偽善

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』

: hypocrisy[1][2]

1967-[3]1964-W使[4]

1980

[]


 (hypocrisy)  πόκρισις (hypokrisis) [5][6]

 (hypocrite)  ποκριτής (hypokritēs) ποκρίνομαι (hypokrinomai)κρίση > κριτική (kritikē)

 (Hypocrisy) hypo- krinein[7]

hypokrisis hypokritēs 4hypocritehypokrisishypocrisy

[]


The Lind in Politics2012[8]

[]


181689便使1711便[9]17091719便[10]

 1670-1733 Fable of the Bees 1714[11]18[12]

17501850[13][14]

[]


調調[15]

[]


[16]

chaneph[17][18]75

16Nicodemite

()[19]

[20][21]

[]



[]


 1875 - 1961""

使[22][23]

[]


[24][25][26]

[27]

[]


/[28]

[29]

[30][31]Dan Turner [32]

[]


[33]


偽善は避けられないと同時に必要なものである。もし人々が常に誠実、忠誠、思いやりと言った理想に従うことを要求されるとしたら、理想というものが存在し得えない。道徳的な人であるとは、誰しもが苦闘しながら繰り返し失敗し、その度に偽善者になるということなのです。公正で平和な社会とは、結局の所、自分らは理想を裏切りつつも理想を捨てない偽善者に依存しているのです[34]

日本における概念[編集]


[35]







snob hypocrite 

日本語における用法[編集]


hypocrisy

hypocrisy

(一)


(二)
1.


日本における心理表象にみる偽善[編集]








[]

関連項目[編集]

出典[編集]



(一)^ 2 

(二)^ Lammers, Joris (2011), Power increases infidelity among men and women, Psychological Science 22 (9): 119197, doi:10.1177/0956797611416252, PMID 21771963 

(三)^ David Runciman (2010). Political Hypocrisy: The Mask of Power, from Hobbes to Orwell and Beyond. Princeton UP. p. 8. ISBN 978-0691148151. https://books.google.com/books?id=vqaPj0SbXsoC&pg=PA8 

(四)^ Michael Gerson, "Trump's hypocrisy is good for America" Washington Post Nov. 29, 2016

(五)^ 2016 

(六)^ Pocket Oxford Classical Greek Dictionary, ed Morwood and Taylor, OUP 2002

(七)^ Online Etymology Dictionary: "hypocrisy".  Etymonline.com. 2013328

(八)^ Bryan Garsten, "Looking for an honest man." Modern Intellectual History 8#3 (2011): 697708.

(九)^ Jones Clyve (2011). 'Too Wild to Succeed': The Occasional Conformity Bills and the Attempts by the House of Lords to Outlaw the Tack in the Reign of Anne. Parliamentary History 30 (3): 41427. doi:10.1111/j.1750-0206.2011.00276.x. 

(十)^ Knights Mark (2005). Occasional conformity and the representation of dissent: hypocrisy, sincerity, moderation and zeal. Parliamentary History 24 (1): 4157. doi:10.1111/j.1750-0206.2005.tb00401.x. 

(11)^ Luban Daniel (2015). Bernard Mandeville as Moralist and Materialist. History of European Ideas 41 (7): 83157. doi:10.1080/01916599.2015.1010777. 

(12)^ Miller James (2014). Rousseau and Montaigne. Raritan 33 (4): 15866. 

(13)^ L.G. Mitchell, "The Whigs, the People, and Reform," Proceedings of the British Academy (1999), Vol. 85, pp. 2541

(14)^ Paul Langford,The English as Reformers: Foreign Visitors' Impressions, 17501850Proceedings of the British Academy (1999), Vol. 85, pp. 10119.

(15)^ Mizuno Takeya (2013). An Enemy's Talk of 'Justice'. Journalism History 39 (2): 94. 

(16)^ Thomas P. Kasulis, "Hypocrisy in the Self-Understanding of Religions." in Inter-Religious Models and Criteria (Palgrave Macmillan, 1993) pp. 15165.

(17)^ Gospel of Luke 11:3754 and Gospel of Matthew 23:136

(18)^ Steve Mason,Pharisaic Dominance Before 70 CE and the Gospels' Hypocrisy Charge (Matt 23: 23).Harvard Theological Review 83#4 (1990): 36381.

