C; *kitu *ke(ñj,s)a; *kesa *kondaC; *kwata(l,n) *gatapu; *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu *amu
    Yadë Nagatiman ʌsu ʌsʌǏahuᵽa ąhuǏuʔ na:ba yɛlu aǏižiʔ wi:nuʔ ɛlɛ:b̶u žib̶uʔ ma:ba
    Busa Odiai owuna etete dinʌ dena wʌti wuti dʌgʌrʌ aɔ̨ ab̶uwibʌ tati ną
    Amto-Musan Amto twæ (twæ) iwɔ ye mo ni i hæne; hʌne nʌkei hae ka ne
    Amto-Musan Siawi nani nanigi eʔ mene Ǐimʌ ʔi hanɛ hařʔ hařʔ ʔaoko ne
    Left May Bo kʌmi kʌmsiya kɔ mʌǏo ki ki lɛsɛ kwo mutuk tʌpɔ nɔ
    Walio Yawiyo (Wosawari dialect) tipafu yei afe nimau tɩmʌsi nʌfe tanotai teyuowa ihuwa toefahewa mama
    Papi Papi auwiyu ařupisi mʌgʌnaba sunweyo tʌnipɔku sʋmunu sakeyo taneke naikʌmio pʌsiyæ abiyaiɔ
    Sepik, Abau Abau makwe nwek nane; nanɛ kasan nas sane; sanɛ sune; sunɛ nyoh ayo; i ohi mu
    Sepik, Iwam Iwam mu wun nu nomwos piknu kwane wərku; wɨrku ni keew; kew pəw muy
    Sepik, Wogamusin-Chenapian Chenapian toapᵒ; tuwap taoɛnavon; taunabon gwabuo; ugwabə džinano; ǰinino mɨnɨk; munɩk diu; duɨʔ taun; ton soʷanaup; šonawəp ne; nᵊe dža; ǰa· bɩn; bön mu; muʔ
    Sepik, Tama Yessan-Mayo tara wan la; lə raŋkɨ; raŋki lər; lir tawlə towa; warə nap yaha was mu; mukw
    Sepik, Ram Pouye nouraka maroalaka nowar wolokə piyapa laləmu lalə aywi lakə nəpyei muy
    Sepik, Yellow River Namia magu mak eno nəmala; nɨmala pinarɨ; pinarə lar li:; lipala norə lak urarə mu
    Sepik, Ndu Proto-Ndu[3] *wan *mɨyR *tam(w)ə *nɨmpɨy *tɨkŋa *man *apə *mɨwɲ
    Sepik, Nukuma Kwoma masək fu:; mabiya mi:; miyi sumojɨ; sumwonj pu; tarəkwi kwunja; tarekwoy ya:te; yati pi apo; hapa mampə muk; muku
    Sepik, Sanio Saniyo-Hiyewe tu; worɛ siyaʔi mato towe; tutowe apahɛ; apaniyɛ nihe; nihɛ ɛrɛme; ɛrɛmɛ pi sořowɛ; soruwɛ lowe; rowɛ fisa'i; fisaʔi paʔaře; pa'arɛ tahɛ mo'u; moʔu
    Sepik, Bahinemo Bahinemo thu thunʌba bʌsiya niya sɛkʌnɩ pi thɔlu lowa mahələ hʌbi thʌbi mosu
    Sepik, Alamblak Alamblak mʌbogath; mɛ̈ƀɨǥatʰ tʰɨ'maʀ̌č; tʌmarts; tʰɨ'maʀ̌š yimbɣindang; yɩmbɨǥin'daŋgɨtʰ; yɩmbʌlindangʌm ɲinga; 'ɲiŋgaʀ̥̥̌; ningaw 'hʰušɨ ɨtʰ; khusɩmʌth; 'kʰučɨmɨtʰ; kusm bɩ'čɛ̈tʰ; biʃə; bɩ'šɛ̈tʰ; bɩsʌm tor; torkh; 'tʰoʀ̥̌tʰ wʌlat; 'wɷ'řatʰ; wura khukhupam; kɨ'kʰupʰam thʌphim; tɨ'pɩʀ̥̌; tɨpi tʰɨ'ǥatʰ; thʌkhath mingam; miŋatʰ; niŋgam
    Tayap Tayap[6] kokir kokɨrŋgrɨt neke ŋgino raw rewi malɨt ndow and nɨŋg toto min
    Piawi Haruai (Wiyaw dialect) 'jeʥ̮ᵊ'mat̮ɑ jeʥ̮ᵊˈϕan ɾ̥ɨmɨnt̮ɕ 'momakʰ haŋi'etʰ andzᵊmakᵡ alᵊ'bʌɲ ϕa'letʰ haɲ jantʰ jɩmaɤ wɨɲ kau
    Piawi Pinai-Hagahai (Aramo dialect) iʥ̮uə'xə iˌʥ̮imə'da jɛn'waϕe mɛmɛʥ̮ə'magə nama'gə ˌjɛd̮ʑɩ 'magə su'ə; syê hə'damə'si ga'ja jɛ'də wɩ'ɲi a'hu
    Arafundi Proto-Arafundi[5] *kopa *tum[a] *kund[a] *pok *kandz[a] *taTumat[a] *panamb[a] *kombet- *jekimb[a] *kumb[a]-; *tut[a] *ji[t/s]
