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F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
People of ancient west Asia
"Gutians" redirects here. Not to be confused with
Gutian .
For people from the Gutian County of Ningde, Fujian, China, see
Fuzhou people .
"Gutium"
Approximate location of Gutium
Top: An inscription dated c. 2130 BC, mentioning the Gutians: "
Lugalanatum , prince of
Umma ... built the
E.GIDRU [Sceptre] Temple at
Umma , buried his foundation deposit [and] regulated the orders. At that time,
Siium was king of Gutium." The name
𒄖𒋾𒌝𒆠 ,
gu-ti-umKI appears in the last column.
Louvre Museum .
Bottom: Approximate location of original Gutium territory
The Guti (), also known by the derived exonyms Gutians or Guteans , were a people of the ancient Near East. Their homeland was known as Gutium (Sumerian : 𒄖𒌅𒌝𒆠 , GutūmKI or 𒄖𒋾𒌝𒆠 , GutiumKI ).[1] [2]
Conflict between people from Gutium and the Akkadian Empire has been linked to the collapse of the empire, towards the end of the 3rd millennium BC. The Guti subsequently overran southern Mesopotamia and formed the Gutian dynasty of Sumer . The Sumerian king list suggests that the Guti ruled over Sumer for several generations following the fall of the Akkadian Empire.[3]
By the 1st millennium BC, usage of the name Gutium, by the peoples of lowland Mesopotamia , had expanded to include all of western Media , between the Zagros Mountains and the Tigris River . Various tribes and places to the east and northeast were often referred to as Gutians or Gutium .[4] For example, Assyrian royal annals use the term Gutians in relation to populations known to have been Medes or Mannaeans . As late as the reign of Cyrus the Great of Persia, the famous general Gubaru (Gobryas) was described as the "governor of Gutium".[5]
Origin
[ edit ]
The Gutians capturing a Babylonian city, as Akkadians are making a stand outside their city. 19th century illustration.
Little is known of the origins, material culture or language of the Guti, as contemporary sources provide few details and no artifacts have been positively identified.[6] As the Gutian language lacks a text corpus , apart from some proper names, its similarities to other languages are impossible to verify. The names of Gutian kings suggest that the language was not closely related to any languages of the region, including Sumerian , Akkadian , Hurrian , Hittite , and Elamite . Most scholars reject the attempt to link Gutian king names to Indo-European languages.[7]
History
[ edit ]
25th to 23rd centuries BC
[ edit ]
King Anubanini of Lullubi , holding an axe and a bow, trampling a foe. Anubanini rock relief , circa 2300-2000 BC. Sar-I Pul , Iran .[8] The Gutians "were close neighbours, hardly to be distinguished" from the Lullubi.[9]
The Guti appear in texts from Old Babylonian copies of inscriptions ascribed to Lugal-Anne-Mundu (fl. circa 25th century BC ) of Adab as among the nations providing his empire tribute. These inscriptions locate them between Subartu in the north, and Marhashe and Elam in the south.
Sargon the Great (r. circa 2340 – 2284 BC) also mentions them among his subject lands, listing them between Lullubi , Armanum and Akkad to the north; Nikku and Der to the south. According to one stele, Naram-Sin of Akkad 's army of 360,000 soldiers defeated the Gutian king Gula'an, despite having 90,000 slain by the Gutians.
The epic Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin claims Gutium among the lands raided by Annubanini of Lulubum during the reign of Naram-Sin (c. 2254–2218 BC).[10] Contemporary year-names for Shar-kali-sharri of Akkad indicate that in one unknown year of his reign, Shar-kali-sharri captured Sharlag king of Gutium, while in another year, "the yoke was imposed on Gutium".[11]
Prominence during the early 22nd century BC
[ edit ]
Votive macehead of Gutian king
La-erabum , and its inscription "La-eraab, great King of Gutiim" (
𒆷𒂍𒊏𒀊 𒁕𒈝 𒈗 𒄖𒋾𒅎 la-e-ra-ab da-num lugal gutiim ). The name is quite damaged, and was initially read "Lasiraab".
[12] British Museum (BM 90852)
During the Akkadian Empire period the Gutians slowly grew in strength and then established a capital at the Early Dynastic city of Adab.[13] The Gutians eventually overran Akkad, and as the King List tells us, their army also subdued Uruk for hegemony of Sumer, in about 2147–2050 BC. However, it seems that autonomous rulers soon arose again in a number of city-states, notably Gudea of Lagash .