(19)^ "What is the use of platted hair, O fool! what of the raiment of goat-skins? Within thee there is ravening, but the outside thou makest clean. The man who wears dirty raiments, who is emaciated and covered with veins, who lives alone in the forest, and meditates, him I call indeed a Brâhmana. I do not call a man a Brâhmana because of his origin or of his mother. He is indeed arrogant, and he is wealthy: but the poor, who is free from all attachments, him I call indeed a Brâhmana. Dhammapada 39496, Translated from the Pâli by F. Max Müller

(20)^ Christine Huda Dodge (2009). The Everything Understanding Islam Book: A complete guide to Muslim beliefs, practices, and culture. p. 96. ISBN 9781605507248. https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd5vHqdvp5kC&pg=PT96 

(21)^ "And of mankind are some who say, 'We believe in God and the Last Day,' when they believe not. They think to beguile God and those who believe, and they beguile none save themselves; but they perceive not. In their hearts is a disease, and God increases their disease. A painful doom is theirs because they lie. And when it is said to them, 'Make not mischief on the earth,' they say, 'We are only peacemakers.' Behold they are indeed the mischief-makers but they perceive not." Al-Baqara 812

(22)^ Jung, 1966:5

(23)^ Jung, 1966: par. 28

(24)^ Alicke, M., E. Gordon, & D. Rose (2013). "Hypocrisy: What Counts?", Philosophical Psychology, 26(5), 673-701.

(25)^ Fried, C.B. (1998). "Hypocrisy and Identification With Transgressions: A Case of Undetected Dissonance", 'Basic and Applied Social Psychology', 20(2), 145-154.

(26)^ Stone, J., E. Aronson, A.L. Crain, M.P. Winslow, & C.B. Fried (1994). "Inducing Hypocrisy as a Means of Encouraging Young Adults to Use Condoms, 'Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin', 20(1), 116-128.

(27)^ J.J. Jordan, R. Sommers, P. Bloom, & D.G. Rand (2017). "Why Do We Hate Hypocrites? Evidence for a Theory of False Signaling", 'Psychological Science' (28(3), 356-368.

(28)^ Daryl Glaser (2006). Does Hypocrisy Matter? The Case of U.S. Foreign Policy. Review of International Studies 32 (2): 251268. doi:10.1017/S0260210506007017. http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0260210506007017. 

(29)^ R. Jay Wallace (2010). Hypocrisy, Moral Address, and the Equal Standing of Persons. Philosophy & Public Affairs 38 (4): 307341. doi:10.1111/j.1088-4963.2010.01195.x. JSTOR 40926873. 

(30)^ Eva Feder Kittay (1982). On Hypocrisy. Metaphilosophy 13 (3 &4): 277289. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9973.1982.tb00685.x. JSTOR 24435495. 

(31)^ Ryle, Gilbert. The Concept of Mind. London: Hutchinson 1949, 173.

(32)^ Dan Turner (1990). Hypocrisy. Metaphilosophy 21 (3): 262269. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9973.1990.tb00528.x. 

(33)^ Tillyris Demetris (2016). The virtue of vice: a defence of hypocrisy in democratic politics. Contemporary Politics 22 (1): 119. doi:10.1080/13569775.2015.1112958. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/14938/1/14938.pdf. 

(34)^ Gerson, "Trump's hypocrisy is good for America" (2016)

(35)^ 2018 

参考文献[編集]

