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{{Short description|Common name for two species of game fish}} |
{{Short description|Common name for two species of game fish}} |
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{{redirect|Calico Bass|the marine blue fish|Paralabrax clathratus}} |
{{redirect|Calico Bass|the marine blue fish|Paralabrax clathratus}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date= |
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}} |
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{{automatic taxobox |
{{automatic taxobox |
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| image = Black crappie and white crappie fish.jpg |
| image = Black crappie and white crappie fish.jpg |
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== Etymology == |
== Etymology == |
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The genus name ''Pomoxis'' literally means "sharp cover", referring to the fish's spiny [[gill cover]]s (opercular bones).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ross|first1=Stephen T.|last2=Brenneman|first2=William Max|title=The Inland Fishes of Mississippi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEaKXWRt10kC&pg=PA436|year=2001|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-57806-246-1|page=436|quote= ''Pomoxis'': sharp opercle, in reference to the opercle bone ending in two spines}}</ref> It is composed of the Greek {{transliteration|grc|poma}} ({{wikt-lang|grc|πῶμα}}, cover) and {{transliteration|grc|oxys}} ({{wikt-lang|grc|ὀξύς}}, "sharp").<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wallus|first1=Robert|last2=Simon|first2=Thomas P. |title=Reproductive Biology and Early Life History of Fishes in the Ohio River Drainage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZ2rHfYHYncC&pg=PA355|volume=6|year=2008|publisher=CRC|isbn=978-1-4200-0361-1|page=355|quote= ''Pomoxis'', Greek: ''poma'', |
The genus name ''Pomoxis'' literally means "sharp cover", referring to the fish's spiny [[gill cover]]s (opercular bones).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ross|first1=Stephen T.|last2=Brenneman|first2=William Max|title=The Inland Fishes of Mississippi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEaKXWRt10kC&pg=PA436|year=2001|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-57806-246-1|page=436|quote= ''Pomoxis'': sharp opercle, in reference to the opercle bone ending in two spines}}</ref> It is composed of the Greek {{transliteration|grc|poma}} ({{wikt-lang|grc|πῶμα}}, cover) and {{transliteration|grc|oxys}} ({{wikt-lang|grc|ὀξύς}}, "sharp").<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wallus|first1=Robert|last2=Simon|first2=Thomas P. |title=Reproductive Biology and Early Life History of Fishes in the Ohio River Drainage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZ2rHfYHYncC&pg=PA355|volume=6|year=2008|publisher=CRC|isbn=978-1-4200-0361-1|page=355|quote= ''Pomoxis'', Greek: ''poma'', “lid, cover” and ''oxys'', “sharp,” alluding to the opercles ending in two flat points instead of an ear flap}}</ref> |
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The common name (also spelled ''croppie''<ref>{{M-W|croppie}}: "variant of ''crappie''"</ref> or ''crappé''<ref>{{cite book|last=Murray|first=James Augustus Henry |display-authors=etal |title=A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oickAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1141 |year=1893|publisher=Clarendon Press|page=1141|quote= Crappie. U.S. Also crappé, croppie. A species of sunfish, ''Pomoxys annularis''}}</ref>) derives from the [[Canadian French]] {{lang|fr|crapet}}, which refers to many different fishes of the sunfish family. Other names for crappie are '''papermouths''', '''strawberry bass''', '''speckled bass''' or '''specks''' (especially in [[Michigan]]), '''speckled perch''', '''white perch''',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Louisiana Fisheries |
The common name (also spelled ''croppie''<ref>{{M-W|croppie}}: "variant of ''crappie''"</ref> or ''crappé''<ref>{{cite book|last=Murray|first=James Augustus Henry |display-authors=etal |title=A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oickAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1141 |year=1893|publisher=Clarendon Press|page=1141|quote= Crappie. U.S. Also crappé, croppie. A species of sunfish, ''Pomoxys annularis''}}</ref>) derives from the [[Canadian French]] {{lang|fr|crapet}}, which refers to many different fishes of the sunfish family. Other names for crappie are '''papermouths''', '''strawberry bass''', '''speckled bass''' or '''specks''' (especially in [[Michigan]]), '''speckled perch''', '''white perch''',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Louisiana Fisheries - Fact Sheets |url=https://www.seagrantfish.lsu.edu/resources/factsheets/sackofmilk.htm|website=www.seagrantfish.lsu.edu |access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref> '''crappie bass''', '''calico bass''' (throughout the [[Mid-Atlantic US|Middle Atlantic]] states and [[New England]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Massachusetts Wildlife'' |url=http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/publications/mwmag/pdf/fishing_issue.pdf |access-date=16 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008215020/http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/publications/mwmag/pdf/fishing_issue.pdf}}</ref> and '''Oswego bass'''.<ref>Schultz, Ken. ''Ken Schultz's Field Guide to Freshwater Fish.'' Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2010.</ref> |
