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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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The white tern was first [[Species description|formally described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Anders Sparrman]] in 1786 under the binomial name ''Sterna alba''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Sparrman | first=Anders | author-link=Anders Sparrman | year=1786–1789 | title=Museum Carlsonianum, in quo novas et selectas aves, coloribus ad vivum brevique descriptiones illustratas | volume=fasc. 1 | place=Holmiae | publisher=Ex Typographia Regia | language=la | at=Plate 11 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41149055 }}</ref> The genus ''Gygis'' was introduced by the German zoologist [[Johann Georg Wagler]] in 1832.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Wagler | first=Johann Georg | author-link=Johann Georg Wagler | year=1832 | title=Neue Cippen und Gattugen der Caugthiere und Vögel | journal=Isis von Oken | at=Column 1223 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26455531 | language=de, la }}</ref> The name ''Gygis'' is from the [[Ancient Greek]] |
The white tern was first [[Species description|formally described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Anders Sparrman]] in 1786 under the binomial name ''Sterna alba''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Sparrman | first=Anders | author-link=Anders Sparrman | year=1786–1789 | title=Museum Carlsonianum, in quo novas et selectas aves, coloribus ad vivum brevique descriptiones illustratas | volume=fasc. 1 | place=Holmiae | publisher=Ex Typographia Regia | language=la | at=Plate 11 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41149055 }}</ref> The genus ''Gygis'' was introduced by the German zoologist [[Johann Georg Wagler]] in 1832.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Wagler | first=Johann Georg | author-link=Johann Georg Wagler | year=1832 | title=Neue Cippen und Gattugen der Caugthiere und Vögel | journal=Isis von Oken | at=Column 1223 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26455531 | language=de, la }}</ref> The name ''Gygis'' is from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''guges'' for a mythical bird and the specific ''alba'' is Latin for "white".<ref name=jobling>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn= 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=37, 182 }}</ref> |
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[[Molecular phylogenetic]] studies have shown that the white tern is more closely related to the [[Noddy (tern)|noddies]] than it is to the other terns.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Baker | first1=A.J. | last2=Pereira | first2=S.L. | last3=Paton | first3=T.A. | year=2007 | title=Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of Charadriiformes genera: multigene evidence for the Cretaceous origin of at least 14 clades of shorebirds | journal=Biology Letters | volume=3 | issue=2 | pages=205–209 | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0606 | pmc=2375939 | pmid=17284401}} {{ cite journal | title=Erratum: Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of Charadriiformes genera: multigene evidence for the Cretaceous origin of at least 14 clades of shorebirds | year=2008 | journal=Biology Letters | volume=4 | pages=762–763 | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0606erratum | last1 = Baker | first1 = Allan J | last2 = Pereira | first2 = Sérgio L | last3 = Paton | first3 = Tara A| doi-access= free }}</ref> This implies that "white noddy" would be a more appropriate English name.<ref name="ioc">{{cite web|year=2019|editor1-last=Gill|editor1-first=Frank|editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist)|editor2-last=Donsker|editor2-first=David|title=Noddies, gulls, terns, auks|url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/gulls/|access-date=24 June 2019|work=World Bird List Version 9.2|publisher=International Ornithologists' Union}}</ref> |
[[Molecular phylogenetic]] studies have shown that the white tern is more closely related to the [[Noddy (tern)|noddies]] than it is to the other terns.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Baker | first1=A.J. | last2=Pereira | first2=S.L. | last3=Paton | first3=T.A. | year=2007 | title=Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of Charadriiformes genera: multigene evidence for the Cretaceous origin of at least 14 clades of shorebirds | journal=Biology Letters | volume=3 | issue=2 | pages=205–209 | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0606 | pmc=2375939 | pmid=17284401}} {{ cite journal | title=Erratum: Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of Charadriiformes genera: multigene evidence for the Cretaceous origin of at least 14 clades of shorebirds | year=2008 | journal=Biology Letters | volume=4 | pages=762–763 | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0606erratum | last1 = Baker | first1 = Allan J | last2 = Pereira | first2 = Sérgio L | last3 = Paton | first3 = Tara A| doi-access= free }}</ref> This implies that "white noddy" would be a more appropriate English name.<ref name="ioc">{{cite web|year=2019|editor1-last=Gill|editor1-first=Frank|editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist)|editor2-last=Donsker|editor2-first=David|title=Noddies, gulls, terns, auks|url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/gulls/|access-date=24 June 2019|work=World Bird List Version 9.2|publisher=International Ornithologists' Union}}</ref> |
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Symbols: ~ | ¡ ¿ † ‡ ↔ ↑ ↓ • ¶ # ∞ ‹› «» ¤ ₳ ฿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ € ₠ ₣ ƒ ₴ ₭ ₤ ℳ ₥ ₦ № ₧ ₰ £ ៛ ₨ ₪ ৳ ₮ ₩ ¥ ♠ ♣ ♥ ♦ 𝄫 ♭ ♮ ♯ 𝄪 © ® ™
Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}}
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