John Jacob Abel (1857–1938), American biochemist and pharmacologist, founder of the first department of pharmacology in the United States.
John Abelson (born 1938), American biologist with expertise in biophysics, biochemistry, and genetics
Richard J. Ablin (born 1940), American immunologist. Research on prostate cancer. Discovered prostate-specific antigen (PSA) which led to the development of the PSA test
Erik Acharius (1757–1819), Swedish botanist[1] who studied lichens
Gary Ackers (1939–2011), American biophysicist who worked on thermodynamics of macromolecules.
Gilbert Smithson Adair (1896–1979), British protein chemist who identified cooperative binding of oxygen binding haemoglobin.
Arthur Adams (1820–1878), English physician and naturalist[2] who classified crustaceans and molluscs
Michel Adanson (1727–1806), French naturalist[3] who studied the plants and animals of Senegal
Julius Adler (born 1930), American biochemist and geneticist known for work on chemotaxis.
Monique Adolphe (1932–2022), French cell biologist, pioneer of cell culture
Edgar Douglas Adrian (1st Baron Adrian) (1889–1977), British electrophysiologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1932) for research on neurons
Adam Afzelius (1750–1837), Swedish botanist[4] who collected botanical specimens later acquired by Uppsala University
Carl Adolph Agardh (1785–1859), Swedish botanist[5] who classified plant orders and classes
Jacob Georg Agardh (1813–1901), Swedish botanist[6] known for classification of algae
Louis Agassiz (1807–1873), Swiss zoologist[7] who studied the classification of fish; opponent of natural selection
Alexander Agassiz (1835–1910), American zoologist,[8] son of Louis Agassiz, expert of marine biology and on mining
Nagima Aitkhozhina (1946–2020), Kazakh molecular biologist, structural and functional organisation of the genome of higher organisms and the molecular mechanisms of regulation of its expression.
William Aiton (1731–1793), Scottish botanist,[9] director of the botanical garden at Kew
Bruce Alberts (born 1938), American biochemist, former President of the United States National Academy of Sciences, known for studying the protein complexes involved in chromosome replication, and for the book Molecular Biology of the Cell
Robert Alberty (1921–2014), American physical biochemist, with many contributions to enzyme kinetics.
Alfred William Alcock (1859–1933), British systematist of numerous species, aspects of biology and physiology of fishes
Nora Lilian Alcock (1874–1972), British pioneer in plant pathology[10] who did research on fungal diseases
Boyd Alexander (1873–1910), English ornithologist who made surveys of birds in the Gold Coast (now Ghana), and the Bonin Islands
Richard D. Alexander (1929–2018), American evolutionary biologist whose scientific pursuits integrated systematics, ecology, evolution, natural history and behaviour
Salim Ali (1896–1987), Indian ornithologist who conducted systematic bird surveys across India
Warder Clyde Allee (1885–1955), American zoologist and ecologist, identified the Allee effect (correlation between population density and individual fitness)
Joel Asaph Allen (1838–1921), American zoologist[12] who studied birds and mammals, known for Allen's rule
Jorge Allende (born 1934), Chilean biochemist known for contributions to the understanding of protein biosynthesis
George James Allman (1812–1898), British naturalist who did important work on the gymnoblasts
June Dalziel Almeida (1930–2007), Scottish virologist who pioneered techniques for characterizing viruses, and discovered Coronavirus
Tikvah Alper (1909–1995), South African radiobiologist who showed that the infectious agent of scrapie contains no nucleic acid
Prospero Alpini (1553–1617), Italian botanist,[13] the first in Europe to describe coffee and banana plants
Sidney Altman (1939–2022), Canadian-born molecular biologist, winner of the 1989 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on RNA
Bruce Ames (born 1928), American biochemist, inventor of the Ames test for mutagenicity (sometimes regarded as a test for carcinogenicity)
John E. Amoore (1939–1998), British biochemist and zoologist, originator of the stereochemical theory of olfaction.
José Alberto de Oliveira Anchieta (1832–1897), Portuguese naturalist who identified many new species of mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles
Mortimer Louis Anson (1901–1968), American biochemist and protein chemist who proposed that protein folding was reversible
Jakob Johan Adolf Appellöf (1857–1921), Swedish marine zoologist[14] who made important contributions to knowledge of cephalopods
Agnes Robertson Arber (1879–1960), British plant morphologist[15] and anatomist, historian of botany and philosopher of biology
Aristotle (384 BC–322 BC), Greek philosopher, sometimes regarded as the first biologist, he described hundreds of kinds of animals
Emily Arnesen (1867–1928), Norwegian zoologist who worked on sponges
Frances Arnold (born 1956), American biochemist and biochemical engineer, pioneer of the use of directed evolution to engineer enzymes.
Ruth Arnon (born 1933), Israeli biochemist, who works on anti-cancer and influenza vaccinations. She participated in developing the multiple sclerosis drug Copaxone.
Peter Artedi (1705–1735), Swedish naturalist[16] who developed the science of ichthyology
Gilbert Ashwell (1916–2014), American biochemist, pioneer in the study of cell receptor
Ana Aslan (1897–1988), Romanian biologist who studied arthritis and other aspects of aging
William Astbury (1898–1961), British physicist, molecular biologist and X-ray crystallographer
Jean Baptiste Audebert (1759–1800), French naturalist.[17] Primarily an artist, he illustrated books of natural history, including Histoire naturelle des singes, des makis [lemurs] et des galéopithèques
Jean Victoire Audouin (1797–1841), French zoologist: entomologist, herpetologist, ornithologist and malacologist
John James Audubon (1786–1851), French and American ornithologist[18] and illustrator, who identified 25 new species
Charlotte Auerbach (1899–1994), German and British geneticist, founded the discipline of mutagenesis after discovering the effect of mustard gas on fruit flies
Richard Axel (born 1946), American Nobel Prize–winning physiologist who discovered how to insert foreign DNA into a host cell
Julius Axelrod (1912–2004), American biochemist, winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on catecholamine neurotransmitters
Francisco Ayala (1934–2023), Spanish-American evolutionary biologist and philosopher
William Orville Ayres (1817–1887), American physician and ichthyologist with publications in popular sources
Félix de Azara (1746–1811), Spanish naturalist[19] who described more than 350 South American birds
David Baltimore (born 1938), American biologist, known for work on viruses. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975
Outram Bangs (1863–1932), American zoologist[25] who collected many bird species; author of more than 70 books and articles, 55 of them on mammals
Joseph Banks (1743–1820), English naturalist, botanist[26] who collected 30,000 plant specimens and discovered 1,400.
Robert Bárány (1876–1936), Austro-Hungarian (later Swedish) physician. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1914) for studies of the vestibular system
Horace Barker (1907–2000), American biochemist and microbiologist
Ben Barres (1954–2017), American neurobiologist who studied mammalian glial cells of the central nervous system
Benjamin Smith Barton (1766–1815), American botanist,[27] author of Elements of botany, or Outlines of the natural history of vegetables, the first American textbook of botany
John Bartram (1699–1777), American botanist,[28] described by Carl Linnaeus as the "greatest natural botanist in the world"
William Bartram (1739–1823), American botanist,[29] ornithologist, natural historian, and explorer, author of Bartram's Travels (as now known)
Anton de Bary (1831–1888), German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist, and mycologist, considered a founding father of plant pathology (phytopathology) as well as the founder of modern mycology
Dorothea Bate (1878–1951), Welsh palaeontologist and pioneer of archaeozoology who studied fossils
Henry Walter Bates (1825–1892), English naturalist who gave the first scientific account of mimicry
Patrick Bateson (1938–2017), English biologist and science writer, president of the Zoological Society of London
George Beadle (1903–1989), American geneticist. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958 for discovery of the role of genes in regulating biochemical reactions within cells. 7th president of the University of Chicago.
