J u m p t o c o n t e n t
M a i n m e n u
M a i n m e n u
N a v i g a t i o n
● M a i n p a g e ● C o n t e n t s ● C u r r e n t e v e n t s ● R a n d o m a r t i c l e ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● C o n t a c t u s ● D o n a t e
C o n t r i b u t e
● H e l p ● L e a r n t o e d i t ● C o m m u n i t y p o r t a l ● R e c e n t c h a n g e s ● U p l o a d f i l e
S e a r c h
Search
A p p e a r a n c e
● C r e a t e a c c o u n t ● L o g i n
P e r s o n a l t o o l s
● C r e a t e a c c o u n t ● L o g i n
P a g e s f o r l o g g e d o u t e d i t o r s l e a r n m o r e ● C o n t r i b u t i o n s ● T a l k
( T o p )
1 L i s t o f i s o t o p e s
2 N o t a b l e i s o t o p e s
T o g g l e N o t a b l e i s o t o p e s s u b s e c t i o n
2 . 1 K r y p t o n - 8 1
2 . 2 K r y p t o n - 8 5
2 . 2 . 1 A t m o s p h e r i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n
2 . 3 K r y p t o n - 8 6
2 . 4 O t h e r s
3 R e f e r e n c e s
T o g g l e R e f e r e n c e s s u b s e c t i o n
3 . 1 S o u r c e s
4 E x t e r n a l l i n k s
T o g g l e t h e t a b l e o f c o n t e n t s
I s o t o p e s o f k r y p t o n
1 7 l a n g u a g e s
● ا ل ع ر ب ي ة ● C a t a l à ● Ч ӑ в а ш л а ● Č e š t i n a ● D a n s k ● E s p a ñ o l ● ف ا ر س ی ● F r a n ç a i s ● 한 국 어 ● B a h a s a I n d o n e s i a ● M a g y a r ● N e d e r l a n d s ● 日 本 語 ● Р у с с к и й ● T ü r k ç e ● 粵 語 ● 中 文
E d i t l i n k s
● A r t i c l e ● T a l k
E n g l i s h
● R e a d ● E d i t ● V i e w h i s t o r y
T o o l s
T o o l s
A c t i o n s
● R e a d ● E d i t ● V i e w h i s t o r y
G e n e r a l
● W h a t l i n k s h e r e ● R e l a t e d c h a n g e s ● U p l o a d f i l e ● S p e c i a l p a g e s ● P e r m a n e n t l i n k ● P a g e i n f o r m a t i o n ● C i t e t h i s p a g e ● G e t s h o r t e n e d U R L ● D o w n l o a d Q R c o d e ● W i k i d a t a i t e m
P r i n t / e x p o r t
● D o w n l o a d a s P D F ● P r i n t a b l e v e r s i o n
A p p e a r a n c e
F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
( R e d i r e c t e d f r o m K r y p t o n - 8 1 )
Isotopes of the element Krypton
There are 34 known isotopes of krypton (36 Kr ) with atomic mass numbers from 69 through 102.[5] [6] stable isotopes and one (78 Kr radioactive with an extremely long half-life, plus traces of radioisotopes that are produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere .
List of isotopes
[ edit ]
Nuclide[n 1]
Z N Isotopic mass (Da [7] [n 2] [n 3] Half-life [1] [n 4] [n 5] Decay [1] [n 6] Daughter [n 7] [n 8] Spin andparity [1] [n 9] [n 5] Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy
Normal proportion[1]
Range of variation
67 Kr 36 31 66.98331(46 )#
7.4(29 ) ms
β+ ? (63%)
67 Br 3/2-#
2p (37%)
65 Se
68 Kr 36 32 67.97249(54 )#
21.6(33 ) ms
β+ , p (>90%)
67 Se 0+
β+ ? (<10%)
68 Br
p?
