Zhang Chengzhi (Xiao'erjing: ﺟْﺎ ﭼْﻊ جِ, born 10 September 1948) is a contemporary Hui Chinese author. Often named as the most influential Muslim writer in China, his historical narrative History of the Soul, about the rise of the Jahriyya (哲合忍耶) Sufi order, was the second-most popular book in China in 1994.[2]
Zhang was born in Beijing in 1948 to Hui parents of Shandong origin.[3] Despite his Muslim ancestry, he was raised as an atheist.[citation needed] He graduated from Tsinghua University Middle School in 1967, at the height of the Cultural Revolution. According to the People's Daily, Zhang was the first person to call himself a "Red Guard"; he used it as his pen name during his student days. Then on May 29, 1966, just two weeks after the People's Daily announced the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, Zhang convinced around ten other senior-level students to use the collective name "Mao Zedong's Red Guards" in addition to their individual signatures when signing a big-character poster denouncing their school officials; three days later, they issued another large-character poster under the same collective name, entitled "We Must Resolutely Carry Out the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution to its End", with over one hundred signatures. Soon, students from all over Beijing began to call themselves "Red Guards".[4][5]
After his graduation, Zhang was "sent down" to Ujimqin Banner in Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, where he lived for four years before returning to Beijing.[6][7] Soon after his return, he entered the archaeology department of Peking University, graduating in 1975. He began his writing career in 1978, with the publication of a poem in Mongolian entitled "Son of the People" (做人民之子/Arad-un-huu) and a Chinese-language short story "Why does the rider sing?" (骑手为什么歌唱).[8] That same year, he entered a master's program in history at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences's Department of Minority Languages, from which he graduated in 1981. In 1983, he received funding to go to Japan as an international exchange scholar, where he conducted research at Tokyo's Tōyō Bunko, the largest Asian studies library in Japan.[3] Aside from Chinese and Mongolian, Zhang also speaks Japanese.[9][10]
Zhang is often identified as a representative of the so-called xungen movement ("searching for roots"), despite the fact that he himself dismisses entire concept of xungen.[12][13] His work repeatedly touches on the themes of martyrdom, everlasting tradition, and resistance to materialism and urban life.[14] Unlike many other authors who lived through the Cultural Revolution and regret the chaos it created in their lives, even Zhang's early works such as Rivers of the North and Black Steed exhibit a noticeable level of idealism about his time as a Red Guard, and clearly demonstrate his desire to rebut the presumptions of scar literature.[15][16] Analyses of Zhang's impact on Chinese literature and thought vary greatly. Zhu Xueqin expressed his admiration of Zhang for "casting off his old self" and taking a "firm stand" for idealistic values and against ethnocentrism.[17]Dru Gladney, in contrast, analysed Zhang's popularity in terms of a larger trend of consumerist exoticisation of "ethnic chic" in 1990s China.[18] Some scholars, both in China and abroad, go further in rendering harsh judgments: they denounce Zhang as "xenophobic" and criticise his continued support of Maoism even after his conversion to Islam.[19]
The early 1980s have been described as Zhang's "lyrical phase".[20] As a result of his works during this period, he has been described as one of China's first practitioners of "stream of consciousness" fiction.[14] In 1984, however, Zhang quit his job at the China Writers' Association and moved to China's Northwest, spending six years living with the Muslims of Xihaigu, Ningxia. His time there resulted not only in his conversion to Islam and, in one critic's words, his "open renunciation of Chinese culture", but also in what is easily his most famous book: History of the Soul, a work of narrative historical fiction which explores personal and religious conflicts during 172 years of development of the Jahriyya tariqah in China's northwest, interwoven with his own observations.[18][21]
Deng, Yi (1989). "张承志 (Zhang Chengzhi)". In Ji, Min (ed.). 中国当代作家百人传. Beijing, China: Qiaoshi Chubanshe.
Fisac, Taciana (2003). "Social anomie and political discourse in contemporary China". In Fernández-Stembridge, Leila (ed.). China Today: Economic Reforms, Social Cohesion, and Collective Identities. United Kingdom: Routledge. pp. 149–72. ISBN0415312671.
Li, Qingxi (2000). "Searching for Roots: Anticultural Return in Mainland Literature of the 1980s". In Qi, Bangyuan (ed.). Chinese Literature in the Second Half of a Modern Century: A Critical Survey. Indiana University Press. pp. 110–23. ISBN0253337100.
Lin, Qingxin (2005). Brushing History Against The Grain: Reading the Chinese New Historical Fiction, 1986–1999. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. ISBN978-9622096974. The section "Constructing a 'Clean Spirit'" (pp. 133–50) is one of the only chapter-length analyses of Zhang in an English-language scholarly work.
McDougall, Bonnie S.; Kam, Louie (1997). The Literature of China in the Twentieth Century. C. Hurst and Co. ISBN1-85065-285-6.
Shi, Shiming (2002). "文化寻根与精神理想的探索—张承志文化小说分析 (The search for cultural roots and the pursuit of spiritual ideals: An analysis of Zhang Chengzhi's cultural novels)". Journal of Chongqing Technology and Business University (Social Sciences Edition) (2).
Wang, Baozheng (2004). "漂泊与皈依—试论张承志小说的文化寻根之旅 (Drifting and enlightenment: On voyages of cultural root-seeking in Zhang Chengzhi's novels)". Journal of Huainan Vocational and Technical College (2).
Wu, Liang (2000). "Re-membering the Cultural Revolution: Chinese Avant-garde Literature of the 1980s". In Qi, Bangyuan (ed.). Chinese Literature in the Second Half of a Modern Century: A Critical Survey. Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 124–36. ISBN0253337100.
Yuan, Jinshan (2004). "试论张承志作品的宗教意识 (Religious consciousness in Zhang Chengzhi's works)". Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities: Humanities and Social Science Version. 24 (1).