The Gutians seem also to have briefly overrun Elam at around the same time, towards the close of Kutik-Inshushinak 's reign (c. 2100 BC).[14] On a statue of the Gutian king Erridupizir at Nippur , an inscription imitates his Akkadian predecessors, styling him "King of Gutium, King of the Four Quarters".
The Weidner Chronicle (written c. 500 BC), portrays the Gutian kings as uncultured and uncouth:
Naram-Sin destroyed the people of Babylon , so twice Marduk summoned the forces of Gutium against him. Marduk gave his kingship to the Gutian force. The Gutians were unhappy people unaware how to revere the gods, ignorant of the right cultic practices.
Utu-hengal , the fisherman, caught a fish at the edge of the sea for an offering. That fish should not be offered to another god until it had been offered to Marduk, but the Gutians took the boiled fish from his hand before it was offered, so by his august command, Marduk removed the Gutian force from the rule of his land and gave it to Utu-hengal.
Decline from the late 22nd century BC onwards
[ edit ]
Utu-Khegal , Prince of the Sumerian city of Uruk, praying for victory against the Gutian king Tirigan .
The Sumerian ruler Utu-hengal , Prince of the Sumerian city of Uruk is similarly credited on the King List with defeating the Gutian ruler Tirigan , and removing the Guti from the country in circa 2050 BC (short chronology ).[15]
In his Victory Stele, Utu-hengal wrote about the Gutians:
Utu-hengal victory stele, where he describes the Gutians he vanquished as "the fanged snake of the mountain ranges". Louvre Museum , AO 6018.[16]
Gutium, the fanged snake of the mountain ranges, a people who acted violently against the gods, people who the kingship of Sumer to the mountains took away, who Sumer with wickedness filled, who from one with a wife his wife took away from him, who from one with a child his child took away from him, who wickedness and violence produced within the country..."
Following this, Ur-Nammu of Ur ordered the destruction of Gutium. The year 11 of king Ur-Nammu also mentions "Year Gutium was destroyed".[18] However, according to a Sumerian epic, Ur-Nammu died in battle with the Gutians, after having been abandoned by his own army.
A Babylonian text from the early 2nd millennium refers to the Guti as having a "human face, dogs’ cunning, [and] monkey's build".[19]
Some biblical scholars believe that the Guti may be the Qoa , named with the Shoa and Pekod as enemies of Jerusalem in Ezekiel 23:23,[20] which was probably written in the 6th century BC.
Modern connection theories
[ edit ]
The historical Guti have been regarded by several scholars as having contributed to the ethnogenesis of the Kurds .[21]
References
[ edit ]
^ "Sumerian king list page 18" . ETCSL .
^ Parpola, S., "Neo-Assyrian Toponyms", (AOAT 6). Kevelaer and Neukirchen-Vluyn: Butzon & Bercker and Neukirchener Verlag, 1970
^ Oppenheim, A. Leo, "VIII. Assyrian and Babylonian Historical Texts", The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures, edited by James B. Pritchard, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 246-286, 2011
^ Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (2004). The Indo-Aryan Controversy . Routledge. ISBN 9780700714636 .
^ Mallory, J.P. ; Mair, Victor H. (2000). The Tarim Mummies . London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 281–282 . ISBN 978-0-500-05101-6 .
^ Osborne, James F. (2014). Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology . SUNY Press . p. 123. ISBN 9781438453255 .
^ Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. (1971). The Cambridge Ancient History . Cambridge University Press . p. 444. ISBN 978-0-521-07791-0 .
^ Ebling, Bruno Erich (1928). Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie [Encyclopedia of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology ] (in German). W. de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110037050 .
^ "Year-names for Sharkalisharri" . University of California Los Angeles .
^ The Sumerian Kings List (PDF) . p. 119, note 305.
^ [1 ] M. Molina, "The palace of Adab during the Sargonic period", D. Wicke (ed.), Der Palast im antiken und islamischen Orient, Colloquien der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 9, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 2019, pp. 151-20
^ Sicker, Martin (2000). The Pre-Islamic Middle East . p. 19.
^ "The victory of Utu-ḫeĝal" . ETCSL .
^ a b Full transcription and translation in: "CDLI-Found Texts" . cdli.ucla.edu .
^ Thureau-Dangin, Fr. (1912). "La Fin de la Domination Gutienne" [The End of Gutian Domination]. Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale (in French). 9 (3 ): 111–120. ISSN 0373-6032 . JSTOR 23283609 .
^ "Year names of Ur-Nammu" . cdli.ucla.edu .