  • Alicke Mark D., Klotz M.L., Breitenbecher David L., Yurak Tricia J., Vredenburg Debbie S. (1995). “Personal contact, individuation, and the better-than-average effect”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68 (5): 804–825. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.5.804. 
  • Alicke M., Gordon E., Rose D. (2012). “Hypocrisy: What counts?”. Philosophical Psychology 26 (5): 1–29. doi:10.1080/09515089.2012.677397. 
  • Byrne, R.W. & Whiten, A. (1988). Machiavellian intelligence: Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Caviola Lucius, Faulmüller Nadira (2014). “Moral hypocrisy in economic games – how prosocial behavior is shaped by social expectations”. Frontiers in Psychology 5: 897. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00897. PMC 4132261. PMID 25177307. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4132261/. 
  • Cross, K.P. (1977). "Not Can, But Will College Teaching Be Improved?" New Directions for Higher Education.
  • la Cour A., Kromann J. (2011). “Euphemisms and hypocrisy in corporate philanthropy”. Business Ethics: A European Review 20 (3): 267–79. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8608.2011.01627.x. 
  • Davidson, Jenny (2004). Hypocrisy & the Politics of Politeness: Manners & Morals from Locke to Austen. 242 pp. excerpt
  • Epley, N. (2000-12-01). "Feeling 'Holier Than Thou'". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
  • Fernández J (2013). “Self-deception and self-knowledge”. Philosophical Studies 162 (2): 379–400. doi:10.1007/s11098-011-9771-9. 
  • Furia Peter A (2009). “Democratic citizenship and the hypocrisy of leaders”. Politi 41 (1): 113–33. doi:10.1057/pol.2008.24. 
  • Gerson, Michael (Nov. 29, 2016). "Trump's hypocrisy is good for America". Washington Post
  • Greene M., Low K. (2014). “Public integrity, private hypocrisy, and the moral licensing effect”. Social Behavior and Personality 42 (3): 391. doi:10.2224/sbp.2014.42.3.391. 
  • Heine S.J. (1999). “Culture, self-discrepancies, and self-satisfaction”. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 25 (8): 915–925. doi:10.1177/01461672992511001. 
  • Jay, Martin (2012). The Virtues of Mendacity: On Lying in Politics. excerpt
  • Jung, C.G. (1966). Two Essays on Analytical Psychology, Collected Works, Volume 7, Princeton UP ISBN 0-691-01782-4.
  • Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
  • Kuhn, D. (1991). The skills of argument. Cambridge UP.
  • Kurzban, Robert (2010). Why everyone (else) is a hypocrite: Evolution and the modular mind. Princeton UP.
  • Lammers Joris, Stapel Diederik A., Galinsky Adam D. (2010). “Power increases hypocrisy moralizing in reasoning, immorality in behavior”. Psychological Science 21 (5): 737–44. doi:10.1177/0956797610368810. PMID 20483854. 
  • Laurent S.M., Clark B.A.M., Walker S., Wiseman K.D. (2014). “Punishing hypocrisy: The roles of hypocrisy and moral emotions in deciding culpability and punishment of criminal and civil moral transgressors”. Cognition & Emotion 28 (1): 59–83. doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.801339. PMID 23725235. 
  • Perkins, D.N., Farady, M. & Bushey, B. in Voss, J.F., Perkins, D.N. & Segal, J.W. (1991). Informal reasoning and education. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.
  • Porcher J.E. (2014). “Is self-deception pretense?”. Manuscrito 37 (2): 291–332. doi:10.1590/S0100-60452015005000002. 
  • Renzo M (2014). “Fairness, self-deception and political .”. Philosophical Studies 169 (3): 467–88. doi:10.1007/s11098-013-0203-x. 
  • Ross, L. & Ward, A. (1996). "Naive realism in everyday life: Implications for social conflict and misunderstanding" in T. Brown, E.S. Reed & E. Turiel (Eds.), Values and knowledge Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Runciman, David (2010). Political Hypocrisy: The Mask of Power, from Hobbes to Orwell and Beyond. Princeton UP. p. 8. ISBN 978-0691148151. https://books.google.com/books?id=vqaPj0SbXsoC&pg=PA8 
  • Rustichini Aldo, Claire Villeval Marie (2014). “Moral hypocrisy, power and social preferences”. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 107: 10–24. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2014.08.002. 
  • Shaw Victoria F (1996). “The cognitive processes in informal reasoning”. Thinking & Reasoning 2 (1): 51–80. doi:10.1080/135467896394564. 
  • Sommervoll D.E. (2013). “Sweet self-deception”. Journal of Economics 109 (1): 73–88. doi:10.1007/s00712-012-0308-2. 
  • Stone R (2014). “Unconscionability, exploitation, and hypocrisy”. Journal of Political Philosophy 22 (1): 27–47. doi:10.1111/jopp.12009. 
  • Szabados, Béla & Eldon Soifer, eds. (2004). Hypocrisy: ethical investigations.
  • Tillyris Demetris (2016). “The virtue of vice: a defence of hypocrisy in democratic politics”. Contemporary Politics 22 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1080/13569775.2015.1112958. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/14938/1/14938.pdf. 
  • Von Hippel William, Trivers Robert (2011). “The evolution and psychology of self-deception”. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1017/s0140525x10001354. PMID 21288379. 
  • Vaara E (2003). “Post‐acquisition integration as sensemaking: Glimpses of ambiguity, confusion, hypocrisy, and politicization”. Journal of Management Studies 40 (4): 859–94. doi:10.1111/1467-6486.00363. 
  • Valdesolo P., DeSteno D. (2007). “Moral hypocrisy: Social groups and the flexibility of virtue”. Psychological Science 18 (8): 689–90. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01961.x. PMID 17680939. 
  • Wagner T., Lutz R.J., Weitz B.A. (2009). “Corporate hypocrisy: Overcoming the threat of inconsistent corporate social responsibility perceptions”. Journal of Marketing 73 (6): 77–91. doi:10.1509/jmkg.73.6.77. 
  • Wallace R (2010). “Hypocrisy, moral address, and the equal standing of persons”. Philosophy & Public Affairs 38 (4): 307–41. doi:10.1111/j.1088-4963.2010.01195.x. 
  • Wason P.C. (1960). “On the Failure to Eliminate Hypotheses in a Conceptual Task”. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 12 (3): 129–140. doi:10.1080/17470216008416717. 
  • Wieting, Stephen G. (2016). The Sociology of Hypocrisy: An Analysis of Sport and Religion. Routledge.
  • Wright, R. (1995). The moral animal: Evolutionary psychology and everyday life. New York: Vintage Books.