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'''Jish''' ({{lang-ar|الجش}}; {{lang-he|גִ'שׁ, גּוּשׁ חָלָב}},<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/76/mode/1up 76 ]</ref><ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/225/mode/1up 225]</ref> '''Jish, Gush Halav''') is a [[local council (Israel)|local council]] in [[Upper Galilee]], located on the northeastern slopes of [[Mount Meron]], {{convert|13|km|mi}} north of [[Safed]], in [[Israel]]'s [[Northern District (Israel)|Northern District]].<ref name=Stern>{{cite news|title=Galilee villages launch campaign to attract Christian pilgrims|author=Yoav Stern|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=30 July 2007|access-date=2007-12-19|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/887800.html}}</ref> In {{Israel populations|Year}} |
'''Jish''' ({{lang-ar|الجش}}; {{lang-he|גִ'שׁ, גּוּשׁ חָלָב}},<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/76/mode/1up 76 ]</ref><ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/225/mode/1up 225]</ref> '''Jish, Gush Halav''') is a [[local council (Israel)|local council]] in [[Upper Galilee]], located on the northeastern slopes of [[Mount Meron]], {{convert|13|km|mi}} north of [[Safed]], in [[Israel]]'s [[Northern District (Israel)|Northern District]].<ref name=Stern>{{cite news|title=Galilee villages launch campaign to attract Christian pilgrims|author=Yoav Stern|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=30 July 2007|access-date=2007-12-19|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/887800.html}}</ref> In {{Israel populations|Year}} it had a population of {{Israel populations|Jish(gush Halav)}},{{Israel populations|reference}} which is predominantly [[Maronite Church|Maronite Catholic]] and [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite Greek Catholic]] [[Christians]] (63%), with a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]] Arab minority (about 35.7%).<ref name="YNET">YNET [http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3994394,00.html] ''On the slopes of a hill, at an elevation of 860 meters surrounded by cherry orchards, pears and apples, built houses, especially church building looks from afar. Number of inhabitants 3,000 divided by 55% Maronite Christian, 30% Greek Catholics and the rest are Muslims.''</ref><ref name="JishCouncil">{{cite web |url=http://www.jish.org.il/Odot/Pages/populations.aspx |title=Population |publisher=Jish local council |language=he |access-date=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185309/http://www.jish.org.il/Odot/Pages/populations.aspx |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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Jish is the ancient ''Giscala'' or ''Gush Halav'', first mentioned in the historical record by the [[History of the Jews in the Roman Empire|Roman-Jewish]] historian [[Josephus]], who described it as the home of [[John of Gischala|John of Giscala]] and the last city in the [[Galilee]] to fall to the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] during the [[First Jewish–Roman War]] (War 4:93).<ref name="Judaica590">''Encyclopedia Judaica,'' Jerusalem, 1978, "Giscala," vol. 7, 590</ref> Archeological excavations uncovered remains from the [[Canaan|Canaanite]] and [[Israelites|Israelite]] periods;<ref name="Judaica590" /> later archaeological finds in Jish include two ancient [[synagogues]], a unique [[mausoleum]] and [[Rock-cut tombs in ancient Israel|rock-cut tombs]] from the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] periods.<ref name="iaa27" /> Historical sources dating from the 10th-15th centuries describe Jish (''Gush Halav'') as a village with a strong [[Jews|Jewish]] presence.<ref name="iaa27" /> |
Jish is the ancient ''Giscala'' or ''Gush Halav'', first mentioned in the historical record by the [[History of the Jews in the Roman Empire|Roman-Jewish]] historian [[Josephus]], who described it as the home of [[John of Gischala|John of Giscala]] and the last city in the [[Galilee]] to fall to the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] during the [[First Jewish–Roman War]] (War 4:93).<ref name="Judaica590">''Encyclopedia Judaica,'' Jerusalem, 1978, "Giscala," vol. 7, 590</ref> Archeological excavations uncovered remains from the [[Canaan|Canaanite]] and [[Israelites|Israelite]] periods;<ref name="Judaica590" /> later archaeological finds in Jish include two ancient [[synagogues]], a unique [[mausoleum]] and [[Rock-cut tombs in ancient Israel|rock-cut tombs]] from the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] periods.<ref name="iaa27" /> Historical sources dating from the 10th-15th centuries describe Jish (''Gush Halav'') as a village with a strong [[Jews|Jewish]] presence.<ref name="iaa27" /> |