^ Ansky, S.. "The Cursing of Akkade". The Harps that Once..., edited by David G. Roskies, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 359-374, 1992
^ See, for example, Douglas, J. D.; Tenney, Merrill C. (2011). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary (3rd ed.). HarperCollins . p. 1897.
^ Stokes, Jamie, ed. (2009). "Kurds" . Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East . Facts on File. p. 380. ISBN 9781438126760 .
t
e
Territories/ dates[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
Egypt
Canaan
Ebla
Mari
Kish /Assur
Akshak /Akkad
Uruk
Adab
Umma
Lagash
Ur
Elam
4000–3200 BCE
Naqada I Naqada II
Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 BCE)
Susa I
Uruk period (4000–3100 BCE) (Anu Ziggurat , 4000 BCE) (Anonymous "King-priests")
Susa II (Uruk influence or control)
3200–3100 BCE
Proto-Dynastic period (Naqada III ) Early or legendary kings:
Upper Egypt Finger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes
Lower Egypt Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash
3100–2900 BCE
Early Dynastic Period First Dynasty of Egypt Narmer Palette Narmer Menes Neithhotep ♀ (regent) Hor-Aha Djer Djet Merneith ♀ (regent) Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird
Canaanites
Jemdet Nasr period (3100–2900 BCE)
Proto-Elamite period (Susa III ) (3100–2700 BCE)
2900 BCE
Second Dynasty of Egypt Hotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy
Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 BCE)
First Eblaite Kingdom
First kingdom of Mari
Kish I dynastyJushur , Kullassina-bel Nangishlishma ,En-tarah-ana Babum , Puannum , Kalibum
2800 BCE
Kalumum Zuqaqip Atab Mashda Arwium Etana Balih En-me-nuna Melem-Kish Barsal-nuna
Uruk I dynastyMesh-ki-ang-gasher
Enmerkar ("conqueror of Aratta ")
2700 BCE
Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 BCE)
Zamug , Tizqar , Ilku Iltasadum
Lugalbanda Dumuzid, the Fisherman
Enmebaragesi ("made the land of Elam submit")[6]
Aga of Kish
Gilgamesh
Old Elamite period (2700–1500 BCE)Indus-Mesopotamia relations
2600 BCE
Third Dynasty of Egypt Djoser (First Egyptian pyramids )Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni
Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 BCE)
Sagisu Abur-lim Agur-lim Ibbi-Damu Baba-Damu
Kish II dynasty (5 kings)Uhub Mesilim
Ur-Nungal Udulkalama Labashum
Lagash En-hegal Lugal- shaengur
Ur A-Imdugud Ur-Pabilsag Meskalamdug (Queen Puabi )Akalamdug
Enun-dara-anna Mes-he Melamanna Lugal-kitun
Adab Nin-kisalsi Me-durba Lugal-dalu
2575 BCE
Old Kingdom of Egypt Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis
Ur I dynasty Mesannepada "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
2500 BCE
Phoenicia (2500-539 BCE)
Second kingdom of Mari Ikun-Shamash Iku-Shamagan Ansud Sa'umu Ishtup-Ishar Ikun-Mari Iblul-Il Nizi
Kish III dynasty Ku-Baba ♀
Akshak dynasty Unzi Undalulu
Uruk II dynastyEnsha- kushanna
Mug-si
Umma I dynastyPabilgagaltuku
Lagash I dynastyUr-Nanshe Akurgal
A'annepada Meskiagnun Elulu Balulu
Awan dynasty Peli Tata Ukkutahesh Hishur
2450 BCE
Fifth Dynasty of Egypt Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas
Enar-Damu Ishar-Malik
Ush Enakalle
Elamite invasions (3 kings)[6]
Shushun- tarana Napilhush
2425 BCE
Kun-Damu
Eannatum (King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
2400 BCE
Adub-Damu Igrish-Halam Irkab-Damu
Kish IV dynastyPuzur-Suen Ur-Zababa
Urur
Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi
E-iginimpa'e Meskigal
Ur-Lumma Il Gishakidu (Queen Bara-irnun )
Enannatum Entemena Enannatum II Enentarzi
Ur II dynasty NanniMesh-ki-ang-Nanna II
Kiku-siwe-tempti
2380 BCE
Sixth Dynasty of Egypt Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah
Adab dynastyLugalannemundu "King of the four quarters of the world"
2370 BCE
Isar-Damu
Enna-Dagan Ikun-Ishar Ishqi-Mari
Invasion by Mari Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter[6]
Ukush
Lugalanda Urukagina
Luh-ishan
2350 BCE
Puzur-Nirah Ishu-Il Shu-Sin
Uruk III dynastyLugalzagesi (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
2340 BCE
Akkadian Period (2340–2150 BCE)
Akkadian Empire Sargon of Akkad Rimush Manishtushu
Akkadian Governors: Eshpum Ilshu-rabi Epirmupi Ili-ishmani
2250 BCE
Naram-Sin
Lugal-ushumgal (vassal of the Akkadians)
2200 BCE
First Intermediate Period Seventh Dynasty of Egypt Eighth Dynasty of Egypt Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare
Second Eblaite Kingdom
Third kingdom of Mari (Shakkanakku dynasty)Ididish Shu-Dagan Ishma-Dagan (Vassals of the Akkadians)
Shar-Kali-Sharri
Igigi , Imi , Nanum , Ilulu (3 years)Dudu Shu-turul
Uruk IV dynastyUr-nigin Ur-gigir
Lagash II dynastyPuzer-Mama Ur-Ningirsu I Pirig-me Lu-Baba Lu-gula Ka-ku
Hishep-Ratep Helu Khita Puzur-Inshushinak
2150 BCE
Ninth Dynasty of Egypt Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut
Ur III period (2150–2000 BCE)
Nûr-Mêr Ishtup-Ilum Ishgum-Addu Apil-kin
Gutian dynasty (21 kings)La-erabum Si'um
Kuda (Uruk) Puzur-ili Ur-Utu
Umma II dynastyLugalannatum (vassal of the Gutians)
Ur-Baba Gudea Ur-Ningirsu Ur-gar Nam-mahani
Tirigan
2125 BCE