Johann Matthäus Bechstein (1757–1822), German naturalist,[32] ornithologist, entomologist and herpetologist known for his treatise on singing birds Naturgeschichte der Stubenvögel
Rollo Beck (1870–1950), American ornithologist known for collecting birds and reptiles, including three of the last four individuals of the Pinta Island tortoise
Jon Beckwith (born 1935), American microbiologist and geneticist who worked on bacterial genetics.
Charles William Beebe (1877–1962), American biologist, known for work on pheasants, and numerous books on natural history
Martinus Beijerinck (1851–1931), Dutch microbiologist and botanist who discovered viruses and investigated nitrogen fixation by bacteria
Helmut Beinert (1913–2007), German-American biochemist, a pioneer of the use of electron paramagnetic resonance in biological systems
Thomas Bell (1792–1880), English zoologist,[33] surgeon and writer who described and classified Darwin's reptile specimens and crustaceans
David Bellamy (1933–2019), English broadcaster, activist and ecologist
Boris Pavlovich Belousov (1893–1970), Soviet chemist and biophysicist who discovered the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction
Stephen J. Benkovic (born 1938), American bioorganic chemist specializing in mechanistic enzymology
Edward Turner Bennett (1797–1836), English zoologist[34] who described a new species of African crocodile
George Bentham (1800–1884), English botanist,[35] known for his taxonomy of plants, written with Joseph Dalton Hooker, Genera Plantarum
Jacques Benoit (1896–1982), French biologist, physician. One of the pioneers of neuroendocrinology and photobiology.
Robert Bentley (1821–1893), English botanist,[36] known for Medicinal Plants (four volumes)
Wilson Teixeira Beraldo (1917–1998), Brazilian physician and physiologist, co-discoverer of bradykinin
Paul Berg (1926–2023), American biochemist known for work on gene splicing of recombinant DNA.
Hans Berger (1873–1941), German neuroscientist, one of the founders of electroencephalography
Carl Bergmann (1814–1865), German anatomist, physiologist and biologist who developed Bergmann's rule relating population and body sizes with ambient temperature
Rudolph Bergh (1824–1909), Danish physician and zoologist who studied sexually transmitted diseases, and also molluscs
Claude Bernard (1813–1878), French physiologist, father of the concepts of the milieu intérieur and homeostasis
Samuel Stillman Berry (1887–1984), American zoologist[37] who established 401 mollusc taxa, and worked on chitons, cephalopods, and also land snails
Thomas Bewick (1753–1828), English ornithologist and illustrator, author of A General History of Quadrupeds
Elizabeth Blackburn (born 1948), Australian/US Nobel Prize–winning researcher in the field of telomeres and the "telomerase" enzyme
John Blackwall (1790–1881), British entomologist,[40] author of A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland
Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville (1777–1850), French zoologist,[41] taxonomic authority on numerous zoological species, including Blainville's beaked whale
Albert Francis Blakeslee (1874–1954), American botanist,[42] best known for research on Jimsonweed and the sexuality of fungi
Thomas Blakiston (1832–1891), English naturalist. "Blakiston's Line" separates animal species of Hokkaidō and northern Asia, from those of Honshū and southern Asia.
Frank Nelson Blanchard (1888–1937), American herpetologist who described new subspecies of snakes.
Frjeda Blanchard (1889–1977), American plant and animal geneticist who demonstrated Mendelian inheritance in reptiles.
William Thomas Blanford (1832–1905), English geologist and naturalist,[43] editor of The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma.
Pieter Bleeker (1819–1878), Dutch ichthyologist[44] whose papers described 511 new genera and 1,925 new species
Günter Blobel (1936–2018), German Nobel Prize-winning biologist who discovered that newly synthesized proteins contain "address tags" which direct them to the proper location within the cell
Konrad Emil Bloch (1912–2000), German-American biochemist who worked on cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism
Steven Block (born 1952), American biophysicist who measured the mechanical properties of single bio-molecules
David Mervyn Blow (1931–2004), British X-ray crystallographer noted for work on protein structure
Carl Ludwig Blume (Karel Lodewijk Blume, 1789–1862), German-Dutch botanist[45] who studied the flora of southern Asia, particularly Java
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752–1840), German physiologist and anthropologist[46] who classified human races on the basis of skull structure
Edward Blyth (1810–1873), English zoologist[47] who classified many birds of India
José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage (1823–1907), Portuguese zoologist with many papers on mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, and others
Pieter Boddaert (1730–1795/1796), Dutch physician and naturalist[48] who named many mammals, birds and other animals
Brendan J. M. Bohannan (21st century), American microbial and evolutionary biologist, expert on the microbes of Amazonia
John Tyler Bonner (1920–2019), American developmental biologist, expert on slime moulds
Charles Bonnet (1720–1793), Genevan naturalist who published work on many subjects, including insects and plants
Aimé Bonpland (1773–1858), French explorer and botanist[53] who collected and classified about 6,000 plants unknown in Europe
Jules Bordet (1870–1961), Belgian immunologist and microbiologist, winner of the 1919 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the complement system in the immune system
Antonina Georgievna Borissova (1903–1970), Russian botanist[54] who specialized on the flora of the deserts and semi-desert of central Asia
Norman Borlaug (1914–2009), American agricultural scientist, humanitarian, Nobel Peace Prize, and the father of the Green Revolution
Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc (1759–1828), French botanist,[55] invertebrate zoologist, and entomologist, who made a systematic examination of the mushrooms of the southern United States
George Albert Boulenger (1858–1937), Belgian and British zoologist,[56] author of 19 monographs on fishes, amphibians, and reptiles
Jules Bourcier (1797–1873), French ornithologist, expert on hummingbirds
Paul D. Boyer (1918–2018), American biochemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1997 for studies of ATP synthase
Margaret Bradshaw (born 1941), New Zealand Antarctic researcher who has worked on Devonian invertebrate palaeontology
Johann Friedrich von Brandt (1802–1879),[57] German-Russian naturalist who described various birds; also an entomologist, specialising in beetles and millipedes
Sara Branham Matthews (1888–1962), American microbiologist and physician best known for her research into the isolation and treatment of Neisseria meningitidis
Christian Ludwig Brehm (1787–1864), German ornithologist who described many German species of birds
Alfred Brehm (1829–1884), German zoologist,[58] author of many works on animals and especially birds
Sydney Brenner (1927–2019), British molecular biologist who worked on the genetic code, and later established the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism for developmental biology. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2002)
Thomas Mayo Brewer (1814–1880), American naturalist, specializing in ornithology and oology (the study of birds' eggs)
William Brewster (1851–1919), American ornithologist,[59] curator of mammals and birds at Harvard.