    Yuat Biwat fop; fopeh fufuimaivi; fufuimaye tuanhe; tundu siketeh; sipta gerekeh; ŋerek andu; andusivahe be; behe gambang; geambangeh amberaeh; ambra amfuva; amfuvaheh gamfuin; iaveteh meru; meruhe
    Yuat Kyenele (Miyak dialect) ᵽop fusibɩľu tandu sɩpʰala nʌnɛlɩŋ ŋandu mpe ŋgambaŋ ambala amᵽuwa nᵽɩsakʰ miřu
    Lower Sepik Proto-Lower Sepik[3] *kwand-; *kwandum *tambri *sisiŋk; *?*sisiŋk *minɨŋ; *minɨŋk *namuŋk *ya-; *ya-r *sariŋamp *nɨŋgay; *nɨŋkay
    Ramu Ambakich (Arango dialect) katʃi katʃokei kər dun kɨpɨ aur mil brip sin karatʃ okanɨk oɾitʃ
    Ramu Proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay[3] *kwar *rəmeak *ŋgum *nda(r) *mi(m) *or ? *ɣar *mɨr
    Nature
    family language louse dog pig bird egg tree sun moon water fire stone path
    Trans-New Guinea Proto-Trans-New Guinea *niman *n(e,i); *n(e)i; *n[e]i; *yak; *yaka[i]; *yanem *maŋgV; *munaka; *mun(a,u)ka *ida; *inda ~ *iñja *kamali; *kamuli; *ketana *kal(a,i)m; *kamali; *takVn; *takVn[V] *nok; *(n)ok; *ok(u); *ok[V] *inda; *k(a,e)dap; *k(a,e)(n,d)ap; *kambu; *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p *kamb(a,u)na; *(na)muna; *[na]muna
    Yadë Nagatiman mibaʔ kaliʔ gǏɛǏiʔ pʋlɛʔ kah ti: tuʔ ahuʐiʔ anɩziʔ ařʌgɛʔ
    Busa Odiai amo inʌri waru wʌnʌ mʌiyʌ nda ani bitɔ ti
    Amto-Musan Amto nanu hɔ ma ai ai: amɩ wi: maři tipeki mo
    Amto-Musan Siawi nani so: kinʌdiʔ ʔai iǏɔ ameʔ wi maǏi tʌbɛki mono
    Left May Bo ka naři ᵽu wɔ wɔi ka ʔu ta tʌpʌki keři; kʌři
    Walio Yawiyo (Wosawari dialect) dibafuyei ifau; ivau ami ami auma aumufu yanu utlauwe tanuwa; tiyami tab̶iya efʌmowa
    Papi Papi ařupɩsɩ agabu tʌmaub̶o ɔb̶ɔ; ɔ:sani usouyo na:b̶ʌkʌ ařukowa řiku tab̶iyaio pʌbřiyaio
    Sepik, Abau Abau mapru nwɔf; nwɔhɔ fwok ahnɛ ne no; nɔw e; ey yen; yeny fu; hu ya məny
    Sepik, Iwam Iwam ŋən; nɨn nwa hu owit yen pae(kap); paykap pi pwan op; o(p) pay siya
    Sepik, Wogamusin-Chenapian Chenapian damian; dəmiaʔ gwara; ogwara kᵘo; ku džɛosiʔ; ǰɛoši noə; ṣⁱu no məntəp; montoap džabɨn; ǰaƀan nu džoʔ; ǰoʔ un nogɛrao; noguařo uni
    Sepik, Tama Yessan-Mayo nɨ; ni wala for ap yen; yɨn me yabəl; yampəl lup; lɨyf ok; okw k-er; kər pa
    Sepik, Ram Pouye nipikəm aukwə yio warə tau taliyə yalma you tapo tɨl
    Sepik, Yellow River Namia nanpeu ar; ara lwae eyu puna mi wuluwa yem ijo; ito ipi lijei
    Sepik, Ndu Proto-Ndu *r; *wac *mp(w)al *mɨy *ɲa *mpapmɨw *ŋkɨw *ya
    Sepik, Nukuma Kwoma nəkə; nɨka asa buri; poyi apu apo; bey; mpei me ya nowəka; nɨwɨka uku hi; hi: papa
    Sepik, Sanio Saniyo-Hiyewe nɛmɛ yo; you fe iřowɛ; iruwɛ hotɛ me; mɛ poɔyuɛ; poweyɛ yamɛ; yamɛ' sa'i; saʔi yɛhɛ tapiyɛ
