The Spanish language is the most commonly spoken language in California after the English language, spoken by 28.18 percent (10,434,308) of the population (in 2021).[1]Californian Spanish (español californiano) is a set of varieties of Spanish spoken in California,[2][3][4][5] including the historical variety known as Californio Spanish (español californio).[6][7][8]
Spanish was first introduced to California in 1542 and has since become deeply entwined with California's cultural landscape and history.[9][10][11] Spanish was the official administrative language in California through the Spanish and Mexican periods until 1848, when Alta California was ceded from Mexico to the United States following the U.S. Conquest of California. Early American governments in California protected the rights of Spanish speakers in the 1849 Constitution of California, but those constitutional protections were removed in 1879.[12]
As of 2010, 28.46% (9,696,638) of California residents age 5 and older spoke Spanish at home as a primary language. California has the second highest concentration of Spanish speakers in the United States. Hispanic students are the largest student demographic in public schools in California, making up the majority of student populations in nearly 40% of school districts.[13] 21% of school students in California speak Spanish as their primary language.[14]
The name of California has its origin in the Spanish epic Las sergas de Esplandián ("The Adventures of Esplandián"), written by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo in the late 15th and early 16th centuries.[17]InLas sergas de Esplandián, California is described as being an island kingdom of warrior women ruled by a queen known as Califia.[18] The name was applied to the modern region of the Californias in the 1530's, initially just referring to Baja California (which is today part of Mexico), but later expanded to cover Alta California (today's U.S. state of California).[19]
The spoken history of the Spanish language in California began in 1542, when the first expeditions of the Spanish Empire came to Alta California.[9] While Spanish expeditions continued throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, permanent Spanish colonization was only solidified following the Portolá expedition in 1769–70, which ultimately led to the founding of Spanish settlements across California, such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, and San Diego. Expedition leader Gaspar de Portolá published his account of the voyage in Estracto de Noticias del Puerto de Monterrey, as did Spanish cartographer Miguel Costansó in his Diario Histórico de los Viages de Mar, y Tierra Hechos al Norte de la California, both published in 1770.
The creation of the Spanish missions in California led to the spread of the Spanish language into the lives of the Indigenous peoples of California which resided in the mission system. Franciscan missionaries served an important role in the proliferation of Spanish across communities in California, both through missionary-run education and through publishings of Franciscan padres, such as Francisco Palóu, who wrote various histories and essays on California, including his seminal Noticias de la Nueva California, written from 1767 to 1784.
Mexican era
[edit]The first book published in California: "Manifesto a la República Mejicana"byJosé Figueroa, 1835.
In 1834, Agustín V. Zamorano became the first publisher in the history of California, opening a print shopinMonterey, mainly serving as the official press of the Mexican government in California. In 1835, Zamorano published the first book in the history of California, "Manifesto a la República Mejicana", written by Governor José Figueroa. Previous literary pieces had been written in California, but had to be published elsewhere, such as Carlos Antonio Carrillo's 1831 "Exposición dirigida á la Cámara de Diputados del Congreso de la Unión". During the Mexican era, a number of the American and European immigrants settled in Alta California and acquired Mexican citizenship, in order to own land, often under the requirement that they learn to speak Spanish.[20]
Following the U.S. Conquest of California in 1847, the rights of Spanish speakers were initially guaranteed by the American interim government of California. The first Constitution of California, written in 1849 in both English and Spanish, guaranteed the official status of Spanish alongside English in government regulations and publications.[21] One of the first acts of the first California Legislature of 1850 was to appoint a State Translator, who would be responsible for translating all state laws, decrees, documents, and orders into Spanish.[22][23]
While Spanish initially continued to be used in schools and government following the Mexican Cession in 1848, the Anglophone American settlers migrating en masse to California during the California Gold Rush would eventually establish their language, culture, and law as dominant, displacing Spanish in the public sphere.[24] By 1855, California declared that English would be the only medium of instruction in its schools, as a way of ensuring the social and political dominance of Anglos.[25]
California's second constitutional convention in 1872 had no Spanish-speaking participants (compared to a significant portion of the 1849 convention) and ultimately voted 46–39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English.[21] Despite the displacement of Spanish from the public sphere, most of California continued to be home to Spanish-speaking communities through the 19th and 20th centuries into the modern day.[26]
[edit]Bilingual sign where English and Spanish are displayed equally in size and font; the Colorado DesertinSouthern California.Bilingual sign where English is displayed more prominently than Spanish, in the San Joaquin Valley.
Spanish was the official administrative language of California through the Spanish and Mexican eras, until 1848. Following the U.S. Conquest of California and the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, the U.S Government initially guaranteed the rights of the Spanish-speaking citizens in the Mexican Cession.
The first Constitution of California (1849) was written in both English and Spanish at the Monterey Constitutional Convention of 1849 and it enshrined the constitutional rights of Spanish speakers to use their language in government proceedings and mandated that all government documents be published in both English and Spanish.[27]
All laws, decrees, regulations, and provisions emanating from any of the three supreme powers of this State, which from their nature require publication, shall be published in English and Spanish.