Nathaniel Lord Britton (1859–1934), American botanist,[61] coauthor of Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada, and the British Possessions
Thomas D. Brock (1926–2021), American microbiologist who discovered of hyperthermophiles such as Thermus aquaticus
Adolphe Theodore Brongniart (1801–1876), French botanist,[62] author of many works, including Histoire des végétaux fossiles
Robert Broom (1866–1951), South African paleontologist, author many many papers and books, including The mammal-like reptiles of South Africa and the origin of mammals
Adrian John Brown (1852–1920), British expert on brewing and malting, pioneer of enzyme kinetics
James H. Brown (born 1942), American ecologist known for his metabolic theory of ecology
Patrick O. Brown (born 1954), American biochemist who has developed experimental methods with DNA microarrays to investigate genome organization
Robert Brown (1773–1858), Scottish botanist[63] known for pioneering use of the microscope in botany
David Bruce (1855–1931), Scottish pathologist and microbiologist who investigated Malta fever (now called brucellosis) and discovered trypanosomes
Jean Guillaume Bruguière (1750–1798), French naturalist,[64] mainly interested in molluscs and other invertebrates
Thomas Bruice (1925–2019), American bioorganic chemist, pioneer of chemical biology
Morten Thrane Brünnich (1737–1827), Danish zoologist,[65] author of Ornithologia Borealis and Ichthyologia Massiliensis
Francis Buchanan-Hamilton (1762–1829), Scottish zoologist and botanist who studied plants and fishes in India
Eduard Buchner (1860–1917), German chemist and physiologist who overthrew the doctrine of vitalism by showing that fermentation occurred in cell-free extracts of yeast
Linda B. Buck (born 1947), American physiologist noted for work on the olfactory system. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2004).
Buffon (Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, 1707–1788), French naturalist.[66] Author of many works in evolution, including Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière.
Walter Buller (1838–1906), New Zealand naturalist,[67] a dominant figure in New Zealand ornithology. Author of A History of the Birds of New Zealand.
Alexander G. von Bunge (1803–1890), German-Russian botanist who studied Mongolian flora.
Luther Burbank (1849–1926), American horticulturalist who developed more than 800 strains and varieties of plants, many of commercial importance
Hermann Burmeister (1807–1892), German Argentinian zoologist,[68] entomologist, herpetologist, and botanist, who described many new species of amphibians and reptiles
Frank Macfarlane Burnet (1899–1985), Australian virologist. Nobel Prize in 1960 for predicting acquired immune tolerance and for developing the theory of clonal selection.
Carolyn Burns (born 1942), New Zealand ecologist who studies the physiology and population dynamics of southern hemisphere zooplankton and food-web interactions
Robert H. Burris (1914–2010), American biochemist, expert on nitrogen fixation
Carlos Bustamante (born 1951), Peruvian-American biophysicist who uses "molecular tweezers" to manipulate DNA for biochemical experiments
Ernesto Bustamante (born 1950), Peruvian biochemist, specialist in mitochondria demonstrated the importance of mitochondrial hexokinase in glycolysis in rapidly growing malignant tumour cells. He currently works on DNA paternity testing.
Philip Pearsall Carpenter (1819–1877), British conchologist, author of Catalogue of the collection of Mazatlan shells, in the British Museum: collected by Frederick Reigen
Alexis Carrel (1873–1944), French biologist and surgeon, winner of the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on sutures and organ transplants, advocate of eugenics
Elie-Abel Carrière (1818–1896), French botanist,[72] an authority on conifers who described many new species
Clodoveo Carrión Mora (1883–1957), Ecuadorian paleontologist and naturalist who discovered many species and one genus
Sean B. Carroll (born 1960), American evolutionary development biologist, author of The Making of the Fittest: DNA and the Ultimate Forensic Record of Evolution and other books
Rachel Carson (1907–1964), American marine biologist, author of Silent Spring
George Washington Carver (1860–1943), American agriculturist,[73] author of bulletins on crop production, including How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption
John Cassin (1813–1869), American ornithologist,[74] who named many birds not described in the works of his predecessors
Alexandre de Cassini (1781–1832), French botanist[75] who named many flowering plants and new genera in the sunflower family, many of them from North America
Amy Castle (1880–1971), New Zealand entomologist, who worked primarily on the Lepidoptera
William E. Castle (1867–1962), American geneticist who contributed to the mathematical foundations of Mendelian genetics, and anticipated what is now known as the Hardy–Weinberg law.
Mark Catesby (1683–1749), English naturalist who studied flora and fauna in the New World. Author of Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands
Thomas Cech (born 1947), American biochemist who discovered catalytic RNA, Nobel Prize in 1989
Andrea Cesalpino (1519–1603), Italian botanist who classified plants according to their fruits and seeds, rather than alphabetically or by medicinal properties
Francesco Cetti (1726–1778), Italian zoologist, author of Storia Naturale di Sardegna (Natural History of Sardinia)
Carlos Chagas (1879–1934), Brazilian physician who identified Trypanosoma cruzi as cause of Chagas disease
Adelbert von Chamisso (Louis Charles Adélaïde de Chamissot, 1781–1838), German botanist, whose most important contribution was the description of many Mexican trees
Juliana Chan, Singaporean biologist and science communicator
Britton Chance (1913–2010), American biochemist, inventor of the stopped-flow method
Min Chueh Chang (1908–1991), Chinese-American reproductive biologist who studied the fertilisation process in mammalian reproduction, with work that led to the first test tube baby
Jean-Pierre Changeux (born 1936), French biochemist and neuroscientist, originator of the allosteric model of cooperativity
Frank Michler Chapman (1864–1945), American ornithologist, who promoted the use of photography in ornithology, especially in his book Bird Studies With a Camera.
Erwin Chargaff (1905–2002), Austrian-American biochemist known for Chargaff's rules
Emmanuelle Charpentier (born 1968), French microbiologist, geneticist and biochemist who discovered genome editing with CRISPR.
Martha Chase (1927–2003), American biologist who carried out the Hershey–Chase experiment, which showed that genetic information is held and transmitted by DNA, not by protein
Thomas Frederic Cheeseman (1846–1923), New Zealand botanist[76] and naturalist with wide-ranging interests, including sea slugs
Sergei Chetverikov (1880–1959), Russian population geneticist who showed how early genetic theories applied to natural populations, and thus contributed towards the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory
Charles Chilton (1860–1929), New Zealand zoologist with 130 papers on crustaceans, mostly amphipods, isopods and decapods, from all around the world, but especially from New Zealand
Carl Chun (1852–1914), German marine biologist[77] specializing in cephalopods and plankton. He discovered and named the vampire squid
Aaron Ciechanover (born 1947). Israeli biochemist known for work on protein turnover, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2004
Albert Claude (1899–1983), Belgian-American cell biologist who developed cell fractionation; Nobel Prize 1974
W. Wallace Cleland (1930–2013). American biochemist known for work on enzyme kinetics and mechanism
Nathan Cobb (1859–1932), American biologist who described over 1000 different nematode species and laid the foundations of nematode taxonomy
Leonard Cockayne (1855–1934), New Zealand botanist[78] especially active in plant ecology and theories of hybridisation
Alfred Cogniaux (1841–1916), Belgian botanist[79] who worked especially with orchids
Stanley Cohen (1922–2020), American biochemist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1986) for his discovery of growth factors
Edwin Joseph Cohn (1892–1953), American protein chemist known for studies on blood and the physical chemistry of protein
Mildred Cohn (1913–2009), American pioneer in the use of nuclear magnetic resonance to study enzymes
James J. Collins (born 1965), American biologist, synthetic biology and systems biology pioneer
Timothy Abbott Conrad (1803–1877), American paleontologist and naturalist[80] who studied the shells of the Tertiary and Cretaceous formations, as well as existing species of molluscs
James Graham Cooper (1830–1902), American surgeon and naturalist[81] who contributed to both zoology and botany
Edward Drinker Cope (1840–1897), American paleontologist and comparative anatomist,[82] also a herpetologist and ichthyologist, and founder of the Neo-Lamarckism school of thought
Carl Ferdinand Cori (1896–1984), Czech-American biochemist and pharmacologist, 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for work on the Cori cycle
Gerty Cori (1886–1957), Czech-American biochemist, first American woman to win a Nobel Prize in science (Physiology or Medicine, 1947), for unraveling the mechanism of glycogen metabolism
Charles B. Cory (1857–1921), American ornithologist[83] who collected many birds. Author of The Birds of Haiti and San Domingo and other books.