    Sepik, Bahinemo Bahinemo nʌmu yo fa wabo wabo mu mi tɩniya yamal hagi ya ba
    Sepik, Alamblak Alamblak nəm; 'nɛ̈mɨtʰ; nʌmo yauʀ̥̌ʸ; yawi; yawu 'ᵽɛ̈gɨʀ̥̌; fagʌr; fəɣ nongwar; 'nugwaʀ̥̌ fɣa; fokam; ᵽo'ǥat mᵼč; mim; mᵼš; mɨy mar; 'mařɨʀ̥̌ yam; 'yamɨtʰ; yamʌth bukbam; 'bupʰam; bu-pam kaɣ; kʰaǥɨtʰ; khaxth š; taxim yɨ'ǥotʸoǥatʰ
    Tayap Tayap kɨkrikɨ; pakɨnd nje mbor tam naŋa nɨm arawer karep awin otar moŋapat; njiŋai; ŋawmbɨ nder
    Piawi Haruai (Wiyaw dialect) jɩm waɲa han 'jaʷər jaur mɩntɕ bɨ naijʌ r̥̃ʌn ɾ̥a'bʌ ɾ̥ᵼn ɾ̥ɩgɨ ganɨmϕ
    Piawi Pinai-Hagahai (Aramo dialect) i'mɤd̮ʑi wɛ'ɲa jɛ'nɤ jau'thə jau't͑umu'si mɤ'na ɽə'ma sɔ'kɷnə gɯ ɲa'bɤ ɽɩ'gə 'diədə
    Arafundi Proto-Arafundi *emuŋg *tawa[m/mb] *jat *kenet *mund[a] *jes *kVjom *kepa *jomb *jamb *naŋgum
    Yuat Biwat uta; utaeh ken; kenhe vereh; vre kaok; kaokhek momoateh; mumuat mung; mungeh va; vaeh mumere; mumereh mam; mumeh mehen; men ghateh; yiak maikua; miakuahe
    Yuat Kyenele (Miyak dialect) wututʰoma gɛn ƀeǏe wanma wanmuma mï ƀanma ŋgɨŋat maŋam mɨn mɨndɩm mayt
    Lower Sepik Proto-Lower Sepik *nam *numpran *awŋ; *awŋk *y(uw)an *sɨnmari *?*m(w)il; *m(w)il *arɨm *awr; *aw-r
    Ramu Ambakich (Arango dialect) ɛwar ɛrɛl ksu gumai mimo ondɨr̥ ɛmɩm bran amɨ an mɨndɨr duwan
    Ramu Proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay *rəkəm *ŋgwarak *ra(u) *kər(v)i *s(u)ək
    Miscellaneous
    family language man woman name eat one two
    Trans-New Guinea Proto-Trans-New Guinea *abV; *ambi *panV; *pan(V) *ibi; *imbi; *wani *na; *na- *ta(l,t)(a,e)
    Yadë Nagatiman mɩsɛʔ hiɛǏɛ žuwaʔ teǏɛʔ
    Busa Odiai nutu tɔ muniʌren otutu tinʌnʌ
    Amto-Musan Amto kyu hama me:ne ohu kiyaA
    Amto-Musan Siawi yɛnokono ʔeǏo pe sʌmo himolo
    Left May Bo nʌkʌ kwa sanoʔ sɔsɔ tisʌ
    Walio Yawiyo (Wosawari dialect) to; to i:wa sauto afaʔunařu ařʌsʌbau ařʌfři
    Papi Papi sanoᵽo su:bu opo akepo sunuboku suwʌbiyaio
    Sepik, Abau Abau lu; or; ur sa uru ra mun; rin pris
    Sepik, Iwam Iwam kam; yen-kam wik (n)ai; (nd)ai oe; ruk; su ŋwis
    Sepik, Wogamusin-Chenapian Chenapian tama; tamö tauwo; tawö tamgu nař; sⁱərəʔ ǰⁱək; nɛsi; ṣiṣi
    Sepik, Tama Yessan-Mayo tama; tamə ta: a(m) wurɨ fes
    Sepik, Ram Pouye lamo tʔlum yikən
    Sepik, Yellow River Namia lu ere ilei (t) tipia pəli
    Sepik, Ndu Proto-Ndu *ntiw *cɨ *kɨ *nək
    Sepik, Nukuma Kwoma ma mi:ma hi a pochi uprus
    Sepik, Sanio Saniyo-Hiyewe mɛni; mitaru taunɛ; tawnɛ yapɛ aiyei; asiyʌ hɛta'i; taʔi hɛsi
    Sepik, Bahinemo Bahinemo 'ɩma swani wufa diyaw dʌbatha husi
    Sepik, Alamblak Alamblak yima; 'yi'maʀ̥̌ 'metɨtʰ7; metum 'yuƀatʰ; yufa; yufat fa; ka; 'kʰaɛ̈ʀ̥̌; weyanum; ye rɛphar; rpa; řɨpʰatʰ hutsif; xočiᵽ; 'xošɩᵽ
