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Contents

   



(Top)
  


1 Relationship to Assiniboine  




2 Phonology  


2.1  Morley Dialect  




2.2  Alexis Dialect  






3 Writing system  




4 Word set (includes numbers)  




5 Phonetic differences from other Dakotan languages  




6 References  




7 External links  













Stoney language: Difference between revisions






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{{Short description|Siouan language spoken in Alberta, Canada}}

{{Infobox language

{{Infobox language

|name=Stoney

|name=Stoney

|nativename=''Nakoda'', ''Nakota'', ''Isga''

|nativename=''Nakoda'', ''Nakota'', ''Isga'', ''Îyethka Îabi'', ''Îyethka wîchoîe'', ''Isga Iʔabi''

|states=[[Canada]]

|states=[[Canada]]

|region=

|region=
Line 18: Line 19:

|map=Stoney lang.png

|map=Stoney lang.png

|mapcaption=The location of Stoney / Nakoda

|mapcaption=The location of Stoney / Nakoda

|map2=Lang Status 80-VU.svg

|mapcaption2={{center|{{small|Stoney is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}}}

}}

}}

{{Infobox ethnonym|root=[[Nakota]] / [[Nakoda people|Nakoda]] // Îyârhe<ref>{{cite web |title=Mountain |url=https://dictionary.stoneynakoda.org/#/E/mountain |website=Stoney Nakoda Dictionary Online |publisher=Stoney Education Authority |access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref><br/><small>"ally / friend" // "mountain"</small>|person=Îyethka<ref>{{cite web |title=Stoney Nakoda |url=https://dictionary.stoneynakoda.org/#/E/stoney%20nakoda |website=Stoney Nakoda Dictionary Online |publisher=Stoney Education Authority |access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref>|people=[[Stoney First Nation|Îyethkabi]]<br/>(Îyethka Oyade)|language=[[Stoney language|Îyethka Îabi / wîchoîe]]<br/>[[Plains Indian Sign Language|Îyethka Wowîhâ]]<ref>{{cite web |title=wowîhâ |url=https://dictionary.stoneynakoda.org/#/L/wow%C3%AEh%C3%A2 |website=Stoney Nakoda Dictionary Online |publisher=Stoney Education Authority |access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref>|country=Îyethka Makóce}}


'''Stoney'''—also called '''Nakota''', '''Nakoda''', '''Isga''', and formerly '''Alberta Assiniboine'''—is a member of the Dakota subgroup of the Mississippi Valley grouping of the [[Siouan languages]].<ref name="Parks2001">{{cite book |last1= Parks|first1= Douglas R. |author2=Rankin, Robert L. |year=2001|chapter= Siouan languages|editor1-last= DeMaille |editor1-first= Raymond J. |editor2-last= Sturtevant|editor2-first= William C. |title= Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 13: Plains|publisher= Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution|pages= 94–114}}</ref> The Dakotan languages constitute a dialect continuum consisting of Santee-Sisseton ([[Dakota language|Dakota]]), Yankton-Yanktonai ([[Dakota language|Dakota]]), Teton ([[Lakota language|Lakota]]), [[Assiniboine language|Assiniboine]], and Stoney.<ref name="Parks1992">{{Cite journal|last1=Parks|first1=Douglas R.|last2=DeMallie|first2=Raymond J.|date=1992|title=Sioux, Assiniboine, and Stoney Dialects: A Classification|jstor=30028376|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|volume=34|issue=1/4|pages=233–255}}</ref>

'''Stoney'''—also called '''Nakota''', '''Nakoda''', '''Isga''', and formerly '''Alberta Assiniboine'''—is a member of the Dakota subgroup of the Mississippi Valley grouping of the [[Siouan languages]].<ref name="Parks2001">{{cite book |last1= Parks|first1= Douglas R. |author2=Rankin, Robert L. |year=2001|chapter= Siouan languages|editor1-last= DeMaille |editor1-first= Raymond J. |editor2-last= Sturtevant|editor2-first= William C. |title= Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 13: Plains|publisher= Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution|pages= 94–114}}</ref> The Dakotan languages constitute a dialect continuum consisting of Santee-Sisseton ([[Dakota language|Dakota]]), Yankton-Yanktonai ([[Dakota language|Dakota]]), Teton ([[Lakota language|Lakota]]), [[Assiniboine language|Assiniboine]], and Stoney.<ref name="Parks1992">{{Cite journal |last1=Parks |first1=Douglas R. |last2=DeMallie |first2=Raymond J. |date=1992 |title=Sioux, Assiniboine, and Stoney Dialects: A Classification |jstor=30028376 |journal=Anthropological Linguistics |volume=34 |issue=1/4 |pages=233–255}}</ref>