Emanuel Mendes da Costa (1717–1791), English botanist, naturalist, philosopher, author of A Natural History of Fossils, British Conchology, and other books
Elliott Coues (1842–1899), American army surgeon, historian, ornithologist,[84] and author of Key to North American Birds, did much to promote the systematic study of ornithology
Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1910–1997), French naval officer, explorer, conservationist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water
Miguel Rolando Covian (1913–1992), Argentine-Brazilian neurophysiologist known for research on the neurophysiology of the limbic system, regarded as the father of Brazilian neurophysiology
Lucy Cranwell (1907–2000), New Zealand botanist who organized the Cheeseman herbarium of about 10,000 specimens in Auckland
Philipp Jakob Cretzschmar (1786–1845), German physician and zoologist (especially birds and mammals)
Francis Crick (1916–2004), British molecular biologist, biophysicist and neuroscientist, best known for discovering the structure of DNA (with James Watson); Nobel Prize 1962
Joseph Charles Hippolyte Crosse (1826–1898), French conchologist, expert on molluscs, co-editor of the Journal de Conchyliologie
Nicholas Culpeper (1616–1654), English botanist, author of The English Physitian
Allan Cunningham (1791–1839), English botanist,[86] "King's Collector for the Royal Garden at Kew" (in Australia)
Gordon Herriot Cunningham (1892–1962), New Zealand mycologist who published extensively on the taxonomy of fungi
Kathleen Curtis (1892–1993), New Zealand mycologist and plant pathologist, a founder of plant pathology in New Zealand
William Curtis (1746–1799), English botanist,[87] author of Flora Londinensis
Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), French naturalist, author of Le Règne Animal (the Animal Kingdom), the "founding father of paleontology"
Valerie Daggett (thesis 1990), American bioengineer who simulates proteins and other biomolecules by molecular dynamics
Anders Dahl (1751–1789), Swedish botanist[88] whose name is recalled in the Dahlia, author of Observationes botanicae circa systema vegetabilium
William Healey Dall (1845–1927), American malacologist, one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska. He described many mollusks of the Pacific Northwest of America
Keith Dalziel (1921–1994), British biochemist, pioneer in systematizing the kinetics of two-substrate enzyme-catalysed reactions
Charles Darwin (1809–1882), British naturalist,[89] author of The Origin of Species, in which he expounded the theory of natural selection, the starting point of modern evolutionary biology
Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802), English physician and naturalist, founding member of the Lunar Society, grandfather of Charles Darwin
Jean Dausset (1916–2009), French immunologist who worked on the major histocompatibility complex
Armand David (Père David) (1826–1900), French zoologist and botanist,[90] commissioned by the Jardin des Plantes to undertake scientific journeys through China
Bernard Davis (1916–1994), American biologist who worked on microbial physiology and metabolism
Pierre Antoine Delalande (1787–1823), French naturalist employed by the National Museum of Natural History to collect natural history specimens
Max Delbrück (1906–1981), German-American physicist and biologist who demonstrated that natural selection acting on random mutations applied to bacteria, one of the creators of molecular biology; Nobel Prize 1969.
Richard Dell (1920–2002), New Zealand malacologist, author of The Archibenthal Mollusca of New Zealand
Stefano Delle Chiaje (1794–1860), Italian zoologist, botanist,[91] anatomist and physician who worked on medicinal plants and on the taxonomy of invertebrates
Paul Émile de Puydt (1810–1888), Belgian botanist,[92] author of Les Orchidées, histoire iconographique ..., active in political philosophy as well as botany
René Louiche Desfontaines (1750–1833), French botanist[93] and ornithologist who collected many plants in Tunisia and Algeria
Gérard Paul Deshayes (1795–1875), French geologist and conchologist, distinguished for research on mollusc fossils
Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest (1784–1838), French zoologist,[94] author of Histoire Naturelle des Tangaras, des Manakins et des Todiers (natural history of various birds)
Lewis Weston Dillwyn (1778–1855), British botanist[97] and conchologist, also active in porcelain manufacture and politics, author of The British Confervae, an illustrated study of British freshwater algae
John T. Dingle (active from 1959) British biologist and rheumatologist.
Joan Marjorie Dingley (1916–2008), New Zealand mycologist,[98] world authority on fungi and New Zealand plant diseases
Zacharias Dische (1895–1988), Ukrainian-Jewish-American biochemist who discovered metabolic regulation by feedback inhibition
Malcolm Dixon (1899–1985), British biochemist, authority on enzyme structure, kinetics, and properties; author (with Edwin Webb) of Enzymes.
Walter Dobrogosz (born 1933), American microbiologist, discoverer of Lactobacillus reuteri
Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900–1975), American geneticist of Ukrainian origin, one of the leading evolutionary biologists of his time
Rembert Dodoens (1517–1585), Flemish botanist[99] who classified plants according to their properties and affinities (rather than listing them alphabetically)
Anton Dohrn (1840–1909), German marine biologist, Darwinist, founder of the world's first zoological research station, in Naples
David Don (1799–1841), British botanist who described major conifers discovered in his time, including the Coast Redwood.
George Don (1798–1856), British botanist known for his four-volume A General System of Gardening and Botany.
James Donn (1758–1813), English botanist,[100] curator of the Cambridge University Botanic Gardens, and author of Hortus Cantabrigiensis
Jean Dorst (1924–2001), French ornithologist, authority on bird migration and one of the writers of Le Peuple Migrateur (Winged Migration)
Edward Doubleday (1810–1849), British entomologist known for The Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera
Henry Doubleday (1808–1875), British entomologist,[101] author of the first catalogue of British butterflies and moths, Synonymic List of the British Lepidoptera
Jennifer Doudna (born 1964), American biochemist known for CRISPR-mediated genome editing; Nobel Prize 2020
Patricia Louise Dudley (1929–2004), American zoologist who studied copepods (small crustaceans)
Peter Duesberg (born 1936), German-American virologist who discovered the first retrovirus, and expert on genetic aspects of cancer, but his research contributions are overshadowed by his unpopular views on AIDS
Félix Dujardin (1802–1860), French zoologist who studied protozoans, and also the structure of the insect brain
Renato Dulbecco (1914–2012), Italian-American virologist awarded the Nobel Prize for work on oncoviruses
Ronald Duman (1954–2020), American neuroscientist whose work in biological psychiatry concerned the biological mechanisms behind antidepressants
André Marie Constant Duméril (1774–1860), French zoologist[103] at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, who worked on herpetology and ichthyology
Auguste Duméril (1812–1870), French zoologist, professor of herpetology and ichthyology, noted for Catalogue méthodique de la collection des Reptiles
Charles Dumont de Sainte-Croix (1758–1830), French lawyer, but also an amateur ornithologist[104] who described a number of Javanese bird species
Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915), German immunologist who discovered the first effective treatment for syphilis
Karl Eichwald (1795–1876), Baltic German geologist, physician, and naturalist,[110] who described new species of reptiles
Theodor Eimer (1843–1898), German professor of zoology and comparative anatomy who studied speciation and kinship in butterflies
George Eliava (1892–1937), Georgian-Soviet microbiologist who worked with bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria)
Gertrude B. Elion (1918–1999), American pharmacologist known for using rational drug design for the discovery of new drugs
Daniel Giraud Elliot (1835–1915), American zoologist,[111] founder of the American Ornithologist Union
Gladys Anderson Emerson (1903–1984), American historian and nutritionist, the first to isolate pure Vitamin E
Günther Enderlein (1872–1968), German zoologist, entomologist, microbiologist, physician and manufacturer of pharmaceutical products
Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher (1804–1849), Austrian botanist,[112] numismatist and Sinologist, director of the Botanical Garden of Vienna
Michael S. Engel (born 1971), American paleontologist and entomologist who works on insect evolutionary biology and classification
George Engelmann (1809–1884), German-American botanist[113] who described the flora of the west of North America
Adolf Engler (1844–1930), German botanist[114] who worked on plant taxonomy and phytogeography, author of Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien
Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben (1744–1777), German naturalist, author of Anfangsgründe der Naturlehre and Systema regni animalis, founder of the first academic veterinary school in Germany
Constantin von Ettingshausen (1826–1897), Austrian botanist[116] known for his palaeobotanical studies of flora from the Tertiary era
Alice Catherine Evans (1881–1975), American microbiologist who demonstrated that Bacillus abortus caused the disease brucellosis (undulant fever or Malta fever) in both cattle and humans[117]
Warren Ewens (born 1937), Australian-American mathematical population geneticist working on the mathematical, statistical and theoretical aspects of population genetics
Thomas Campbell Eyton (1809–1880), English naturalist who studied cattle, fishes and birds, author of History of the Rarer British Birds
Jean Henri Fabre (1823–1915), French teacher, physicist, chemist and botanist, best known for the study of insects[118]
Johan Christian Fabricius (1745–1808), Danish entomologist[119] who named nearly 10,000 species of animals, and established the basis of insect classification.