67 Br
69 Kr 36 33 68.96550(32 )#
27.9(8 ) ms
β+ , p (94%)
68 Se (5/2−)
β+ (6%)
69 Br
70 Kr 36 34 69.95588(22 )#
45.00(14 ) ms
β+ (>98.7%)
70 Br 0+
β+ , p (<1.3%)
69 Se
71 Kr 36 35 70.95027(14 )
98.8(3 ) ms
β+ (97.9%)
71 Br (5/2)−
β+ , p (2.1%)
70 Se
72 Kr 36 36 71.9420924(86 )
17.16(18 ) s
β+
72 Br 0+
73 Kr 36 37 72.9392892(71 )
27.3(10 ) s
β+ (99.75%)
73 Br (3/2)−
β+ , p (0.25%)
72 Se
73m Kr 433.55(13 ) keV
107(10 ) ns
IT 73 Kr (9/2+)
74 Kr 36 38 73.9330840(22 )
11.50(11 ) min
β+
74 Br 0+
75 Kr 36 39 74.9309457(87 )
4.60(7 ) min
β+
75 Br 5/2+
76 Kr 36 40 75.9259107(43 )
14.8(1 ) h
β+
76 Br 0+
77 Kr 36 41 76.9246700(21 )
72.6(9 ) min
β+
77 Br 5/2+
77m Kr 66.50(5 ) keV
118(12 ) ns
IT 77 Kr 3/2−
78 Kr [n 10] 36 42 77.92036634(33 )
9.2 +5.5 −2.6 ± 1.3× 10 21 y [2] Double EC
78 Se 0+
0.00355(3 )
79 Kr 36 43 78.9200829(37 )
35.04(10 ) h
β+
79 Br 1/2−
79m Kr 129.77(5 ) keV
50(3 ) s
IT 79 Kr 7/2+
80 Kr 36 44 79.91637794(75 )
Stable
0+
0.02286(10 )
81 Kr [n 11] 36 45 80.9165897(12 )
2.29(11 )×105 y
EC 81 Br 7/2+
6 × 10 −13 [8]
81m Kr 190.64(4 ) keV
13.10(3 ) s
IT 81 Kr 1/2−
EC (0.0025%)
81 Br
82 Kr 36 46 81.9134811537(59 )
Stable
0+
0.11593(31 )
83 Kr [n 12] 36 47 82 914126.516(9 )
Stable
9/2+
0.11500(19 )
83m1 Kr 9.4053(8 ) keV
156.8(5 ) ns
IT 83 Kr 7/2+
83m2 Kr 41.5575(7 ) keV
1.830(13 ) h
IT 83 Kr 1/2−
84 Kr [n 12] 36 48 83.9114977271(41 )
Stable
0+
0.56987(15 )
84m Kr 3236.07(18 ) keV
1.83(4 ) μs
IT 84 Kr 8+
85 Kr [n 12] 36 49 84.9125273(21 )
10.728(7 ) y
β−
85 Rb 9/2+
1 × 10 −11 [8]
85m1 Kr 304.871(20 ) keV
4.480(8 ) h
β− (78.8%)
85 Rb 1/2−
IT (21.2%)
85 Kr
85m2 Kr 1991.8(2 ) keV
1.82(5 ) μs
IT 85 Kr (17/2+)
86 Kr [n 13] [n 12] 36 50 85.9106106247(40 )
Observationally Stable [n 14] 0+
0.17279(41 )
87 Kr 36 51 86.91335476(26 )
76.3(5 ) min
β−
87 Rb 5/2+
88 Kr 36 52 87.9144479(28 )
2.825(19 ) h
β−
88 Rb 0+
89 Kr [n 12] 36 53 88.9178354(23 )
3.15(4 ) min
β−
89 Rb 3/2+
90 Kr 36 54 89.9195279(20 )
32.32(9 ) s
β−
90m Rb 0+
91 Kr 36 55 90.9238063(24 )
8.57(4 ) s
β−
91 Rb 5/2+
β− , n?
90 Rb
92 Kr [n 12] 36 56 91.9261731(29 )
1.840(8 ) s
β− (99.97%)
92 Rb 0+
β− , n
91 Rb
93 Kr 36 57 92.9311472(27 )
1.287(10 ) s
β− (98.05%)
93 Rb 1/2+
β− , n (1.95%)
92 Rb
94 Kr 36 58 93.934140(13 )
212(4 ) ms
β− (98.89%)
94 Rb 0+
β− , n (1.11%)
93 Rb
95 Kr 36 59 94.939711(20 )
114(3 ) ms
β− (97.13%)
95 Rb 1/2+
β− , n (2.87%)
94 Rb
β− , 2n?