Stoney is the most linguistically divergent of the Dakotan dialects<ref>{{cite journal|last=Taylor |first= Alan R. |year=1981|title=Variation in Canadian Assiniboine |journal=Siouan and Caddoan Linguistics Newsletter}}</ref> and has been described as “on the verge of becoming a separate language”. The Stoneys are the only Siouan people that live entirely in Canada,<ref name="Parks1992"/> and the Stoney language is spoken by five groups in Alberta.<ref>{{cite book |last= Andersen|first= Raoul R. |date= 1968|title= An inquiry into the political and economic structures of the Alexis band of Wood Stoney Indians, 1880-1964 |publisher= Columbia: University of Missouri PhD dissertation}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Taylor |first= Alan R. |year=1981|title=Variation in Canadian Assiniboine |journal=Siouan and Caddoan Linguistics Newsletter}}</ref> No official language survey has been undertaken for every community where Stoney is spoken, but the language may be spoken by as many as a few thousand people, primarily at the Morley community.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Cook|first1= Eung-Do |author2=Owens, Camille C. |year=1991|title=Conservative and innovative features in Alexis Stoney |journal=Papers from the American Indian Languages Conferences Held at the University of California, Santa Cruz, July and August 1991. |pages= 135–146}}</ref>

Stoney is the most linguistically divergent of the Dakotan dialects<ref name="Taylor 1981">{{cite journal|last=Taylor |first= Alan R. |year=1981|title=Variation in Canadian Assiniboine |journal=Siouan and Caddoan Linguistics Newsletter}}</ref> and has been described as "on the verge of becoming a separate language."{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Ullrich considers Stoney and Assiniboine distinct languages, saying "The Nakoda language spoken by the Assiniboine is not intelligible to Lakota and Dakota speakers, unless they have been exposed to it extensively. The Stoney form of the Nakoda language is completely unintelligible to Lakota and Dakota speakers. As such, the two Nakoda languages cannot be considered dialects of the Lakota and Dakota language."<ref name="Ullrich">{{cite book |last=Ullrich |first=Jan |title=New Lakota Dictionary (Incorporating the Dakota Dialects of Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton) |publisher=Lakota Language Consortium |year=2008 |pages=2, 4 |isbn=978-0-9761082-9-0}}</ref> The [[Nakoda people|Stoneys]] are the only Siouan people that live entirely in Canada,<ref name="Parks1992"/> and the Stoney language is spoken by five groups in Alberta.<ref>{{cite thesis |last= Andersen |first= Raoul R. |date= 1968 |title=An inquiry into the political and economic structures of the Alexis band of Wood Stoney Indians, 1880-1964 |location=Columbia |publisher=University of Missouri |type=PhD dissertation}}</ref><ref name="Taylor 1981"/> No official language survey has been undertaken for every community where Stoney is spoken, but the language may be spoken by as many as a few thousand people, primarily at the Morley community.<ref name="Conservative and innovative feature">{{cite book |last1=Cook |first1=Eung-Do |last2=Owens |first2=Camille C. |year=1991 |chapter=Conservative and innovative features in Alexis Stoney |title=Papers from the American Indian Languages Conferences Held at the University of California, Santa Cruz, July and August 1991 |pages= 135–146 |location=Carbondale |publisher=Southern Illinois University}}</ref>


==Relationship to Assiniboine==

==Relationship to Assiniboine==

Stoney’s closest linguistic relative is [[Assiniboine language|Assiniboine]].<ref>{{cite book |last1= DeMallie|first1= Raymond |author2=Miller, David Reed |year=2001|chapter= Assiniboine|editor1-last= DeMaille |editor1-first= Raymond J. |editor2-last= Sturtevant|editor2-first= William C. |title= Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 13: Plains|publisher= Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution|pages= 572–595}}</ref> The two have often been confused with each other due to their close historical and linguistic relationship, but they are not mutually intelligible.<ref name="Parks2001"/> Stoney either developed from Assiniboine, or both Stoney and Assiniboine developed from a common ancestor language.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Cook|first1= Eung-Do |author2=Owens, Camille C. |year=1991|title=Conservative and innovative features in Alexis Stoney |journal=Papers from the American Indian Languages Conferences Held at the University of California, Santa Cruz, July and August 1991. |pages= 135–146}}</ref><ref name="Erdman1997"/>