David Fairchild (1869–1954), American botanist[120] who introduced many exotic plants into the USA
Hugh Falconer (1808–1865), Scottish geologist, botanist,[121] palaeontologist, and paleoanthropologist who studied the flora, fauna, and geology of India, Assam, and Burma
John Farrah (1849–1907), English businessman and amateur biologist
Leonardo Fea (1852–1903), Italian zoologist who made large collections of insects and birds
Christoph Feldegg (1780–1845), Austrian naturalist who made a large collection of birds
David Fell (born 1947), British biochemist and pioneer of systems biology, author of Understanding the Control of Metabolism
Honor Fell (1900–1986), British zoologist who developed tissue and organ culture methods
Sérgio Ferreira (1934–2016), Brazilian pharmacologist who discovered bradykinin potentiating factor, important for anti-hypertension drugs
Alan Fersht (born 1943), British chemist and biochemist, expert on enzymes and protein folding
Harold John Finlay (1901–1951), New Zealand paleontologist and conchologist known for work on marine malacofauna of New Zealand
Otto Finsch (1839–1917), German ethnographer, naturalist[122] and colonial explorer, known for a monograph on parrots
Edmond H. Fischer (1920–2021), Swiss-American biochemist known for protein kinases and phosphatases; Nobel Prize 1992
Johann Anton Güldenstädt (1745–1781), German naturalist[157] and explorer who worked on the biology, geology, geography, and linguistics of the Caucasus
Allvar Gullstrand (1862–1930), Swedish ophthalmologist, awarded the Nobel Prize for work on the lens of the eye
J. B. S. Haldane (1892–1964), British (later Indian) biologist known for work in physiology, genetics, evolutionary biology and mathematics; co-founder of population genetics
John Scott Haldane (1860–1936), Scottish physician and physiologist who made many important discoveries about the human body and the nature of gases
William Donald Hamilton (1936–2000), British evolutionary biologist who provided a rigorous genetic basis to explain altruism
Philip Handler (1917–1981), American nutritionist and biochemist who discovered the tryptophan-nicotinic acid relationship.
Archibald Vivian Hill (1886–1977), British physiologist, winner of the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for elucidation of mechanical work in muscles
Robin Hill (1899–1991), British plant biochemist known for the Hill reaction of photosynthesis
Dorothy Hodgkin (1910–1994) British X-ray crystallographer, Nobel Prize in 1964 for work in protein crystallography.
Sarah Blaffer Hrdy (born 1946), American anthropologist who works on evolutionary psychology and sociobiology
David H. Hubel (1926–2013), Canadian-American neurobiologist, awarded the Nobel Prize in 1981 for studies of the structure and function of the visual cortex.
François Huber (1750–1831), Swiss entomologist who specialized in honey bees
Ambrosius Hubrecht (1853–1915), Dutch zoologist whose major work was in embryology and placentation of mammals
William Henry Hudson (1841–1922), Argentinian-British ornithologist, advocate of Lamarckian evolution, critic of Darwinism and vitalist
Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), German naturalist and explorer whose work on botanical geography[179] laid the foundation for the field of biogeography
Allan Octavian Hume (1829–1912), British ornithologist[180] who made a large collection of Indian birds
George Evelyn Hutchinson (1903–1991), British-American ecologist[181] and limnologist who applied mathematics to ecology
Frederick Hutton (1835–1905), English biologist and geologist who used natural selection to explain the natural history of New Zealand
Hugh Huxley (1924–2013), British molecular biologist who worked on muscle physiology
Julian Sorell Huxley (1887–1975), English zoologist[182] and contributor to the modern evolutionary synthesis; first Director-General of UNESCO
Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–1895), English zoologist[183] who clarified relationships between invertebrates
Alpheus Hyatt (1838–1902), American zoologist and palaeontologist, proponent of neo-Lamarckism
Libbie Hyman (1888–1969), American invertebrate zoologist, author of A Laboratory Manual for Elementary Zoology
Josef Hyrtl (1810–1894), Austrian anatomist, author of a well-known textbook of human anatomy
François Jacob (1920–2013), French biologist awarded the Nobel prize for studies of the regulation of transcription
Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin (1727–1817), Dutch-Austrian botanist,[185] chemist and mineralogist who collected plants in the Caribbean region
Honoré Jacquinot (1815–1887), French surgeon and zoologist[186] who described and illustrated mollusc species
Daniel H. Janzen (born 1939), American entomologist and ecologist who has catalogued the biodiversity of Costa Rica
William Jardine (1800–1874), Scottish naturalist[187] known for his book series The Naturalist's Library
Feliks Pawel Jarocki (1790–1865), Polish zoologist, curator of a large zoological collection
Alec Jeffreys (born 1950), British biochemist and geneticist who invented genetic fingerprinting
William Jencks (1927–2007), American biochemist who applied chemical mechanisms to enzyme-catalysed reactions, author of Catalysis in Chemistry and Enzymology
Thomas C. Jerdon (1811–1872), British physician, zoologist[188] and botanist who described bird species of India.
John L. Jinks (1929–1987), British geneticist known for cytoplasmic inheritance
Wilhelm Johannsen (1857–1927), Danish pharmacist, botanist, plant physiologist and geneticist who introduced the terms gene, phenotype and genotype
Pauline Johnson (20th–21st century), English immunologist and microbiologist concerned with innate and adaptive immune mechanisms
David Starr Jordan (1851–1931), ichthyologist and eugenicist, founding president of Stanford University
Félix Pierre Jousseaume (1835–1921), French zoologist and malacologist who collected specimens from the Red Sea
Mike Joy (born 1959), New Zealand freshwater ecologist and science communicator
Thomas H. Jukes (1906–1999), British-American biologist known for work in nutrition and molecular evolution
Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (1797–1853), French botanist,[189] author of Cours élémentaire de botanique and Géographie botanique
Bernard Katz (1911–2003), German-British neuroscientist and biophysicist awarded the Nobel Prize for work on nerve biochemistry
Rudolf Kaufmann (1909–c. 1941), German trilobitologist known for his contributions to allopatric speciation and punctuated equilibrium
Stuart Kauffman (born 1939), American biologist widely known for his promotion of self-organization as a factor in producing the complexity of biological systems and organisms
Johann Jakob Kaup (1803–1873), German naturalist who believed in an innate mathematical order in nature
Janet Kear (1933–2004), English ornithologist who studied waterfowl
Douglas Kell (born 1953), British biochemist known for research on functional genomics
John Kendrew (1917–1997), British x-ray crystallographer awarded the Nobel Prize for determining the crystal structure of myoglobin
Gerald A. Kerkut (1927–2004), British zoologist and physiologist whose book The Implications of Evolution has been claimed to support creationism[195]
Har Gobind Khorana (1922–2011), Indian-American biochemist awarded the Nobel Prize for work on the genetic code.
Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska (1925–2015), Polish paleontologist[197] who led several paleontological expeditions to the Gobi desert
Motoo Kimura (1924–1994), Japanese mathematical biologist, working in the field of theoretical population genetics
Carolyn King (thesis 1971), New Zealand zoologist specialising in mammals, particularly small rodents and mustelids
Norman Boyd Kinnear (1882–1957), Scottish zoologist[198] involved in the drafting of the Protection of Birds Act of 1954
William Kirby (1759–1850), English entomologist considered the "founder of entomology"
Heinrich von Kittlitz (1799–1874), Prussian artist, naval officer, explorer and naturalist, collector of many specimens
Aaron Klug (1926–2018), Lithuanian/South African/British crystallographer awarded the Nobel Prize for work on the structures of nucleic acid-protein complexes
Jeremy Randall Knowles (1935–2008), British and American biochemist known for research on enzyme mechanisms
Albrecht Kossel (1853–1927), German physician awarded the Nobel Prize for determining the chemical composition of nucleic acids
Hans Adolf Krebs (1900–1981), German-British biochemist awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the citric acid cycle
Gerard Krefft (1830–1881), German-Australian zoologist[201] and palaeontologist, authot of The Snakes of Australia
Eduardo Krieger (born 1930), Brazilian physician and physiologist known for research on hypertension
Kewal Krishan (born 1973), Indian biological anthropologist working in forensic anthropology
Schack August Steenberg Krogh (1874–1949), Danish physiologist, awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for studies of the mechanism of regulation of skeletal muscle capillaries
Winston Patrick Kuo (20th–21st century), Chinese-American computational biologist
Heinrich Kuhl (1797–1821), German zoologist[202] who studied the fauna of Java
Luis Federico Leloir (1906–1987), Argentinian biochemist awarded the Nobel Prize for work on sugar nucleotides, carbohydrate metabolism, and renal hypertension
Juan Lembeye (1816–1889), Spanish ornithologist,[213] author of Aves de la Isla de Cuba
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), Italian (Florentine) artist, who, as an anatomist, dissected and illustrated many specimens
Charles Alexandre Lesueur (1778–1846), French naturalist,[216] artist and explorer who described numerous turtle species
François Le Vaillant (1753–1824), French ornithologist who described species of birds collected in Africa
Phoebus Levene (1869–1940), Russian-American biochemist who discovered that DNA was composed of nucleobases and phosphate
Michael Levitt (born 1947), South African-Israeli-British-American biophysicist awarded the Nobel Prize for developing multiscale models of complex chemical systems
Emmanuel Liais (1826–1900), French botanist[217] who studied the plants of remote regions of Brazil
Martin Lichtenstein (1780–1867), German zoologist[218] who described new species of amphibians and reptiles
Justus von Liebig (1803–1873), German chemist who contributed to agricultural and biological chemistry, one of the founders of organic chemistry.
John Lightfoot (1735–1788), English conchologist and botanist, author of Flora Scotica which deals with Scottish plants and fungi
David R. Lindberg (born 1948), American malacologist and biologist whose work has focused on sea snails
Aristid Lindenmayer (1925–1989), Hungarian biologist who developed a system to model the behaviour of plant cells
John Lindley (1799–1865), English botanist[219] whose works included botanical textbooks for his students
Heinrich Friedrich Link (1767–1850), German botanist[220] who studied many different subjects, including physics chemistry, geology, mineralogy, botany and zoology
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), Swedish botanist,[221] father of the binomial nomenclature system
Fritz Lipmann (1899–1986), German-American biochemist awarded the Nobel Prize for work in intermediary metabolism
Jacques Loeb (1859–1924), German-American biologist who studied marine invertebrates and carried out an experiment on artificial parthenogenesis in sea urchins
Friedrich Loeffler (1852–1915), German bacteriologist who discovered the organisms causing diphtheria and foot-and-mouth disease
Konrad Lorenz (1903–1989), Austrian awarded the Nobel Prize for work in ethology
Jules François Mabille (1831–1904), French malacologist[226] who discovered and studied many mollusc species
William MacGillivray (1796–1852), Scottish botanist[227] and ornithologist, author A Manual of British Ornithology
John Macleod (1876–1935), British biochemist awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of insulin
Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694), Italian anatomist and biologist who described physiological features related to the excretory system
Ramon Margalef (1919–2004), Spanish ecologist who applied information theory and mathematical models
Emanuel Margoliash (1920–2008), Israeli-American biochemist whose work on cytochrome c sequences formed the starting point for studies of protein evolution
Leo Margolis (1927–1997), Canadian parasitologist which showed that parasites could be used to identify fish stocks
Lynn Margulis (1938–2011), American evolutionary theorist who proposed that organelles were "captured" bacteria
Othniel Charles Marsh (1831–1899), American paleontologist who collected Mesozoic reptiles, Cretaceous birds, and Mesozoic and Tertiary mammals
Barry Marshall (born 1951), Australian physician and microbiologist, awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize for elucidating the relationship between stomach ulcers and bacteria
Bruce Marshall (born 1948), New Zealand malacologist who has named many species and genera
Fermín Martín Piera (1954–2001), Spanish specialist in the systematics of Scarabaeoidea (beetles)
Clinton Hart Merriam (1855–1942), American zoologist and ornithologist, author of Mammals of the Adirondacks
John C. Merriam (1869–1945), American paleontologist[240] known for his taxonomy of vertebrate fossils at the La Brea Tar Pits
Don Merton (1939–2011), New Zealand conservationist who saved the black robin from extinction, and also discovered the lek breeding system of the kakapo
Franz Meyen (1804–1840), Prussian physician and botanist,[241] author of Phytotomie, the first major study of plant anatomy
Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai (1846–1888), Russian marine biologist and anthropologist who studied indigenous people of New Guinea
Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. (1869–1956), American zoologist[245] who concluded that the jaw of "Piltdown man" came from a fossil ape and the skullcap from a modern human
Jacques Miller (born 1931), French-Australian immunologist who discovered the function of the thymus
Hugo von Mohl (1805–1872), German botanist[250] who first observed cell division under a microscope
Paul Möhring (1710–1792), German naturalist who pioneered the classification of bird species
Juan Ignacio Molina (1740–1829), Chilean naturalist,[251] an early proponent of gradual evolution
Brian Molloy (1930–2022),[252] New Zealand botanist, a leading authority on New Zealand orchids
Pérrine Moncrieff (1893–1979), New Zealand ornithologist, author of New Zealand birds and how to identify them