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In [[Louisiana]], it is called '''sacalait'''<ref name=MW/> ({{lang-frc|sac-à-lait}}, {{literally|milk bag}}),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Hugh M. |title=Common Names of the Basses and Sun-fishes |journal=Report of the Commissioner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gblFAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA357 |year=1904|publisher= Gov't Printing Office|page=357 |quote=The euphonious French name {{lang|fr|sac-à-lait}} (bag of milk), which is heard in the [[lower Mississippi Valley]] and now apparently is applied to other [[centrarchids]], as well as to ''P. annularis'', to which it was originally given, has been corrupted to "suckley perch" in Louisiana near New Orleans.}}</ref> seemingly an allusion to its milky white flesh or silvery skin.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bulletin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SG7VAdA8F0gC|year=1917|publisher= Louisiana Dept. of Conservation|page=9|quote= When properly cooked the white, flaky, juicy flesh ({{lang|fr|sac-à-lait}} means a |
In [[Louisiana]], it is called '''sacalait'''<ref name=MW/> ({{lang-frc|sac-à-lait}}, {{literally|milk bag}}),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Hugh M. |title=Common Names of the Basses and Sun-fishes |journal=Report of the Commissioner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gblFAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA357 |year=1904|publisher= Gov't Printing Office|page=357 |quote=The euphonious French name {{lang|fr|sac-à-lait}} (bag of milk), which is heard in the [[lower Mississippi Valley]] and now apparently is applied to other [[centrarchids]], as well as to ''P. annularis'', to which it was originally given, has been corrupted to "suckley perch" in Louisiana near New Orleans.}}</ref> seemingly an allusion to its milky white flesh or silvery skin.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bulletin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SG7VAdA8F0gC|year=1917|publisher= Louisiana Dept. of Conservation|page=9|quote= When properly cooked the white, flaky, juicy flesh ({{lang|fr|sac-à-lait}} means a “bagofmilk” therefore our French-speaking population has most appropriately named this fish) has an exceptionally fine and delicate flavor.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Louisiana Conservation Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=847kAAAAMAAJ|volume=9-10|year=1940|page=31|quote= believed to have received its name {{lang|fr|sac à lait}}, {{abbr|m.|masculine}}, "milk bag" because of the silvery olive appearance of the fish, or because of its extraordinarily white flesh. Read's further investigations, however, revealed that the Choctaw Indian {{lang|cho|sakli}}, "trout"}}</ref> The supposed French meaning is, however, [[folk etymology]], because the word is ultimately from [[Choctaw language|Choctaw]] {{wikt-lang|cho|sakli}}, meaning "trout".<ref name=MW>{{M-W|sacalait}} "Louisiana French {{lang|fr|sac-à-lait}}, by folk etymology (influence of French {{lang|fr|sac}} bag, French {{lang|fr|à}} to, for, and French {{lang|fr|lait}} milk) from Choctaw {{lang|cho|sakli}} trout "</ref> |
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==Species== |
==Species== |
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Both species of crappie as adults feed predominantly on smaller fish species, including the young of their own predators (which include the [[northern pike]], [[muskellunge]], and [[walleye]]). They have diverse diets, however, including [[zooplankton]], [[insect]]s, and [[crustacean]]s.<ref name="fishbase_white">{{FishBase|genus=Pomoxis|species=annularis|year=2006|month=March}}</ref><ref name="fishbase_black">{{FishBase|genus=Pomoxis|species=nigromaculatus|year=2006|month=March}}</ref> Larval crappies rely on crustacean zooplankton as a food source. The availability of zooplankton can have an effect on larval populations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Michaletz |first1=P.H |last2=Obrecht |first2=D.V |last3=Jones |first3=J.R |title=Influence of Environmental Variables and Species Interactions on Sport Fish Communities in Small Missouri Impoundments |journal=North American Journal of Fisheries Management |date=2012 |doi=10.1080/02755947.2012.728173 |volume=32 |number=6 |pages=1146–1159 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2012NAJFM..32.1146M }}</ref> By day, crappie tend to be less active and concentrate around weed beds or submerged objects, such as logs and boulders. They feed during dawn and dusk, by moving into open water or approaching the shore.