Stoney's closest linguistic relative is [[Assiniboine language|Assiniboine]].<ref>{{cite book |last1= DeMallie |first1= Raymond |last2=Miller |first2=David Reed |year=2001 |chapter=Assiniboine |editor1-last=DeMaille |editor1-first=Raymond J. |editor2-last=Sturtevant |editor2-first= William C. |title= Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 13: Plains |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |pages=572–595}}</ref> The two have often been confused with each other due to their close historical and linguistic relationship, but they are not mutually intelligible.<ref name="Parks2001"/> Stoney either developed from Assiniboine, or both Stoney and Assiniboine developed from a common ancestor language.<ref name="Conservative and innovative feature"/><ref name="Erdman1997"/>


==Phonology==

==Phonology==

Very little linguistic documentation and descriptive research has been done on Stoney. However, Stoney varieties demonstrate broad phonological similarity with some important divergences.

Very little linguistic documentation and descriptive research has been done on Stoney. However, Stoney varieties demonstrate broad phonological similarity with some important divergences.

===Morley Dialect===


For example, the following phonemes are reportedly found in Morley Stoney, spoken on the Morley Reserve:

For example, the following phonemes are reportedly found in Morley Stoney, spoken on the Morley Reserve:


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; "

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Morley Stoney consonants<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last= Bellam|first= Ernest Jay |date= 1975|title= Studies in Stoney phonology and morphology |publisher= Calgary: University of Calgary MA thesis}}</ref>

|+ Morley Stoney consonants<ref name=":0">{{cite thesis |last=Bellam |first=Ernest Jay |date=1975 |title=Studies in Stoney phonology and morphology |location=Calgary |publisher=University of Calgary |degree=MA}}</ref>

|-

|-

! colspan="2" |

!

!

! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]

! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]

! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]

! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]

![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]

! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]

! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]

! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]

! [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]

! [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]

! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]

! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]

|-

|-

! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]

! rowspan="2" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]/<br />[[Affricate]]

!<small>voiceless</small>

! <small>voiceless</small>

| {{IPA link|p}} {{angle bracket|p}}

| p ||t

| {{IPA link|t}} {{angle bracket|t}}

| || k || ||

| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} {{angle bracket|ch}}

| {{IPA link|k}} {{angle bracket|k}}

|

|

|-

|-

![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]

! <small>voiced</small>

| {{IPA link|b}} {{angle bracket|b}}

|b

| {{IPA link|d}} {{angle bracket|d}}

|d

| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} {{angle bracket|j}}

|

| {{IPA link|ɡ}} {{angle bracket|g}}

|g

|

|

|

|

|-

|-

! rowspan="2" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]

! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]

!<small>voiceless</small>

! <small>voiceless</small>

| ||

|

| {{IPA link|s}} {{angle bracket|s}}

| t͡ʃ|| || ||

| {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{angle bracket|sh}}

|-

![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]

|

|

| {{IPA link|ħ}} {{angle bracket|rh}}

|

| {{IPA link|h}} {{angle bracket|h}}

|d͡ʒ

|

|

|

|-

! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]

!<small>voiceless</small>

| ||| s

| ʃ|| || ħ || h

|-

|-

![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]

! <small>voiced</small>

|

|z

|ʒ

|

|ʕ

|

|

| {{IPA link|z}} {{angle bracket|z}}

| {{IPA link|ʒ}} {{angle bracket|zh}}

|

| {{IPA link|ʕ}} {{angle bracket|r}}

|

|-

|-

! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]

! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]

| {{IPA link|m}} {{angle bracket|m}}

| m || n

| {{IPA link|n}} {{angle bracket|n}}

| || || ||

|

|

|

|

|-

|-

! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]

! colspan="2" | [[Semivowel]]

| {{IPA link|w}} {{angle bracket|w}}

| w ||

|

|j|| || ||

| {{IPA link|j}} {{angle bracket|y}}

|

|

|

|}

|}


Line 110: Line 118:

|}

|}


===Alexis Dialect===

For comparison, these phonemes reportedly characterize the Stoney spoken at Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation, which maintains the common Siouan three-way contrast<ref>{{cite book |last1= Parks|first1= Douglas R. |author2=Rankin, Robert L. |year=2001|chapter= Siouan languages|editor1-last= DeMaille |editor1-first= Raymond J. |editor2-last= Sturtevant|editor2-first= William C. |title= Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 13: Plains|publisher= Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution|pages= 94–114}}</ref> between plain, aspirated, and ejective stops:

For comparison, these phonemes reportedly characterize the Stoney spoken at Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation, which maintains the common Siouan three-way contrast<ref name="Parks2001"/> between plain, aspirated, and ejective stops:


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; "

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; "

|+ Alexis Stoney consonants<ref name="Erdman1997"/>

|+ Alexis Stoney consonants<ref name="Erdman1997"/>

|-

|-

! colspan="2" |

!