Jacques Monod (1910–1976), French geneticist and biochemist, awarded the Nobel Prize for discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis
George Montagu (1753–1815), English naturalist, author of Ornithological Dictionary
Luc Montagnier (1932–2022), French virologist, awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of HIV
Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909–2012), Italian-American neurologist awarded Nobel Prize for her co-discovery of growth factors
Alfred Merle Norman (1831–1918), English clergyman and naturalist who studied invertebrates
Alfred John North (1855–1917), Australian ornithologist[264] who described many birds for the first time
Paul Nurse (born 1949), British geneticist awarded the Nobel Prize for work control of the cell cycle
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (born 1942), German biologist awarded the Nobel Prize for studies of genes involved in the development of fruit fly embryos
Thomas Nuttall (1786–1858), English botanist[265] and zoologist, author of the Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and of Canada
George Emil Palade (1912–2008), Romanian-American biologist who discovered ribosomes, awarded the Nobel Prize for innovations in electron microscopy and cell fractionation
Paul Maurice Pallary (1869–1942), French-Algerian malacologist who named many mollusc species
Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811), Prussian zoologist[278] who described numerous animal species
Edward Palmer (1829–1911), British botanist[279] who collected American plants for the Smithsonian Institution
Josif Pančić (1814–1888), Serbian botanist[280] who documented the flora of Serbia
Paracelsus (Theophrastus von Hohenheim) (1493–1541), Swiss physician and alchemist who pioneered toxicology
Pia Parolin (born 1964), Italian biologist and tropical ecologist, photographer, author
Carl Parrot (1867–1911), German gynaecologist and ornithologist interested in the distribution and migration of birds
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895), French biologist,[281] microbiologist, and chemist who established principles of vaccination
William Paterson (1755–1810), British soldier, botanist[282] and explorer who collected botanical, geological and insect specimens in Australia
David J. Patterson (born 1950) (Belfast) British then Irish biologist, studied protist taxonomy and evolution, later biodiversity informatics, Zoological Society of London, Silver medal
Robert Patterson (1802–1872), Irish naturalist, author of The natural history of the insects mentioned in Shakespeare's plays
Daniel Pauly (born 1946), French marine biologist who has developed techniques to estimate the growth and mortality of fishes
Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936), Russian physiologist, psychologist and physician who discovered conditioning, and awarded the Nobel Prize for work on the digestive system
Titian Peale (1799–1885), American ornithologist, entomologist, photographer, and explorer
Louise Pearce (1885–1959), American pathologist who helped develop a treatment for African sleeping sickness
Donald C. Peattie (1898–1964), American botanist,[283] author of A Natural History of Western Trees
Eva J. Pell (born 1948), American plant pathologist who studies the physiological and biochemical impact of air pollutants
Paul Pelseneer (1863–1945), Belgian zoologist, primarily a malacologist, but interested in all aspects of zoology
Jean-Marie Pelt (1933–2015), French botanist who studied medicinal plants, of Afghanistan, Chile, Europe, and Yemen
Thomas Pennant (1726–1798), Welsh naturalist[284] and antiquary, author of History of Quadrupeds
David Penny (born 1939), New Zealand biologist known for theoretical biology, molecular evolution, human evolution, and the history of science
Edward James Salisbury (1886–1978), British botanist[323] with "notable contributions to plant ecology and to the study of the British flora generally"
Henry Seebohm (1832–1895), English ornithologist[338] and traveller, author of A History of British Birds
Michael Sela (1924–2022) Israeli immunologist who works on synthetic antigens, molecules that trigger the immune system
Prideaux John Selby (1788–1867), English botanist[339] and ornithologist, best known for his Illustrations of British Ornithology
Nikolai Alekseevich Severtzov (1827–1885), Russian explorer and naturalist,[340] author of Vertical and Horizontal Distribution of Turkestan Wildlife
Richard Bowdler Sharpe (1847–1909), English zoologist and ornithologist who described many new species of bird
George Shaw (1751–1813), English botanist[341] and zoologist who published English descriptions with scientific names of several Australian animals in Zoology of New Holland
John Kunkel Small (1869–1938), American botanist[346] who documented the flora of Florida
Andrew Smith (1797–1872), Scottish surgeon, explorer, ethnologist and zoologist,[347] author of Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa
Edgar Albert Smith (1847–1916), British zoologist[348] and malacologist who published many separate memoirs on the Mollusca
Emil L. Smith (1911–2009) American protein chemist known for studies of protein evolution
Frederick Smith (1805–1879), British entomologist[349] who specialized on Hymenoptera
James Edward Smith (1759–1828), English botanist,[350] founder and first President of the Linnean Society of London
Johannes Jacobus Smith (1867–1947), Dutch botanist[351] who collected specimens of plants of the Dutch East Indies as well as describing and cataloguing their flora
James Leonard Brierley Smith (1897–1968), South African ichthyologist who identified a taxidermied fish as a coelacanth
John Maynard Smith (1920–2004), British theoretical and mathematical evolutionary biologist and geneticist who discussed the evolution of sex and signalling theory, as well as other fundamental problems
Oliver Smithies (1925–2017) British-American geneticist and physical biochemist awarded the Nobel Prize for gel electrophoresis
John Otterbein Snyder (1867–1943), American ichthyologist who documented the native fishes of San Francisco Bay
Solomon H. Snyder (born 1938), American neuroscientist who co-discovered endorphins
Daniel Solander (1733–1782), Swedish botanist[352] who described and catalogued many plants of Australia and New Zealand
Alberto Sols (1917–1989), Spanish biochemist known for studies of metabolic regulation and for rejuvenating biochemistry in Spain
Douglas Spalding (1841–1877), English biologist who researched on animal behavior and discovered imprinting
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729–1799), Italian biologist[353] whose research on biogenesis paved the way for the downfall of the theory of spontaneous generation
Anders Sparrman (1748–1820), Swedish naturalist,[354] author of A voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, towards...
Walter Baldwin Spencer (1860–1929), British-Australian evolutionary biologist and anthropologist,[355] known for fieldwork with Aboriginal peoples in Central Australia
Roger W. Sperry (1913–1994), American neuropsychologist awarded the Nobel Prize for his split-brain research
G. Ledyard Stebbins (1906–2000), American botanist[361] and geneticist, one of the leading evolutionary biologists of the 20th century.