<ref name="natureserve_white">{{Cite web |work=[[NatureServe]] Explorer|title=Comprehensive Report Species – ''Pomoxis annularis''|url=http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=POMOXIS+ANNULARIS |access-date=2006-06-29 |archive-date=16 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216122955/http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=POMOXIS+ANNULARIS |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="natureserve_black">{{Cite web |work=[[NatureServe]] Explorer |title=Comprehensive Report Species – ''Pomoxis nigromaculatus'' |url=http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=POMOXIS+NIGROMACULATUS |access-date=2006-06-29 |archive-date=14 September 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050914191859/http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Pomoxis+nigromaculatus |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
Both species of crappie as adults feed predominantly on smaller fish species, including the young of their own predators (which include the [[northern pike]], [[muskellunge]], and [[walleye]]). They have diverse diets, however, including [[zooplankton]], [[insect]]s, and [[crustacean]]s.<ref name="fishbase_white">{{FishBase|genus=Pomoxis|species=annularis|year=2006|month=March}}</ref><ref name="fishbase_black">{{FishBase|genus=Pomoxis|species=nigromaculatus|year=2006|month=March}}</ref> Larval crappies rely on crustacean zooplankton as a food source. The availability of zooplankton can have an effect on larval populations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Michaletz |first1=P.H |last2=Obrecht |first2=D.V |last3=Jones |first3=J.R |title=Influence of Environmental Variables and Species Interactions on Sport Fish Communities in Small Missouri Impoundments |journal=North American Journal of Fisheries Management |date=2012 |doi=10.1080/02755947.2012.728173 |volume=32 |number=6 |pages=1146–1159 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2012NAJFM..32.1146M }}</ref> By day, crappie tend to be less active and concentrate around weed beds or submerged objects, such as logs and boulders. They feed during dawn and dusk, by moving into open water or approaching the shore.<ref name="natureserve_white">{{Cite web |work=[[NatureServe]] Explorer|title=Comprehensive Report Species – ''Pomoxis annularis''|url=http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=POMOXIS+ANNULARIS |access-date=2006-06-29 |archive-date=16 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216122955/http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=POMOXIS+ANNULARIS |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="natureserve_black">{{Cite web |work=[[NatureServe]] Explorer |title=Comprehensive Report Species – ''Pomoxis nigromaculatus'' |url=http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=POMOXIS+NIGROMACULATUS |access-date=2006-06-29 |archive-date=14 September 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050914191859/http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Pomoxis+nigromaculatus |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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Hybrid crappie (''Pomoxis annularis'' × ''nigromaculatus'') have been cultured and occur naturally.<ref name=kellybaumhoer2014>{{cite web|url=https://aquaculture.ca.uky.edu/sites/aquaculture.ca.uky.edu/files/srac_7212_species_profile_hybrid_crappie.pdf|title=Species Profile: Hybrid Crappie|last1=Kelly|first1=Anita M.|last2=Baumhoer|first2=Brandon|publisher=Southern Regional Aquaculture Center|date=June 2014|access-date=2 September 2023|id=SRAC Publication No. 7212}}</ref> The crossing of a black crappie female and white crappie male has better survival and growth rates among offspring than the reciprocal cross does.<ref name=kellybaumhoer2014/> Hybrid crappie are difficult to distinguish from black crappie by appearance alone. Fingerling yields are variable in culture.<ref name=kellybaumhoer2014/> The hybrid offspring are fertile, black crappie female and white crappie male crosses more so than the reciprocal.<ref name=kellybaumhoer2014/> |
Hybrid crappie (''Pomoxis annularis'' × ''nigromaculatus'') have been cultured and occur naturally.<ref name=kellybaumhoer2014>{{cite web|url=https://aquaculture.ca.uky.edu/sites/aquaculture.ca.uky.edu/files/srac_7212_species_profile_hybrid_crappie.pdf|title=Species Profile: Hybrid Crappie|last1=Kelly|first1=Anita M.|last2=Baumhoer|first2=Brandon|publisher=Southern Regional Aquaculture Center|date=June 2014|access-date=2 September 2023|id=SRAC Publication No. 7212}}</ref> The crossing of a black crappie female and white crappie male has better survival and growth rates among offspring than the reciprocal cross does.<ref name=kellybaumhoer2014/> Hybrid crappie are difficult to distinguish from black crappie by appearance alone. Fingerling yields are variable in culture.<ref name=kellybaumhoer2014/> The hybrid offspring are fertile, black crappie female and white crappie male crosses more so than the reciprocal.<ref name=kellybaumhoer2014/> |