! Bilabial

![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]

! Dental

![[Dental consonant|Dental]]

! Palatal

![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]

! Velar

![[Velar consonant|Velar]]

! Glottal

![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]

|-

|-

! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]

! Stops

! <small>plain</small>

| p, pʰ, pʼ || t, tʰ, tʼ || || k, kʰ, kʼ ||ʔ

| {{IPA link|p}} {{angle bracket|b}}

| {{IPA link|t}} {{angle bracket|d}}

| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} {{angle bracket|j}}

| {{IPA link|k}} {{angle bracket|g}}

| rowspan="3" | {{IPA link|ʔ}} {{angle bracket|ʔ}}

|-

|-

! <small>aspirated</small>

! Affricates

| {{IPA link|pʰ}} {{angle bracket|p}}

|||||| t͡ʃ, t͡ʃʰ, t͡ʃʼ ||||

| {{IPA link|tʰ}} {{angle bracket|t}}

| {{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}} {{angle bracket|c}}

| {{IPA link|kʰ}} {{angle bracket|k}}

|-

|-

! <small>ejective</small>

! Fricatives

| {{IPA link|pʼ}} {{angle bracket|p'}}

|| || s, z || ʃ, ʒ || x, ɣ || h

| {{IPA link|tʼ}} {{angle bracket|t'}}

| {{IPA link|t͡ʃʼ}} {{angle bracket|c'}}

| {{IPA link|kʼ}} {{angle bracket|k'}}

|-

|-

! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]

! Nasals

! <small>voiceless</small>

| m || n || ||||

|

| {{IPA link|s}} ~ {{IPA link|θ}} {{angle bracket|s}}

| {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{angle bracket|sh}}

| {{IPA link|x}} {{angle bracket|x}}

| {{IPA link|h}} {{angle bracket|h}}

|-

! <small>voiced</small>

|

| {{IPA link|z}} ~ {{IPA link|ð}} {{angle bracket|z}}

| {{IPA link|ʒ}} {{angle bracket|zh}}

| {{IPA link|ɣ}} {{angle bracket|r}}

|

|-

|-

! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]

! Glides

| {{IPA link|m}} {{angle bracket|m}}

| w |||||j||||

| {{IPA link|n}} {{angle bracket|n}}

|

|

|

|-

! colspan="2" | [[Semivowel]]

| {{IPA link|w}} {{angle bracket|w}}

|

| {{IPA link|j}} {{angle bracket|y}}

|

|

|}

|}


Notice that Alexis Stoney, for example, has innovated contrastive vowel length, which is not found in other Dakotan dialects.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Cook|first1= Eung-Do |author2=Owens, Camille C. |year=1991|title=Conservative and innovative features in Alexis Stoney |journal=Papers from the American Indian Languages Conferences Held at the University of California, Santa Cruz, July and August 1991 |pages= 135–146}}</ref> Alexis Stoney also has long and nasal mid vowels:<ref name="Erdman1997">{{cite book |last= Erdman|first= Corrie Lee Rhyasen |date= 1997|title= Stress in Stoney |publisher= Calgary: University of Calgary MA thesis}}</ref>

Notice that Alexis Stoney, for example, has innovated contrastive vowel length, which is not found in other Dakotan dialects.<ref name="Conservative and innovative feature" /> Alexis Stoney also has long and nasal mid vowels:<ref name="Erdman1997">{{cite thesis |last=Erdman |first=Corrie Lee Rhyasen |date=1997 |title=Stress in Stoney |location=Calgary |publisher=University of Calgary |degree=MA}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; "

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; "
Line 149: Line 193:

|-

|-

! High

! High

| i, ī, ĩ |||| u, ū, ũ

| i, iː, ĩ || || u, uː, ũ

|-

|-

! Mid

! Mid

|e, ē, ẽ |||| o, ō, õ

|e, eː, ẽ || || o, oː, õ

|-

|-

! Low

! Low

| || a, ā, ã ||

| || a, aː, ã ||

|}

|}


==Writing system==

==Writing system==

{|class="wikitable"

|+ Stoney alphabet (Stoney Nakoda First Nation)

| a || â || b || ch || d

| e || g || h || i || î

| j || k || m || n || o

| p || r || rh || s

|sh|| t|| u || û || w || y

| z

|zh

|}



{|class="wikitable"