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In the early [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] era |
In the early [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] era Jish was wholly Muslim.<ref name="Hutteroth" /> In the 17th century, the village was inhabited by [[Druze]].<ref name="iaa27" /> In 1945, under [[Mandatory Palestine|British rule]], Jish had a population of 1,090 with an area of 12,602 dunams. It was largely depopulated during the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], but was resettled not only by the original inhabitants, who were largely [[Maronite]] Christians, but also by some Maronite Christians who were expelled from the razed villages of [[Kafr Bir'im]] and some Muslims who were expelled from [[Dallata]].<ref name="Morris508">Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA508 508]</ref><ref name="AramaicLaStampa">{{cite web|url=http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/inquiries-and-interviews/detail/articolo/aramaico-aramaic-arameo-8321/|title=The Aramaic language is being resurrected in Israel|publisher=Vatican Insider - [[La Stampa]]|date=24 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306041502/http://www.lastampa.it/2011/09/24/vaticaninsider/eng/inquiries-and-interviews/the-aramaic-language-is-being-resurrected-in-israel-pG9kbbBbAh76xMSb0vDD5J/pagina.html|archive-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> |
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In 2010, the population of Jish was 3,000.<ref name="AramaicLaStampa"/> |
In 2010, the population of Jish was 3,000.<ref name="AramaicLaStampa"/> |
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===Middle Ages=== |
===Middle Ages=== |
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Historical sources from the 10th to the 15th centuries describe it as a large Jewish village |
Historical sources from the 10th to the 15th centuries describe it as a large Jewish village<ref name="iaa27"/> and it is mentioned in the 10th century by Arab geographer [[Al-Muqaddasi]].<ref name="Al-Muqaddasi">{{cite book |author=Al-Muqaddasi |author-link=Al-Muqaddasi |title=Description of Syria |year=1885 |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028534265#page/n56/mode/1up |translator=Le Strange, Guy |page=32}}</ref> Jewish life in the 10th and 11th centuries is attested to by documents in the [[Cairo Geniza]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} In 1172, the Jewish traveler [[Benjamin of Tudela]] found about 20 Jews living there.<ref name=asher29>{{cite book | author = A. Asher | title = The Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela | volume = 1 | page = 82 | year = c. 1840 | publisher = Hakesheth | place = NY}} This passage is not present in the edition of {{cite book | author = M. N. Adler | title = The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela | year = 1907 | place = London | publisher = Oxford University Press | page = 29}}</ref> [[Ishtori Haparchi]] also attended a megilla reading when he visited in 1322.<ref name="el-Jish/Gush Halav"/>{{verify source|date=October 2011}} |
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===Ottoman Empire=== |
===Ottoman Empire=== |
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In the 17th century, the village had been inhabited by [[Druze]], but they later departed from it.<ref name=iaa27/> The Turkish traveler [[Evliya Çelebi]], who passed by the village in 1648, wrote:<blockquote>Then comes the village of Jish, with one hundred houses of accursed believers in the transmigration of souls (''tenāsukhi mezhebindén''). Yet what beautiful boys and girls they have! And what a climate! Every one of these girls has queenly, gazelle-like, bewitching eyes, which captivate the beholder—an unusual sight.<ref name="Celebi2">{{cite journal | title = Evliya Tshelebi's Travels in Palestine, II. | author = Stephan H. Stephan | author-link = Stephan Hanna Stephan| journal = The Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine | volume = 4 | year = 1935 | pages = [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.56294/2015.56294.Quarterly-Of-The-Department-Of-Antiquities-In-Palestine-Vol4#page/n286/mode/1up 154]–164}}</ref></blockquote> |