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==Fishing== |
==Fishing== |
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===Angling=== |
===Angling=== |
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{{fly fishing targets}} |
{{fly fishing targets}} |
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[[Angling]] for crappie is popular throughout much of North America. Methods vary, but among the most popular is called "spider rigging", a method characterized by a fisherman in a boat with many long [[fishing rod]]s pointing away from the angler at various angles like spokes from a wheel<ref name="in-fisherman">{{Cite web|title=Super Crappie Systems |url=http://www.in-fisherman.com/magazine/articles/if0403_Crappie/ |publisher=In-Fisherman|access-date=23 February 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061222232002/http://www.in-fisherman.com/magazine/articles/if0403_Crappie/ |archive-date = 22 December 2006}}</ref> (spider rigging is not permitted on some waters. In [[Minnesota]], for example, a fisherman may use only one rod during the open water season). Anglers who employ the spider rigging method may choose from among many popular baits, some of the most popular are plastic jigs with lead jigheads, [[crankbait]]s or live minnows.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fishingtipsdepot.com/crappie-fishing-tips.php |title=Crappie Fishing |work=Educational Fishing Information for Crappie |access-date=2013-07-24 }}</ref> Many anglers also [[chumming|chum]] or dump [[live food|live]] [[groundbait]] into the water to attract the fish to bite their bait. Crappies are also regularly targeted and caught during the spawning period by [[Fly fishing|fly fishermen]], and can be taken from frozen ponds and lakes in winter by ice fishing.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} |
[[Angling]] for crappie is popular throughout much of North America. Methods vary, but among the most popular is called "spider rigging", a method characterized by a fisherman in a boat with many long [[fishing rod]]s pointing away from the angler at various angles like spokes from a wheel<ref name="in-fisherman">{{Cite web|title=Super Crappie Systems |url=http://www.in-fisherman.com/magazine/articles/if0403_Crappie/ |publisher=In-Fisherman|access-date=23 February 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061222232002/http://www.in-fisherman.com/magazine/articles/if0403_Crappie/ |archive-date = 22 December 2006}}</ref> (spider rigging is not permitted on some waters. In [[Minnesota]], for example, a fisherman may use only one rod during the open water season). Anglers who employ the spider rigging method may choose from among many popular baits, some of the most popular are plastic jigs with lead jigheads, [[crankbait]]s or live minnows.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fishingtipsdepot.com/crappie-fishing-tips.php |title=Crappie Fishing |work=Educational Fishing Information for Crappie |access-date=2013-07-24 }}</ref> Many anglers also [[chumming|chum]] or dump [[live food|live]] [[groundbait]] into the water to attract the fish to bite their bait. Crappies are also regularly targeted and caught during the spawning period by [[Fly fishing|fly fishermen]], and can be taken from frozen ponds and lakes in winter by ice fishing.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} |
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===Conservation=== |
===Conservation=== |
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In 2023, apparel company Crappie Forever announced a promotion in which it would award prizes to those catching and releasing tagged crappie in certain Mississippi lakes, in order to further crappie conservation and enthusiasm for tournament fishing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clarionledger.com/story/sports/outdoors/2023/06/04/win-cash-or-prizes-in-mississippi-by-catching-a-tagged-crappie/70252588007/|date= |
In 2023, apparel company Crappie Forever announced a promotion in which it would award prizes to those catching and releasing tagged crappie in certain Mississippi lakes, in order to further crappie conservation and enthusiasm for tournament fishing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clarionledger.com/story/sports/outdoors/2023/06/04/win-cash-or-prizes-in-mississippi-by-catching-a-tagged-crappie/70252588007/|date=June 4, 2023|publisher=Clarion Ledger|title=Fishing: Catch a tagged crappie in Mississippi and it could be worth cash or prizes}}</ref> |
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===Commercial fishing=== |