{|class="wikitable"

|+ Stoney alphabet (Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation)

|+ Stoney alphabet (Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation)
Line 168: Line 226:

| r || s || sh || t || t'

| r || s || sh || t || t'

| u || û || uu || w || x

| u || û || uu || w || x

| y || z || zh || ?

| y || z || zh || ʔ

|}

|}


== Word Set (includes numbers) ==

== Word set (includes numbers) ==


* One — Wazhi

* One — {{Lang|sto|Wazhi}}

* Two — Nûm

* Two — {{Lang|sto|Nûm}}

* Three — Yamnî

* Three — {{Lang|sto|Yamnî}}

* Four — Ktusa

* Four — {{Lang|sto|Ktusa}}

* Five — Zaptâ

* Five — {{Lang|sto|Zaptâ}}

* Man — Wîca

* Man — {{Lang|sto|Wîca}}

* Woman — Wîyâ

* Woman — {{Lang|sto|Wîyâ}}

* Sun — Wa

* Sun — {{Lang|sto|Wa}}

* Moon — Hâwi

* Moon — {{Lang|sto|Hâwi}}

* Water — Mini

* Water — {{Lang|sto|Mini}}


== Phonetic differences from other Dakotan languages ==

== Phonetic differences from other Dakotan languages ==

The following table shows some of the main phonetic differences between Stoney, [[Assiniboine language|Assiniboine]], and the three dialects ([[Lakota language|Lakota]], [[Dakota language|Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton]]) of [[Sioux language|Sioux]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Ullrich | first = Jan | title = New Lakota Dictionary (Incorporating the Dakota Dialects of Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton) | publisher = Lakota Language Consortium |year=2008 | pages = 4 | isbn = 978-0-9761082-9-0}} To be precise, Ullrich states that Stoney "is completely unintelligible to Lakota and Dakota speakers", while Assiniboine is not comprehensible to them, "unless they have been exposed to it extensively" (p. 2).</ref><ref name="Parks1992"/>

The following table shows some of the main phonetic differences between Stoney, [[Assiniboine language|Assiniboine]], and the three dialects ([[Lakota language|Lakota]], [[Dakota language|Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton]]) of [[Sioux language|Sioux]].<ref name="Ullrich"/><ref name="Parks1992"/>


{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

! align="center" colspan="5" width="90"|[[Sioux language|Sioux]]

! align="center" colspan="5" width="90"|[[Sioux language|Sioux]]

!align="center" colspan="1" width="90"|[[Assiniboine language|Assiniboine]]

!colspan="2" align="center" width="90" |[[Nakota]]

! align="center" colspan="1" width="90"|Stoney

! align="center" colspan="1" width="90"|

! align="center" colspan="1" width="90"|

|-

|-
Line 196: Line 253:

! align="center" colspan="2" width="180"|[[Dakota language#Dialects|Western Dakota]]

! align="center" colspan="2" width="180"|[[Dakota language#Dialects|Western Dakota]]

! align="center" colspan="2" width="180"|[[Dakota language#Dialects|Eastern Dakota]]

! align="center" colspan="2" width="180"|[[Dakota language#Dialects|Eastern Dakota]]

! align="center" colspan="1" width="90"|

! align="center" colspan="1" width="90"|[[Assiniboine language|Assinibione]]

! align="center" colspan="1" width="90"|

! align="center" colspan="1" width="90"|Stoney

! align="center" colspan="1" width="90"|gloss

! align="center" colspan="1" width="90"|gloss

|-

|-
Line 209: Line 266:

! align="center"|

! align="center"|

|-

|-

| align="center"|Lakȟóta

| align="center"|{{Lang|lkt|Lakȟóta}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|Dakȟóta

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|Dakȟóta}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|Dakhóta

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|Dakhóta}}

| align="center"|Nakhóta

| align="center"|{{Lang|asb|Nakhóta}}

| align="center"|Nakhóda

| align="center"|{{Lang|sto|Nakhóda}}

| align="center"|''self-designation''

| align="center"|self-designation

|-

|-

| align="center"|lowáŋ

| align="center"|{{Lang|lkt|lowáŋ}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|dowáŋ

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|dowáŋ}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|dowáŋ

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|dowáŋ}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|nowáŋ

