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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (May 2018) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont]]; see its history for attribution.{{Translated|es|Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont}} to the talk page. |
Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont (1553 – 23 March 1613 AD) was a Spanish soldier, painter, astronomer, musician and inventor. He pioneered the use and design of the steam engine, as well as mining ventilation systems, improved scientific instrumentation, developed windmills and new types of furnaces for metallurgical, industrial, military, and even domestic operations. He invented a diving bell, patented an immersion suit tested before the court of Felipe III in Pisuerga, on August 2, 1602, and designed a submarine.[1]
He was born in Guendulain (Cizur) (Navarre), the son of Carlos de Ayanz, captain of the Pamplona garrison, and Catalina de Beaumont. He was the second of the male siblings, the eldest being Don Francés de Ayanz, born a year earlier. His mother, Doña Catalina de Beaumont y Navarra, instilled in her children the principles of an education appropriate to her rank. He spent his childhood in the Guenduláin manor until in 1567 he went to serve King Felipe II as a page.[2] At court he was instructed in military skills, letters, the arts, and mathematics, which later would serve him for his studies of cosmography.
His father, Carlos de Ayanz, took part in the campaigns in France, participating in the battle of St. Quentin in 1557 and in the punitive expedition to the then pirate port of San Juan de Luz.[3] Jerónimo, after his training in El Escorial, began his military career in 1571. In 1573 he participated in campaigns in Tunisia, under the orders of John of Austria. Failing the defense of La Goleta, in 1574 he was assigned to Lombardy, where he served under the command of Alexander Farnese for a few years.[1]
He made the Spanish Road, from Milan to Namur, together with his companions from the tercio under the command of Lope de Figueroa, in the record time of 32 days, in the middle of winter, to go to Flanders at the call of the Duke of Alba. He participated in the battle of Gembloux, in 1578, and in the assault on the city of Zierikzee he carried out one of his legendary feats when, badly wounded, he continued to fight until he got rid of his attackers.[1] It was these events that Lope de Vega reflected on later in his comedy titled Lo que pasa en una tarde (What happens in an afternoon, 1617), referring to him as "the new Alcides" and "the knight with the bronze fingers", due to his ability to break plates [clarification needed] with just two fingers.
In 1579 he was in Madrid, convalescent, and received some income from Felipe II in recognition of his actions in Flanders. The following year, he commanded a detachment to participate, under the orders of Sancho Dávila, in the Portuguese campaign. In 1581 he prevented the attack that a Frenchman planned against Felipe II. In 1582, under the orders of the Marquis of Santa Cruz, he boarded the ships that headed for the Azores participated in the Battle of Vila Franca do Campo.[1] For this courage and bravery, the king awarded him the Military Order of Calatrava. On May 7, 1582, he had received the Ballesteros de Calatrava Commandery and years later, on January 30, 1595, he would receive the Abanilla Commandery.[1]
In 1587 he was appointed general administrator of Minas del Reino (Kingdom Mines), the management of the 550 mines that were then in Spain and those that were exploited in America. He was able to solve some of the serious mining problems of that time.[1]
Settled and residing in Murcia, where he would act as alderman for a long time, he was concerned about the safety of the coast, achieving the establishment in Cartagena of part of the fleet established in Barcelona, giving way, since then, to the current naval base. In 1589 he gathered a Murcian troop and, together with his brother Francés, who had also gathered Navarrese troops at his expense, went to La Coruña in support of Juan Padilla, captain of the garrison, where a determined María Pita successfully stopped Francis Drake and his Counter Armada.[1]
He was also governor of Martos until 1597.[1]
He died from an illness in Madrid, in 1613.[4] According to his wishes, his body was transferred to the city of Murcia, resting in the Convent of San Antonio. He was later moved to the Capilla del Socorro, located in the ambulatory of the Murcia Cathedral, a chapel that belonged to the Dávalos, a family with which he had become related after his marriage to Blanca de Pagán Fajardo, and widower of the latter, with his sister Luisa, after being appointed by Felipe II Commander of Abanilla (Order of Calatrava) and then Councilor of Murcia.[5]
Up to 48 inventions were recognized in 1606 by the privilegio de invención (invention privilege) —as patents were then called— signed by Philip III.
He is best remembered for the invention of the first steam-powered water pump for draining mines, for which he was granted a patent by the Spanish monarchy in 1606.[4]
He also improved scientific equipment, windmills and developed new types of furnaces for industrial, military and household use. He invented a bell-like diving suit and designed a submarine.[citation needed]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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