Japetus Steenstrup (1813–1897), Danish zoologist[362] who discovered the possibility of using fossils to interpreting climate and vegetation changes
Charles M. Steinberg (1932–1999), American immunobiologist and geneticist, co-discoverer of the amber-mutants that led to the recognition of stop codons
Franz Steindachner (1834–1919), Austrian ichthyologist and herpetologist who published work on fishes, reptiles and amphibians
Joan Steitz (born 1941), American biochemist known for work on RNA
Thomas A. Steitz (1940–2018), American biochemist awarded the Nobel Prize for pioneering work on the ribosome
Leonhard Hess Stejneger (1851–1943), Norwegian-American ornithologist, herpetologist and zoologist[363] known for work on reptiles and amphibians
Georg Wilhelm Steller (1709–1746), German ornithologist who worked in Russia, a pioneer of Alaskan natural history
James Francis Stephens (1792–1853), English entomologist and naturalist,[364] author of Manual of British Beetles
Richard Summerbell (born 1956), Canadian mycologist whose research explores opportunistic fungal pathogens
Carl Jakob Sundevall (1801–1875), Swedish zoologist who developed a phylogeny for birds based on the muscles of the hip and leg
Mriganka Sur (born 1953), Indian cognitive neuroscientist specializing in neuroplasticity
Henry Suter (1841–1918), Swiss-New Zealand zoologist, naturalist and palaeontologist who studied the terrestrial and freshwater molluscs of New Zealand
Mary Sutherland (1893–1955), New Zealand botanist who pioneered work in agricultural forestry
William John Swainson (1789–1855), English ornithologist,[371] malacologist, conchologist, entomologist and artist
Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680), Dutch biologist and microscopist who showed that the egg, larva, pupa, and adult of an insect are different forms of the same animal
Olof Swartz (1760–1816), Swedish botanist[372] known for his taxonomic work and studies of pteridophytes
Robert Swinhoe (1836–1877), English naturalist[373] who catalogued many Southeast Asian birds
Albert Szent-Györgyi (1893–1986), Hungarian biochemist, the first to isolate vitamin C, awarded the Nobel Prize for analysis of the tricarboxylate cycle
Agostino Todaro (1818–1892), Italian botanist[384] who described Sicilian plants
Susumu Tonegawa (born 1939), Japanese biologist, awarded the Nobel Prize discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity, later primarily interested in neuroscience
John Torrey (1796–1873), American botanist[385] who described plants of the USA
Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708), French botanist,[386] the first to make a clear definition of the concept of genus for plants
John Kirk Townsend (1809–1851), American ornithologist who collected animal specimens for John James Audubon
Thomas Stewart Traill (1781–1862), Scottish doctor and naturalist,[387] specialist in medical jurisprudence
Abraham Trembley (1710–1784), Swiss naturalist, known for being the first to study freshwater polyps
Melchior Treub (1851–1910), Dutch botanist[388] who worked on plants of south-east Asia
Henry Baker Tristram (1822–1906), English clergyman and ornithologist[389] who tried to reconcile evolution and creation
Robert Trivers (born 1943), American evolutionary biologist and sociobiologist known for the theories of reciprocal altruism and parental investment
Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902), German biologist and pathologist, founder of cell theory, known as "the father of modern pathology"
Oswaldo Vital Brazil (1865–1950), Brazilian physician and immunobiologist, discoverer of several antivenoms against snake, scorpion and spider bites
Bert Vogelstein (born 1949), American geneticist, pioneer in cancer genomics
Karel Voous (1920–2002), Dutch ornithologist, author of Owls of the Northern Hemisphere
Mary Voytek (thesis 1995), American biogeochemist and microbial ecologist who has studied environmental controls on microbial transformations of nutrients
Hugo de Vries (1848–1935), Dutch botanist[401] known for suggesting the concept of genes
Deepal Warakagoda (born 1965), Sri Lankan ornithologist who identified new bird species of Sri Lanka
Otto Heinrich Warburg (1883–1970), German biochemist awarded the Nobel Prize for pioneering studies of respiration
J. Robin Warren (born 1937), Australian pathologist awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize for discovering that most stomach ulcers are caused by bacteria
Arieh Warshel (born 1940). Israeli-American biochemist awarded the Nobel Prize for computational studies of functional properties of biological molecules.
Charles Waterton (1782–1865), English naturalist who introduced curare to Europe
James D. Watson (born 1928), American molecular biologist, awarded the Nobel Prize-winning for discovering the structure of DNA
Edwin C. Webb (1921–2006), British (later Australian) biochemist known for systematic classification of enzymes
Philip Barker Webb (1793–1854), English botanist,[409] author of Histoire Naturelle des Iles Canaries
Hugh Algernon Weddell (1819–1877), English physician and botanist[410] specializing in South American flora
Jean Weigle (1901–1968), Swiss physicist and molecular biologist who worked on the interactions between bacteriophage λ and E. coli
Robert Weinberg (born 1942), American cancerologist who studies oncogenes and the genetic basis of cancer
August Weismann (1834–1914), German biologist who argued that inheritance only takes place by means of the germ cells
Friedrich Welwitsch (1806–1872), Austrian explorer and botanist[411] who discovered the plant Welwitschia mirabilis in Angola
Karl Wernicke (1848–1905), German physician and neuroanatomist who discovered Wernicke's area
Hans Westerhoff (born 1953), Dutch biochemist known for work in systems biology and metabolic regulation
Victor Westhoff (1916–2001), Dutch botanist who published work on phytosociology and conservation
Alexander Wetmore (1886–1978), American ornithologist, author of A Systematic Classification for the Birds of the World
William Morton Wheeler (1865–1937), American entomologist and myrmecologist[412] who studied the behavior and classification of ants
William Joseph Whelan (1924–2021) British-American biochemist noted for research on glycogen and as a founder of international unions such as the IUBMB
Gilbert White (1720–1795), English naturalist[413] known for Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne
John White (c. 1756–1832), English botanist[414] who studied the native flora and fauna of Australia
Eric F. Wieschaus (born 1947), American developmental biologist awarded the Nobel Prize for work on the genetic control of embryonic development
Torsten Wiesel (born 1924), Swedish-American neurobiologist awarded the Nobel Prize for work on information processing in the visual system
Joan Wiffen (1922–2009), New Zealand paleontologist who discovered numerous dinosaur fossils in New Zealand
Siouxsie Wiles (thesis about 2005), British microbiologist who studies how glowing bacteria help to understand microbial infections
Maurice Wilkins (1916–2004). New Zealand and British x-ray crystallographer awarded the Nobel Prize for work on the structure of DNA
Carl Ludwig Willdenow (1765–1812), German botanist,[416] pharmacist, and plant taxonomist, one of the founders of phytogeography
George C. Williams (1926–2010), American evolutionary biologist known for his criticism of group selection, and for introducing the gene-centric view of evolution
Mark Williamson (thesis 1958), British zoologist, expert on biological invasions
Francis Willughby (1635–1672), English ornithologist and ichthyologist who introduced innovative and effective ways of classifying animals
Alexander Wilson (1766–1813), Scottish-American ornithologist,[417] author of American Ornithology (nine volumes)
Allan Charles Wilson (1934–1991), New Zealand biochemist and evolutionary biologist who pioneered molecular approaches to evolutionary changes and reconstructing phylogenies
David Sloan Wilson (born 1949), American evolutionary biologist who supports the concept of group selection
Edward A. Wilson (1872–1912), English naturalist and artist who painted British birds and objects seen in Antarctica
Edward O. Wilson (1929–2021), American entomologist[418] and father of sociobiology, expert on ants, two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize
Sergei Winogradsky (1856–1953), Russian microbiologist, ecologist and soil scientist who pioneered the cycle-of-life concept and studied nitrifying bacteria
Caspar Wistar (1761–1818), American anatomist and physician who developed anatomical models to assist in teaching anatomy
Henry Witherby (1873–1943), British ornithologist who introduced a bird-ringing scheme
William Withering (1741–1799), English botanist[419] who introduced the use of digitalis, the active principle in foxgloves, as a remedy
Carl Woese (1928–2012), American microbiologist who used phylogenetic taxonomy of 16S ribosomal RNA to defined the Archaea as a new domain of life
Friedrich Wöhler (1800–1882), German chemist known for his synthesis of urea from ammonium cyanate (a nail in the coffin of vitalism)
Lewis Wolpert (1929–2021), South-African-British developmental biologist known for the French flag model of embryonic development
Wong Siew Te (born 1969), Malaysian zoologist known for studies of the Malayan sun bear and efforts for its conservation
Flossie Wong-Staal (1947–2020), American virologist known for complete genetic mapping of HIV
Sewall Wright (1889–1988), American geneticist, known for work on evolutionary theory and on path analysis, co-founder of population genetics
Dorothy Wrinch (1894–1976), British mathematical biologist who promoted the cyclol structure for proteins
V. C. Wynne-Edwards (1906–1997), Scottish zoologist known for advocacy of group selection, the theory that natural selection acts on groups