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|asb|nowáŋ}}

| align="center"|to sing

| align="center"|'to sing'

|-

|-

| align="center"|ló

| align="center"|{{Lang|lkt|ló}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|dó

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|dó}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|dó

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|dó}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|nó

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|asb|nó}}

| align="center"|assertion

| align="center"|'assertion'

|-

|-

| align="center"|čísčila

| align="center"|{{Lang|lkt|čísčila}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|čísčina

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|čísčina}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|čístina

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|čístina}}

| align="center"|čúsina

| align="center"|{{Lang|asb|čúsina}}

| align="center"|čúsin

| align="center"|{{Lang|sto|čúsin}}

| align="center"|small

| align="center"|'small'

|-

|-

| align="center"|hokšíla

| align="center"|{{Lang|lkt|hokšíla}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|hokšína

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|hokšína}}

| align="center"|hokšína

| align="center"|{{Lang|dak|hokšína}}

| align="center"|hokšída

| align="center"|{{Lang|dak|hokšída}}

| align="center" |hokšína

| align="center" |{{Lang|asb|hokšína}}

| align="center" |hokšín

| align="center" |{{Lang|sto|hokšín}}

| align="center"|boy

| align="center"|'boy'

|-

|-

| align="center"|gnayáŋ

| align="center"|{{Lang|lkt|gnayáŋ}}

| align="center"|gnayáŋ

| align="center"|{{Lang|dak|gnayáŋ}}

| align="center"|knayáŋ

| align="center"|{{Lang|dak|knayáŋ}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|hnayáŋ

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|hnayáŋ}}

| align="center" |knayáŋ

| align="center" |{{Lang|asb|knayáŋ}}

| align="center" |hna

| align="center" |{{Lang|sto|hna}}

| align="center"|to deceive

| align="center"|'to deceive'

|-

|-

| align="center"|glépa

| align="center"|{{Lang|lkt|glépa}}

| align="center"|gdépa

| align="center"|{{Lang|dak|gdépa}}

| align="center"|kdépa

| align="center"|{{Lang|dak|kdépa}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|hdépa

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|hdépa}}

| align="center" |knépa

| align="center" |{{Lang|asb|knépa}}

| align="center" |hnéba

| align="center" |{{Lang|sto|hnéba}}

| align="center"|to vomit

| align="center"|'to vomit'

|-

|-

| align="center"|kigná

| align="center"|{{Lang|lkt|kigná}}

| align="center"|kigná

| align="center"|{{Lang|dak|kigná}}

| align="center"|kikná

| align="center"|{{Lang|dak|kikná}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|kihná

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|kihná}}

| align="center" |kikná

| align="center" |{{Lang|asb|kikná}}

| align="center" |gihná

| align="center" |{{Lang|sto|gihná}}

| align="center"|to soothe

| align="center"|'to soothe'

|-

|-

| align="center"|slayá

| align="center"|{{Lang|lkt|slayá}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|sdayá

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|sdayá}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|sdayá

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|sdayá}}

| align="center" |snayá

| align="center" |{{Lang|asb|snayá}}

| align="center" |snayá

| align="center" |{{Lang|sto|snayá}}

| align="center"|to grease

| align="center"|'to grease'

|-

|-

| align="center"|wičháša

| align="center"|{{Lang|lkt|wičháša}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|wičháša

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|wičháša}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|wičhášta

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|wičhášta}}

| align="center" |wičhášta

| align="center" |{{Lang|asb|wičhášta}}

| align="center" |wičhá

| align="center" |{{Lang|sto|wičhá}}

| align="center"|man

| align="center"|'man'

|-

|-

| align="center"|kibléza

| align="center"|{{Lang|lkt|kibléza}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|kibdéza

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|kibdéza}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|kibdéza

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|kibdéza}}

| align="center" |kimnéza

| align="center" |{{Lang|asb|kimnéza}}

| align="center" |gimnéza

| align="center" |{{Lang|sto|gimnéza}}

| align="center"|to sober up

| align="center"|'to sober up'

|-

|-

| align="center"|yatkáŋ

| align="center"|{{Lang|lkt|yatkáŋ}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|yatkáŋ

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|yatkáŋ}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|yatkáŋ

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|yatkáŋ}}

| align="center" |yatkáŋ

| align="center" |{{Lang|asb|yatkáŋ}}

| align="center" |yatkáŋ

| align="center" |{{Lang|sto|yatkáŋ}}

| align="center"|to drink

| align="center"|'to drink'

|-

|-

| align="center"|hé

| align="center"|{{Lang|lkt|hé}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|hé