Tenth Dynasty of Egypt Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare
Uruk V dynastyUtu-hengal
2100 BCE
(Vassals of UR III)
Iddi-ilum Ili-Ishar Tura-Dagan Puzur-Ishtar (Vassals of Ur III)[7]
Ur III dynasty "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin
2025-1763 BCE
Amorite invasions
Ibbi-Sin
Elamite invasionsKindattu (Shimashki Dynasty )
Middle Kingdom of Egypt Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
Third Eblaite Kingdom (Amorites )Ibbit-Lim Immeya Indilimma
(Amorite Shakkanakkus )Hitial-Erra Hanun-Dagan (...)Lim Dynasty of Mari (Amorites )Yaggid-Lim Yahdun-Lim Yasmah-Adad Zimri-Lim (Queen Shibtu )
Old Assyria Puzur-Ashur I Shalim-ahum Ilu-shuma Erishum I Ikunum Sargon I Puzur-Ashur II Naram-Sin Erishum II
Isin-Larsa period (Amorites )Dynasty of Isin : Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Eshtar Ur-Ninurta Bur-Suen Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Suen-magir Damiq-ilishu Dynasty of Larsa : Naplanum Emisum Samium Zabaia Gungunum Abisare Sumuel Nur-Adad Sin-Iddinam Sin-Eribam Sin-Iqisham Silli-Adad Warad-Sin Rim-Sin I (...) Rim-Sin II Uruk VI dynasty : Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk Sîn-kāšid Sîn-iribam Sîn-gāmil Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu
Sukkalmah dynasty Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu ♀
1800–1595 BCE
Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Abraham (Biblical )Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon
Yamhad (Yamhad dynasty ) (Amorites)
Old Assyria
(Shamshi-Adad dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites)Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi
(Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE)
Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi
(Adaside dynasty 1700–722 BCE)Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
First Babylonian dynasty ("Old Babylonian Period") (Amorites )Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sin-muballit Sabium Apil-Sin Sin-muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-eshuh Ammi-ditana Ammi-saduqa Samsu-Ditana Early Kassite rulers
Second Babylonian dynasty ("Sealand Dynasty ") Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishu Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar m DIŠ+U-EN Peshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil
Second Intermediate Period Sixteenth Dynasty
Abydos Dynasty
Seventeenth Dynasty
Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt ("Hyksos ")Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi
Mitanni (1600–1260 BCE)Kirta Shuttarna I Parshatatar
1531–1155 BCE
Tutankhamun New Kingdom of Egypt Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ahmose I Amenhotep I
Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites ) Agum-Kakrime Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burnaburiash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliashu IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi
Middle Elamite period
(1500–1100 BCE)Kidinuid dynasty Igehalkid dynasty Untash-Napirisha
Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut ♀ Thutmose III
Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten ♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb
Hittite Empire Ugarit
Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosret ♀
Elamite Empire Shutrukid dynasty Shutruk-Nakhunte
1155–1025 BCE
Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Third Intermediate Period
Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II
Phoenicia Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon Kingdom of Israel Saul Ish-bosheth David Solomon
Syro-Hittite states
Middle Assyria Eriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II
Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin ") Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur
Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE)
1025–934 BCE
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabû-mukin-apli
911–745 BCE
Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV
Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini
Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt Tefnakht Bakenranef
Kingdom of Samaria Kingdom of Judah
Neo-Assyrian Empire Adad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V Shammuramat ♀ (regent) Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V
Eight Babylonian Dynasty Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings) Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri
Humban-Tahrid dynasty Urtak Teumman Ummanigash Tammaritu I Indabibi Humban-haltash III
745–609 BCE
Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt Taharqa ("Black Pharaohs ")Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun
Neo-Assyrian Empire
(Sargonid dynasty ) Tiglath-Pileser † Shalmaneser † Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon † Sennacherib † Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi † Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon † Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II