By 1870, the English-speaking American population had become the majority in California. The revised 1879 constitution stripped the rights of Spanish speakers and the official status of Spanish.[28] Under the new constitution, all official proceedings were to be conducted exclusively in English, a clause that remained in effect until 1966.
The growth of the English-only movement in the 20th century led to the passage of 1986 California Proposition 63, which constitutionally enshrined English as the only official language in California and ended Spanish language instruction in schools.[29]
English is the official language of the State of California.
— Constitution of California, Art. 3, Sec. 6
The government of California has made efforts to expand its Spanish language capacity across a variety of agencies.[30] Spanish is widely spoken through the state and many local governments and special districts offer services and publications in both English and Spanish.
The city of Coachella is officially bilingual in English and Spanish, both in government publications and city council proceedings,[32] with 90% of residents speaking Spanish.[34] The city of Calexico is exploring becoming officially bilingual in English and Spanish.[35]
The city of Los Angeles mandates that all Los Angeles City Council meetings be served by a Spanish language interpreter.[36] LA council members regularly hold bilingual English/Spanish press conferences and often participate in Spanish language immersion courses in order to communicate directly with the high number of Spanish-speaking constituents.[36][37] The Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT) requires that "high quality and inclusive community engagement must be conducted in English and Spanish",[38] while the LA Department of City Planning requires all city planning materials to be published in both English and Spanish.[39]
Bilingual English/Spanish Orange County public health notice.
The San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG) mandates all public meetings must be staffed with bilingual English/Spanish staff, including English/Spanish court reporters, interpreters, and publications.[70] SANDAG also mandates all regional surveys be conducted in both English and Spanish.[70]
The California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training has set standards for all law enforcement officers in California to meet a minimum fluency level in Spanish.[71]
[edit]El Clamor Público was a Spanish language newspaper founded in 1855.Librería Española, a historic Spanish language bookstore in Downtown L.A. in the 1930's.
Since the Covid 19 pandemic, Spanish language media has faced a crisis in California, with many local newspapers and radio stations closing and owners of Spanish newspapers shifting their resources towards English publications.[76]
The Los Angeles Star/Estrella de Los Ángeles was the first newspaper in Southern California, publishing in Los Angeles in both Spanish and English, from 1851 to 1879. El Clamor Público was another Spanish language newspaper published out of Los Angeles from 1855 to 1859. La Sociedad was based in San Francisco, published in Spanish from 1869 to 1895.[87]
In some cases, 19th century Mexican newspapers, such as La Orquesta, published Californian editions alongside their primary Mexican editions.
Escuela Popular, a Spanish-English dual immersion school in San Jose, established in 1986.
2016 California Proposition 58 reversed the prohibition on bilingual education, though there are still many barriers to the proliferation of Spanish bilingual education, including a shortage of teachers and lack of funding.[88][29][89] The government of California has since made efforts to promote Spanish language access and bilingual education, [90][91] as have private educational institutions in California.[92]
Many businesses in California promote the usage of Spanish by their employees, to better serve both California's Hispanic population and the larger Spanish-speaking world.[109][110] California has legal protections against Spanish language discrimination in the workplace.[111]
The Spanish of Southern California exhibits morphosyntactic traits that are characterized by Spanish morphological structures that are applied to borrowed words and syntactic structures.[113]
Los Angeles Vernacular Spanish (español vernáculo de Los Angeles), abbreviated as LAVS, is a Southern Californian variety originating in the Greater Los Angeles area, which is primarily based in rural accents of Mexican Spanish, though with unique traits of its own.[114][115] Characteristics of LAVS include:[114][115]
Bay Area Spanish (español de la Área de la Bahía) is a Northern Californian variety originating in the Bay Area.[116][117] Also based in Mexican Spanish dialects, and notably influenced by Chicano English, Bay Area Spanish is noted for its features resulting from the California Vowel Shift, most notable having a more compressed vowel space than other Mexican Spanish dialects, owing to the high degree of Spanish-English bilingualism in the Bay Area, which has resulted in speakers transferring articulatory phonetics from one language to another, producing a similar modulation of the vowel space in both Spanish and English.[116][117]
Californio Spanish (español californio) is a historic variety spoken by early Californios throughout the Spanish, Mexican and early American eras of Californian history.[114][6][7][8]
^ abGuadalupe Valdés et al., Developing Minority Language Resources: The Case of Spanish in California (Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2006), 28–29.
^Martin, Daniel W. (2006). Henke's California Law Guide (8th ed.). Newark: Matthew Bender & Co. pp. 45–46. ISBN08205-7595-X.
^Garcia, Ofelia (2015). "Racializing the Language Practices of U.S. Latinos: Impact on Their Education". In Cobas, Jose; Duany, Jorge; Feagin, Joe (eds.). How the United States Racializes Latinos. Routledge. pp. 102–105.
^ abParodi, Claudia; Guerrero, Armando (May 2016). "Los Angeles Vernacular Spanish: An analytical approach to its indicators, markers, and stereotypes". Spanish Language and Sociolinguistic Analysis. John Benjamins. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
^ abDavidson, Justin (2016). "Corpus of Bay Area Spanish". University of California, Berkeley - Department of Spanish & Portuguese.