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|hé}}

| align="center" colspan="2"|hé

| align="center" colspan="2"|{{Lang|dak|hé}}

| align="center" |žé

| align="center" |{{Lang|asb|žé}}

| align="center" |žé

| align="center" |{{Lang|sto|žé}}

| align="center"|that

| align="center"|'that'

|}

|}


Latest revision as of 05:09, 5 July 2024

Stoney
Nakoda, Nakota, Isga, Îyethka Îabi, Îyethka wîchoîe, Isga Iʔabi
Native toCanada
EthnicityNakota: Stoney

Native speakers

3,025 (2016)[1]

Language family

Siouan

Language codes
ISO 639-3sto
Glottologston1242
ELPStoney

The location of Stoney / Nakoda

Stoney is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
Nakota / Nakoda // Îyârhe[2]
"ally / friend" // "mountain"
PersonÎyethka[3]
PeopleÎyethkabi
(Îyethka Oyade)
LanguageÎyethka Îabi / wîchoîe
Îyethka Wowîhâ[4]
CountryÎyethka Makóce

Stoney—also called Nakota, Nakoda, Isga, and formerly Alberta Assiniboine—is a member of the Dakota subgroup of the Mississippi Valley grouping of the Siouan languages.[5] The Dakotan languages constitute a dialect continuum consisting of Santee-Sisseton (Dakota), Yankton-Yanktonai (Dakota), Teton (Lakota), Assiniboine, and Stoney.[6]

Stoney is the most linguistically divergent of the Dakotan dialects[7] and has been described as "on the verge of becoming a separate language."[citation needed] Ullrich considers Stoney and Assiniboine distinct languages, saying "The Nakoda language spoken by the Assiniboine is not intelligible to Lakota and Dakota speakers, unless they have been exposed to it extensively. The Stoney form of the Nakoda language is completely unintelligible to Lakota and Dakota speakers. As such, the two Nakoda languages cannot be considered dialects of the Lakota and Dakota language."[8] The Stoneys are the only Siouan people that live entirely in Canada,[6] and the Stoney language is spoken by five groups in Alberta.[9][7] No official language survey has been undertaken for every community where Stoney is spoken, but the language may be spoken by as many as a few thousand people, primarily at the Morley community.[10]

Relationship to Assiniboine[edit]

Stoney's closest linguistic relative is Assiniboine.[11] The two have often been confused with each other due to their close historical and linguistic relationship, but they are not mutually intelligible.[5] Stoney either developed from Assiniboine, or both Stoney and Assiniboine developed from a common ancestor language.[10][12]

Phonology[edit]

Very little linguistic documentation and descriptive research has been done on Stoney. However, Stoney varieties demonstrate broad phonological similarity with some important divergences.

Morley Dialect[edit]

For example, the following phonemes are reportedly found in Morley Stoney, spoken on the Morley Reserve:

Morley Stoney consonants[13]
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Pharyngeal Glottal
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ k ⟨k⟩
voiced b ⟨b⟩ d ⟨d⟩ d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩ ɡ ⟨g⟩
Fricative voiceless s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨sh⟩ ħ ⟨rh⟩ h ⟨h⟩
voiced z ⟨z⟩ ʒ ⟨zh⟩ ʕ ⟨r⟩
Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
Semivowel w ⟨w⟩ j ⟨y⟩
Morley Stoney vowels[13]
Front Central Back
High i, ĩ u, ũ
Mid e o
Low a, ã

Alexis Dialect[edit]

For comparison, these phonemes reportedly characterize the Stoney spoken at Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation, which maintains the common Siouan three-way contrast[5] between plain, aspirated, and ejective stops:

Alexis Stoney consonants[12]
Bilabial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive/
Affricate 		plain p ⟨b⟩ t ⟨d⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨j⟩ k ⟨g⟩ ʔ ⟨ʔ⟩
aspirated pʰ ⟨p⟩ tʰ ⟨t⟩ t͡ʃʰ ⟨c⟩ kʰ ⟨k⟩
ejective pʼ ⟨p'⟩ tʼ ⟨t'⟩ t͡ʃʼ ⟨c'⟩ kʼ ⟨k'⟩
Fricative voiceless s ~ θ ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨sh⟩ x ⟨x⟩ h ⟨h⟩
voiced z ~ ð ⟨z⟩ ʒ ⟨zh⟩ ɣ ⟨r⟩
Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
Semivowel w ⟨w⟩ j ⟨y⟩