===Commercial fishing=== |
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Before state fisheries departments began to implement more restrictive, conservation-minded regulations, a great number of crappies, especially in the [[Mississippi River]] states, were harvested commercially in the 19th and early 20th centuries. At one point, the annual crappie catch sold at fish markets in the United States was reported to be about {{convert|3|e6lb|MT}}.<ref>"Fisheries." ''The New International Encyclopedia''. 2nd ed. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1930.</ref> |
Before state fisheries departments began to implement more restrictive, conservation-minded regulations, a great number of crappies, especially in the [[Mississippi River]] states, were harvested commercially in the 19th and early 20th centuries. At one point, the annual crappie catch sold at fish markets in the United States was reported to be about {{convert|3|e6lb|MT}}.<ref>"Fisheries." ''The New International Encyclopedia''. 2nd ed. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1930.</ref> |
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A commercial fishery for crappies existed at [[Reelfoot Lake]] in [[Tennessee]] until 2003. It was one of the few commercial fisheries for crappies in recent decades.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reelfoot.com/commercial_crappie_fishing.htm|publisher=Reelfoot Outdoors|title=Commercial Crappie Fishing Stopped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528214453/https://www.reelfoot.com/commercial_crappie_fishing.htm|archive-date= |
A commercial fishery for crappies existed at [[Reelfoot Lake]] in [[Tennessee]] until 2003. It was one of the few commercial fisheries for crappies in recent decades.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reelfoot.com/commercial_crappie_fishing.htm|publisher=Reelfoot Outdoors|title=Commercial Crappie Fishing Stopped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528214453/https://www.reelfoot.com/commercial_crappie_fishing.htm|archive-date=May 28, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kentuckynewera.com/article_a5427c97-095d-5a32-b4af-5e1d75bcb38d.html|title=Change in Reelfoot crappie population has brought ban on commercial fishing|publisher=Kentucky New Era|date=June 23, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528214740/https://www.kentuckynewera.com/article_a5427c97-095d-5a32-b4af-5e1d75bcb38d.html|archive-date=May 28, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==Fishing records== |
==Fishing records== |
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According to the [[IGFA|International Game Fish Association]], the current all-tackle world records are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://igfa.org/member-services/world-record/common-name/Crappie,%20black|title=Crappie, black|publisher=International Game Fish Association|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://igfa.org/member-services/world-record/common-name/Crappie,%20white|title=Crappie, white|publisher=International Game Fish Association|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref> |
According to the [[IGFA|International Game Fish Association]], the current all-tackle world records are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://igfa.org/member-services/world-record/common-name/Crappie,%20black|title=Crappie, black|publisher=International Game Fish Association|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://igfa.org/member-services/world-record/common-name/Crappie,%20white|title=Crappie, white|publisher=International Game Fish Association|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref> |
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* Black crappie: {{convert|2.47|kg|lboz|abbr=on}}, caught by Lionel "Jam" Ferguson at Richeison Pond in Tennessee on |
* Black crappie: {{convert|2.47|kg|lboz|abbr=on}}, caught by Lionel "Jam" Ferguson at Richeison Pond in Tennessee on May 15, 2018<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://premierangler.com/looking-at-the-world-record-crappie-white-and-black/ |title=Looking At The World Record Crappie (White And Black) |date=28 March 2020 |publisher=Premier Angler |access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref> |
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* White crappie: {{convert|2.35|kg|lboz|abbr=on}}, caught by Fred Brigh at [[Enid Lake|Enid Dam]], Mississippi on |
* White crappie: {{convert|2.35|kg|lboz|abbr=on}}, caught by Fred Brigh at [[Enid Lake|Enid Dam]], Mississippi on July 31, 1957<ref name=":0" /> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Symbols: ~ | ¡ ¿ † ‡ ↔ ↑ ↓ • ¶ # ∞ ‹› «» ¤ ₳ ฿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ € ₠ ₣ ƒ ₴ ₭ ₤ ℳ ₥ ₦ № ₧ ₰ £ ៛ ₨ ₪ ৳ ₮ ₩ ¥ ♠ ♣ ♥ ♦ 𝄫 ♭ ♮ ♯ 𝄪 © ® ™
Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}}
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