Assyrian conquest of Egypt
Assyrian conquest of Elam
626–539 BCE
Late Period Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III
Neo-Babylonian Empire Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus
Median Empire Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages
539–331 BCE
Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt (First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt )
Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon
Achaemenid Empire Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III
Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
331–141 BCE
Argead dynasty and Ptolemaic Egypt Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe II ♀ Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II Euergetis ♀ Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III Philopator ♀ Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra ♀ Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter ♀ Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III ♀ Ptolemy IX Lathyros Cleopatra IV ♀ Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III ♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V ♀ Cleopatra VI Tryphaena ♀ Berenice IV Epiphanea ♀ Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator ♀ Ptolemy XV Caesarion Arsinoe IV ♀
Hellenistic Period Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon Argead dynasty : Alexander III Philip III Alexander IV Antigonid dynasty : Antigonus I Seleucid Empire : Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes
141–30 BCE
Kingdom of Judea Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra ♀ Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias
Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus
Parthian Empire Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I
30 BCE–116 CE
Roman Empire
(Roman conquest of Egypt )Province of Egypt
Judea
Syria
116–117 CE
Province of Mesopotamia under Trajan
Parthamaspates of Parthia
117–224 CE
Syria Palaestina
Province of Mesopotamia
Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV
224–270 CE
Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm
270–273 CE
Palmyrene Empire Vaballathus Zenobia ♀ Antiochus
273–395 CE
Roman Empire
Province of Egypt
Syria Palaestina
Syria
Province of Mesopotamia
395–618 CE
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Egypt
Palaestina Prima , Palaestina Secunda
Byzantine Syria
Byzantine Mesopotamia
618–628 CE
(Sasanian conquest of Egypt )Province of Egypt Shahrbaraz Sahralanyozan Shahrbaraz
Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Khosrow II Kavad II
628–641 CE
Byzantine Empire
Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran ♀ Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht ♀ Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh
Byzantine Egypt
Palaestina Prima , Palaestina Secunda
Byzantine Syria
Byzantine Mesopotamia
639–651 CE
Muslim conquest of Egypt
Muslim conquest of the Levant
Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
Chronology of the Neolithic period
Rulers of Ancient Central Asia
^ Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.
^ Hallo, W. ; Simpson, W. (1971). The Ancient Near East . New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.
^ "Rulers of Mesopotamia" . cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.
^ Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins . Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2 .
^ Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq . Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7 .
^ a b c Per Sumerian King List
^ Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History . Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4 .
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gutian_people&oldid=1235110202 "
C a t e g o r i e s :
● G u t i a n p e o p l e
● S t a t e s a n d t e r r i t o r i e s e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e 3 r d m i l l e n n i u m B C
● S t a t e s a n d t e r r i t o r i e s d i s e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e 3 r d m i l l e n n i u m B C
● A n c i e n t M e s o p o t a m i a
● A n c i e n t h i s t o r y o f I r a n
● F o r m e r k i n g d o m s
H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s :
● C S 1 G e r m a n - l a n g u a g e s o u r c e s ( de )
● C S 1 F r e n c h - l a n g u a g e s o u r c e s ( fr )
● A r t i c l e s w i t h s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n
● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m W i k i d a t a
● P a g e s u s i n g m u l t i p l e i m a g e w i t h a u t o s c a l e d i m a g e s
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 1 7 J u l y 2 0 2 4 , a t 1 8 : 3 5 ( U T C ) .
● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n .
● P r i v a c y p o l i c y
● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a
● D i s c l a i m e r s
● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a
● C o d e o f C o n d u c t
● D e v e l o p e r s
● S t a t i s t i c s
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● M o b i l e v i e w