Notice that Alexis Stoney, for example, has innovated contrastive vowel length, which is not found in other Dakotan dialects.[10] Alexis Stoney also has long and nasal mid vowels:[12]

Alexis Stoney vowels[12]
Front Central Back
High i, iː, ĩ u, uː, ũ
Mid e, eː, ẽ o, oː, õ
Low a, aː, ã

Writing system[edit]

Stoney alphabet (Stoney Nakoda First Nation)
a â b ch d e g h i î j k m n o p r rh s sh t u û w y z zh


Stoney alphabet (Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation)
a â aa b c c' d e ê ee g h i î ii j k k' m n o ô oo p p' r s sh t t' u û uu w x y z zh ʔ

Word set (includes numbers)[edit]

Phonetic differences from other Dakotan languages[edit]

The following table shows some of the main phonetic differences between Stoney, Assiniboine, and the three dialects (Lakota, Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton) of Sioux.[8][6]

Sioux Nakota
Lakota Western Dakota Eastern Dakota Assinibione Stoney gloss
Yanktonai Yankton Sisseton Santee
Lakȟóta Dakȟóta Dakhóta Nakhóta Nakhóda self-designation
lowáŋ dowáŋ dowáŋ nowáŋ 'to sing'
ló dó dó nó 'assertion'
čísčila čísčina čístina čúsina čúsin 'small'
hokšíla hokšína hokšína hokšída hokšína hokšín 'boy'
gnayáŋ gnayáŋ knayáŋ hnayáŋ knayáŋ hna 'to deceive'
glépa gdépa kdépa hdépa knépa hnéba 'to vomit'
kigná kigná kikná kihná kikná gihná 'to soothe'
slayá sdayá sdayá snayá snayá 'to grease'
wičháša wičháša wičhášta wičhášta wičhá 'man'
kibléza kibdéza kibdéza kimnéza gimnéza 'to sober up'
yatkáŋ yatkáŋ yatkáŋ yatkáŋ yatkáŋ 'to drink'
hé hé hé žé žé 'that'

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Census Profile, 2016 Census". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  • ^ "Mountain". Stoney Nakoda Dictionary Online. Stoney Education Authority. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  • ^ "Stoney Nakoda". Stoney Nakoda Dictionary Online. Stoney Education Authority. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  • ^ "wowîhâ". Stoney Nakoda Dictionary Online. Stoney Education Authority. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  • ^ a b c Parks, Douglas R.; Rankin, Robert L. (2001). "Siouan languages". In DeMaille, Raymond J.; Sturtevant, William C. (eds.). Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 13: Plains. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 94–114.
  • ^ a b c Parks, Douglas R.; DeMallie, Raymond J. (1992). "Sioux, Assiniboine, and Stoney Dialects: A Classification". Anthropological Linguistics. 34 (1/4): 233–255. JSTOR 30028376.
  • ^ a b Taylor, Alan R. (1981). "Variation in Canadian Assiniboine". Siouan and Caddoan Linguistics Newsletter.
  • ^ a b Ullrich, Jan (2008). New Lakota Dictionary (Incorporating the Dakota Dialects of Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton). Lakota Language Consortium. pp. 2, 4. ISBN 978-0-9761082-9-0.
  • ^ Andersen, Raoul R. (1968). An inquiry into the political and economic structures of the Alexis band of Wood Stoney Indians, 1880-1964 (PhD dissertation). Columbia: University of Missouri.
  • ^ a b c Cook, Eung-Do; Owens, Camille C. (1991). "Conservative and innovative features in Alexis Stoney". Papers from the American Indian Languages Conferences Held at the University of California, Santa Cruz, July and August 1991. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University. pp. 135–146.
  • ^ DeMallie, Raymond; Miller, David Reed (2001). "Assiniboine". In DeMaille, Raymond J.; Sturtevant, William C. (eds.). Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 13: Plains. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 572–595.
  • ^ a b c d Erdman, Corrie Lee Rhyasen (1997). Stress in Stoney (MA thesis). Calgary: University of Calgary.
  • ^ a b Bellam, Ernest Jay (1975). Studies in Stoney phonology and morphology (MA thesis). Calgary: University of Calgary.

    • External links[edit]

    Stoney language testofWikipediaatWikimedia Incubator

    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stoney_language&oldid=1232707254"
    Categories: 
    ●Indigenous languages of the North American Plains
     ●First Nations languages in Canada
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     ●Indigenous languages of Montana
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