93 Rb
95m Kr 195.5(3 ) keV
1.582(22 ) μs
IT 85 Kr (7/2+)
96 Kr 36 60 95.942998(62 )[9]
80(8 ) ms
β− (96.3%)
96 Rb 0+
β− , n (3.7%)
95 Rb
97 Kr 36 61 96.94909(14 )
62.2(32 ) ms
β− (93.3%)
97 Rb 3/2+#
β− , n (6.7%)
96 Rb
β− , 2n?
95 Rb
98 Kr 36 62 97.95264(32 )#
42.8(36 ) ms
β− (93.0%)
98 Rb 0+
β− , n (7.0%)
97 Rb
β− , 2n?
96 Rb
99 Kr 36 63 98.95878(43 )#
40(11 ) ms
β− (89%)
99 Rb 5/2−#
β− , n (11%)
98 Rb
β− , 2n?
97 Rb
100 Kr 36 64 99.96300(43 )#
12(8 ) ms
β−
100 Rb 0+
β− , n?
99 Rb
β− , 2n?
98 Rb
101 Kr 36 65 100.96932(54 )#
9# ms ns ]
β− ?
101 Rb 5/2+#
β− , n?
100 Rb
β− , 2n?
99 Rb
102 Kr [10] 36 66
0+
103 Kr [11] 36 67
This table header & footer:
^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1 σ ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe .
^ a b # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^
Modes of decay:
^ Bold italics symbol
^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^ Primordial radionuclide
^ Used to date groundwater
^ a b c d e f Fission product
^ Formerly used to define the meter
^ Believed to decay by β− β− to 86 Sr
The isotopic composition refers to that in air.
Notable isotopes
[ edit ]
Krypton-81
[ edit ]
This section
needs expansion with: Usage in hydrogeology, ATC=V09. You can help by
adding to it .
(October 2019 )
Radioactive krypton-81 is the product of spallation reactions with cosmic rays striking gases present in the Earth atmosphere, along with the six stable or nearly stable krypton isotopes .[12] half-life of about 229,000 years.
Krypton-81 is used for dating ancient (50,000- to 800,000-year-old) groundwater and to determine their residence time in deep aquifers . One of the main technical limitations of the method is that it requires the sampling of very large volumes of water: several hundred liters or a few cubic meters of water. This is particularly challenging for dating pore water in deep clay aquitards with very low hydraulic conductivity .[13]
Krypton-85
[ edit ]
Krypton-85 has a half-life of about 10.75 years. This isotope is produced by the nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium in nuclear weapons testing and in nuclear reactors , as well as by cosmic rays. An important goal of the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963 was to eliminate the release of such radioisotopes into the atmosphere, and since 1963 much of that krypton-85 has had time to decay. However, it is inevitable that krypton-85 is released during the reprocessing of fuel rods from nuclear reactors.[citation needed
Atmospheric concentration
[ edit ]
The atmospheric concentration of krypton-85 around the North Pole is about 30 percent higher than that at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station because nearly all of the world's nuclear reactors and all of its major nuclear reprocessing plants are located in the northern hemisphere , and also well-north of the equator .[14] nuclear reprocessing plants with significant capacities are located in the United States , the United Kingdom , the French Republic , the Russian Federation , Mainland China (PRC), Japan , India , and Pakistan .
Krypton-86
[ edit ]
Krypton-86 was formerly used to define the meter from 1960 until 1983, when the definition of the meter was based on the wavelength of the 606 nm (orange) spectral line of a krypton-86 atom.[15]
Others
[ edit ]
All other radioisotopes of krypton have half-lives of less than one day, except for krypton-79, a positron emitter with a half-life of about 35.0 hours.
References
[ edit ]
^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Krypton" . CIAAW . 2001.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" . Pure and Applied Chemistry . doi :10.1515/pac-2019-0603 . ISSN 1365-3075 .
^ "Chart of Nuclides" . Brookhaven National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2017-10-18. Retrieved 2011-11-21 .
^ Sumikama, T.; et al. (2021). "Observation of new neutron-rich isotopes in the vicinity of Zr110" . Physical Review C . 103 (1 ): 014614. Bibcode :2021PhRvC.103a4614S . doi :10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614 . hdl :10261/260248 S2CID 234019083 .
^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II ). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C . 45 3 ): 030003. doi :10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf .
^ a b Lu, Zheng-Tian (1 March 2013). "What trapped atoms reveal about global groundwater" . Physics Today . 66 3 ): 74–75. Bibcode :2013PhT....66c..74L . doi :10.1063/PT.3.1926 . Retrieved 29 June 2024 .