In the 17th century, the village had been inhabited by [[Druze]], but they later departed from it.<ref name=iaa27/> The Turkish traveler [[Evliya Çelebi]], who passed by the village in 1648, wrote:<blockquote>Then comes the village of Jish, with one hundred houses of accursed believers in the transmigration of souls (''tenāsukhi mezhebindén''). Yet what beautiful boys and girls they have! And what a climate! Every one of these girls has queenly, gazelle-like, bewitching eyes, which captivate the beholder—an unusual sight.<ref name="Celebi2">{{cite journal | title = Evliya Tshelebi's Travels in Palestine, II. | author = Stephan H. Stephan | author-link = Stephan Hanna Stephan| journal = The Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine | volume = 4 | year = 1935 | pages = [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.56294/2015.56294.Quarterly-Of-The-Department-Of-Antiquities-In-Palestine-Vol4#page/n286/mode/1up 154]–164}}</ref></blockquote> |
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According to [[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi]], [[Maronites]] first settled in Jish during the early 18th century. This may have happened as a result of the [[Battle of Ain Dara]] (1711), in which the [[Qays–Yaman rivalry|Qaysis defeated the Yamanis]] and drove many of them from [[Mount Lebanon]]. Ben-Zvi recorded a local tradition, according |
According to [[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi]], [[Maronites]] first settled in Jish during the early 18th century. This may have happened as a result of the [[Battle of Ain Dara]] (1711), in which the [[Qays–Yaman rivalry|Qaysis defeated the Yamanis]] and drove many of them from [[Mount Lebanon]]. Ben-Zvi recorded a local tradition, according which two families in the village preceded the Maronite immigration; One of them—the Hashouls, the oldest family in the village— were Maronites of Jewish ancestry and were originally known by the name Shaul.<ref>{{Cite book |last=בן-צבי |first=יצחק |title=שאר ישוב |publisher=[[Yad Ben Zvi]] יד בן צבי |year=1966 |edition=2nd |location=Jerusalem |pages=103–104 |language=he |trans-title=She'ar Yishuv - The Remnant of the Yishuv |author-link=Yitzhak Ben-Zvi}}</ref> |
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The [[Galilee earthquake of 1837]] caused widespread damage and over 200 deaths.<ref name="iaa27" /> Three weeks afterward, contemporaries reported "a large rent in the ground...about a foot wide and fifty feet long." All the Galilee villages that were badly damaged at the time, including Jish, were situated on the slopes of steep hills. The presence of old landslides has been observed on aerial photographs. The fact that the village was built on [[dip slope]]s consisting of soft bedrock and soil has made it more vulnerable to landslides.<ref name="earthquake">[http://zadok.org/research/1927/landslides.html Damage Caused By Landslides During the Earthquakes of 1837 and 1927 in the Galilee Region]</ref> According to [[Andrew Thomson (Broughton)|Andrew Thomson]], no houses in Jish were left standing. The church fell, killing 130 people |
The [[Galilee earthquake of 1837]] caused widespread damage and over 200 deaths.<ref name="iaa27" /> Three weeks afterward, contemporaries reported "a large rent in the ground...about a foot wide and fifty feet long." All the Galilee villages that were badly damaged at the time, including Jish, were situated on the slopes of steep hills. The presence of old landslides has been observed on aerial photographs. The fact that the village was built on [[dip slope]]s consisting of soft bedrock and soil has made it more vulnerable to landslides.<ref name="earthquake">[http://zadok.org/research/1927/landslides.html Damage Caused By Landslides During the Earthquakes of 1837 and 1927 in the Galilee Region]</ref> According to [[Andrew Thomson (Broughton)|Andrew Thomson]], no houses in Jish were left standing. The church fell, killing 130 people and the old town walls collapsed. A total of 235 people died and the ground was left fissured.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3. pp. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/368/mode/1up 368]-369</ref><ref name="earthquake" /> At the time, the village was noted as a mixed Muslim and [[Maronite]] village in the Safad district.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/134/mode/1up 134]</ref> |
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At the end of the 19th century, Jish was described as a "well-built village of good masonry" with about 600 Christian and 200 Muslim inhabitants.<ref name=Conder>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/198/mode/1up 198]</ref> |
At the end of the 19th century, Jish was described as a "well-built village of good masonry" with about 600 Christian and 200 Muslim inhabitants.<ref name=Conder>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/198/mode/1up 198]</ref> |
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