    Tayap Tayap munje noŋor nomb a nambar; mbatep sene
    Piawi Haruai (Wiyaw dialect) 'nabʌ mʌ hʌmpʰ nɨm'da waɲɩŋ'geϕ jɩ'mag 'jɩŋgʷʌ
    Piawi Pinai-Hagahai (Aramo dialect) na'ba mə'gə nabamɩ'he ˌmomə'dɛɽə a'gə ˌhəgə'naβəma'ɨ
    Arafundi Proto-Arafundi *nuŋgum *nam *membi[a] *nembV- *kamin, *kondamin
    Yuat Biwat foakpa; fuakpahe arepa; arepahe vu'geh; vuŋ ueh jiveh; u-u give nategeh; natek arauu; aravueh
    Yuat Kyenele (Miyak dialect) aƀɷt miandu tšɛntšɛntšuƀa ŋaykʰʌkʰ aǏawin
    Lower Sepik Proto-Lower Sepik *ŋay *am-; *am(b) *mb(w)ia- *ri-pa-
    Ramu Ambakich (Arango dialect) kambo anatʃo dʒi mɨondɨmqam koŋ; ondɨsɨno nuŋgun
    Ramu Proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay *ɣi *amb *kaku *mbuniŋ

    See also[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ^ Laycock, D. C. and Z'graggen, John A. 1975. The Sepik-Ramu Phylum. In Wurm, S.A. (ed.), Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene, New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study 1, 729-763. Australian National University.
  • ^ Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
  • ^ a b c d e Foley, William A. (2005). "Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 109–144. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
  • ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  • ^ a b Usher, Timothy (2020). "New Guinea World". Archived from the original on 2022-12-16. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  • ^ Kulick, Don; Terrill, Angela (2019). A Grammar and Dictionary of Tayap: The Life and Death of a Papuan Language. Pacific Linguistics 661. Boston/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Inc. ISBN 9781501512209.

    • Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sepik–Ramu_languages&oldid=1193821726"
    Categories: 
    ●Sepik–Ramu languages
     ●Proposed language families
     ●Papuan languages
     ●Languages of Papua New Guinea
     Hidden categories: 
    ●Articles with short description
     ●Short description matches Wikidata
     ●Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup and no ISO hint
     ●Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from July 2021
     ●Families rejected by Glottolog
      


    ●This page was last edited on 5 January 2024, at 20:50 (UTC).
    ●Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.


    ●Privacy policy
    ●About Wikipedia
    ●Disclaimers
    ●Contact Wikipedia
    ●Code of Conduct
    ●Developers
    ●Statistics
    ●Cookie statement
    ●Mobile view


    Wikimedia Foundation
    Powered by MediaWiki