Scout, Kosmos-3M and Rocket Lab Electron, three of the most launched small-lift launch vehicles | |
| Class overview | |
|---|---|
| Name | Small-lift launch vehicle |
| Operators | Various space organizations |
| Preceded by | Sounding rocket |
| Succeeded by | Medium-lift launch vehicle |
| Built | 1957– |
| Building | 20 |
| Active | 30 |
| Retired | 56 |
| General characteristics | |
| Propulsion | Various liquid-fueled engines and solid motors |
| Capacity |
|
Asmall-lift launch vehicle is a rocket orbital launch vehicle that is capable of lifting 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) or less (byNASA classification) or under 5,000 kilograms (11,000 lb) (byRoscosmos classification)[1] of payload into low Earth orbit (LEO). The next larger category consists of medium-lift launch vehicles.[2]
The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, launched by the Soviet Union, which was derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing the Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit.[3][4][5] The US responded by attempting to launch the Vanguard rocket.[6][7] However, the Vanguard TV3 launch attempt failed, with the 31 January 1958 launch of the Explorer 1 satellite using the Juno I rocket being the first successful US orbital launch. The Vanguard I mission was the second successful US orbital launch. This was the start of the space race.[8][9]
Since the late 1950s, small-lift launch vehicles have continued launching payloads to space. Medium-lift launch vehicles, heavy-lift launch vehicles, and super heavy-lift launch vehicles have also been extensively developed but have not completely superseded small launch vehicles. Small launch vehicles can meet the requirements of some spacecraft, and can also be less expensive than a larger launch vehicle would be.[10]
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Spacecraft mass-to-orbit of up to 500 kg to LEO (low inclination, 200 km, 28 deg site)
Spacecraft mass-to-orbit of up to 580 kg to LEO (28.5 deg, 185 km)
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