^ Smith, Matthew B.; Murböck, Tobias; Dunling, Eleanor; Jacobs, Andrew; Kootte, Brian; Lan, Yang; Leistenschneider, Erich; Lunney, David; Lykiardopoulou, Eleni Marina; Mukul, Ish; Paul, Stefan F.; Reiter, Moritz P.; Will, Christian; Dilling, Jens; Kwiatkowski, Anna A. (2020). "High-precision mass measurement of neutron-rich 96Kr" . Hyperfine Interactions . 241 (1 ): 59. Bibcode :2020HyInt.241...59S . doi :10.1007/s10751-020-01722-2 . S2CID 220512482 .
^ Sumikama, T.; et al. (2021). "Observation of new neutron-rich isotopes in the vicinity of Zr110" . Physical Review C . 103 (1 ): 014614. Bibcode :2021PhRvC.103a4614S . doi :10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614 . hdl :10261/260248 S2CID 234019083 .
^ Shimizu, Y.; Kubo, T.; Sumikama, T.; Fukuda, N.; Takeda, H.; Suzuki, H.; Ahn, D. S.; Inabe, N.; Kusaka, K.; Ohtake, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Ichikawa, Y.; Isobe, T.; Otsu, H.; Sato, H.; Sonoda, T.; Murai, D.; Iwasa, N.; Imai, N.; Hirayama, Y.; Jeong, S. C.; Kimura, S.; Miyatake, H.; Mukai, M.; Kim, D. G.; Kim, E.; Yagi, A. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam". Physical Review C . 109 (4 ): 044313. doi :10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313 .
^ Leya, I.; Gilabert, E.; Lavielle, B.; Wiechert, U.; Wieler, W. (2004). "Production rates for cosmogenic krypton and argon isotopes in H-chondrites with known 36 36 (PDF) . Antarctic Meteorite Research . 17 Bibcode :2004AMR....17..185L .
^
N. Thonnard; L. D. MeKay; T. C. Labotka (2001). Development of Laser-Based Resonance Ionization Techniques for 81-Kr and 85-Kr Measurements in the Geosciences (PDF) (Report). University of Tennessee , Institute for Rare Isotope Measurements. pp. 4–7. doi :10.2172/809813 .
^ "Resources on Isotopes" . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 2001-09-24. Retrieved 2007-03-20 .
^ Baird, K. M.; Howlett, L. E. (1963). "The International Length Standard". Applied Optics 2 5 ): 455–463. Bibcode :1963ApOpt...2..455B . doi :10.1364/AO.2.000455 .
Sources
[ edit ]
Isotope masses from:
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised" . International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry . 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" , Nuclear Physics A , 729 : 3–128, Bibcode :2003NuPhA.729....3A , doi :10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
National Nuclear Data Center . "NuDat 2.x database" . Brookhaven National Laboratory .
Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press . ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9
External links
[ edit ]
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isotopes_of_krypton&oldid=1232414247#Krypton-81 " C a t e g o r i e s : ● I s o t o p e s o f k r y p t o n ● K r y p t o n ● L i s t s o f i s o t o p e s b y e l e m e n t H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s : ● A r t i c l e s w i t h s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n ● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n m a t c h e s W i k i d a t a ● A r t i c l e s n e e d i n g a d d i t i o n a l r e f e r e n c e s f r o m M a y 2 0 1 8 ● A l l a r t i c l e s n e e d i n g a d d i t i o n a l r e f e r e n c e s ● A r t i c l e s t o b e e x p a n d e d f r o m O c t o b e r 2 0 1 9 ● A l l a r t i c l e s t o b e e x p a n d e d ● A r t i c l e s u s i n g s m a l l m e s s a g e b o x e s ● A l l a r t i c l e s w i t h u n s o u r c e d s t a t e m e n t s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h u n s o u r c e d s t a t e m e n t s f r o m F e b r u a r y 2 0 2 2 ● W e b a r c h i v e t e m p l a t e w a y b a c k l i n k s
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 3 J u l y 2 0 2 4 , a t 1 6 : 2 2 ( U T C ) . ● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n . ● P r i v a c y p o l i c y ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● D i s c l a i m e r s ● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a ● C o d e o f C o n d u c t ● D e v e l o p e r s ● S t a t i s t i c s ● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t ● M o b i l e v i e w
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