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(Top) 1 List of isotopes 2 See also 3 References 4 External links

Isotopes of sulfur

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Isotopesofsulfur (₁₆S)

Main isotopes			Decay
	abundance	half-life (t_1/2)	mode	product
³²S	94.8%	stable
³³S	0.760%	stable
³⁴S	4.37%	stable
³⁵S	trace	87.37 d	β⁻	³⁵Cl
³⁶S	0.02%	stable

³⁴S abundances vary greatly (between 3.96 and 4.77 percent) in natural samples.

Standard atomic weight A_r°(S)

[32.059, 32.076]^[1]

32.06±0.02 (abridged)^[2]

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Sulfur (₁₆S) has 23 known isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 27 to 49, four of which are stable: ³²S (95.02%), ³³S (0.75%), ³⁴S (4.21%), and ³⁶S (0.02%). The preponderance of sulfur-32 is explained by its production from carbon-12 plus successive fusion capture of five helium-4 nuclei, in the so-called alpha process of exploding type II supernovas (see silicon burning).

Other than ³⁵S, the radioactive isotopes of sulfur are all comparatively short-lived. ³⁵S is formed from cosmic ray spallationof⁴⁰Ar in the atmosphere. It has a half-life of 87 days. The next longest-lived radioisotope is sulfur-38, with a half-life of 170 minutes. The shortest-lived is ⁴⁹S, with a half-life shorter than 200 nanoseconds. Heavier radioactive isotopes of sulfur decay to chlorine.

When sulfide minerals are precipitated, isotopic equilibration among solids and liquid may cause small differences in the δ³⁴S values of co-genetic minerals. The differences between minerals can be used to estimate the temperature of equilibration. The δ¹³C and δ³⁴S of coexisting carbonates and sulfides can be used to determine the pH and oxygen fugacity of the ore-bearing fluid during ore formation.

In most forest ecosystems, sulfate is derived mostly from the atmosphere; weathering of ore minerals and evaporites also contribute some sulfur. Sulfur with a distinctive isotopic composition has been used to identify pollution sources, and enriched sulfur has been added as a tracer in hydrologic studies. Differences in the natural abundances can also be used in systems where there is sufficient variation in the ³⁴S of ecosystem components. Rocky Mountain lakes thought to be dominated by atmospheric sources of sulfate have been found to have different δ³⁴S values from oceans believed to be dominated by watershed sources of sulfate.

List of isotopes[edit]

Nuclide^[3] ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)^[4] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life	Decay mode ^{[n 4]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 5]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 6]}^{[n 7]}	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide^[3] ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy			Half-life	Decay mode ^{[n 4]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 5]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 6]}^{[n 7]}	Normal proportion	Range of variation
²⁷S^{[n 8]}	16	11	27.01828(43)#	15.5(15) ms	β⁺ (96.6%)	²⁷P	(5/2+)
					β⁺, p (2.3%)	²⁶Si
					β⁺, 2p (1.1%)	²⁵Al
²⁸S	16	12	28.00437(17)	125(10) ms	β⁺ (79.3%)	²⁸P	0+
²⁸S	16	12	28.00437(17)	125(10) ms	β⁺, p (20.7%)	²⁷Si	0+
²⁹S	16	13	28.99661(5)	188(4) ms	β⁺ (53.6%)	²⁹P	5/2+#
²⁹S	16	13	28.99661(5)	188(4) ms	β⁺, p (46.4%)	²⁸Si	5/2+#
³⁰S	16	14	29.98490677(22)	1.1759(17) s	β⁺	³⁰P	0+
³¹S	16	15	30.97955701(25)	2.5534(18) s	β⁺	³¹P	1/2+
³²S^{[n 9]}	16	16	31.9720711744(14)	Stable			0+	0.9499(26)	0.94454-0.95281
³³S	16	17	32.9714589099(15)	Stable			3/2+	0.0075(2)	0.00730-0.00793
³⁴S	16	18	33.96786701(5)	Stable			0+	0.0425(24)	0.03976-0.04734
³⁵S	16	19	34.96903232(4)	87.37(4) d	β⁻	³⁵Cl	3/2+	Trace^{[n 10]}
³⁶S	16	20	35.96708070(20)	Stable			0+	0.0001(1)	0.00013−0.00027
³⁷S	16	21	36.97112551(21)	5.05(2) min	β⁻	³⁷Cl	7/2−
³⁸S	16	22	37.971163(8)	170.3(7) min	β⁻	³⁸Cl	0+
³⁹S	16	23	38.97513(5)	11.5(5) s	β⁻	³⁹Cl	(7/2)−
⁴⁰S	16	24	39.975483(4)	8.8(22) s	β⁻	⁴⁰Cl	0+
⁴¹S	16	25	40.979593(4)	1.99(5) s	β⁻ (>99.9%)	⁴¹Cl	7/2−#
⁴¹S	16	25	40.979593(4)	1.99(5) s	β⁻, n (<.1%)	⁴⁰Cl	7/2−#
⁴²S	16	26	41.981065(3)	1.016(15) s	β⁻ (>96%)	⁴²Cl	0+
⁴²S	16	26	41.981065(3)	1.016(15) s	β⁻, n (<4%)	⁴¹Cl	0+
⁴³S	16	27	42.986908(5)	265(13) ms	β⁻ (60%)	⁴³Cl	3/2−#
⁴³S	16	27	42.986908(5)	265(13) ms	β⁻, n (40%)	⁴²Cl	3/2−#
^43mS	319(5) keV			415.0(26) ns	IT	⁴³S	(7/2−)
⁴⁴S	16	28	43.990119(6)	100(1) ms	β⁻ (81.7%)	⁴⁴Cl	0+
⁴⁴S	16	28	43.990119(6)	100(1) ms	β⁻, n (18.2%)	⁴³Cl	0+
^44mS	1365.0(8) keV			2.619(26) μs	IT	⁴⁴S	0+
⁴⁵S	16	29	44.99572(111)	68(2) ms	β⁻, n (54%)	⁴⁴Cl	3/2−#
⁴⁵S	16	29	44.99572(111)	68(2) ms	β⁻ (46%)	⁴⁵Cl	3/2−#
⁴⁶S	16	30	46.00037(54)#	50(8) ms	β⁻	⁴⁶Cl	0+
⁴⁷S	16	31	47.00791(54)#	20# ms [>200 ns]	β⁻	⁴⁷Cl	3/2−#
⁴⁸S	16	32	48.01370(64)#	10# ms [>200 ns]	β⁻	⁴⁸Cl	0+
⁴⁹S^[5]	16	33	49.02264(72)#		β⁻	⁴⁹Cl	3/2−#
This table header & footer: view

^ ^mS – Excited nuclear isomer.

^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

^ Modes of decay:

IT:	Isomeric transition
n:	Neutron emission
p:	Proton emission

^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

^ # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

^ Has 2 halo protons

^ Heaviest theoretically stable nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons

^ Cosmogenic

• The beams of several radioactive isotopes (such as those of ⁴⁴S) have been studied theoretically within the framework of the synthesis of superheavy elements, especially those ones in the vicinity of island of stability.^[6]^[7]

References[edit]

^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Sulfur". CIAAW. 2009.

^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

^ Half-life, decay mode, nuclear spin, and isotopic composition is sourced in:
Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0001A. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001.

^ Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017). "The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030003-1–030003-442. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003.

^ Neufcourt, L.; Cao, Y.; Nazarewicz, W.; Olsen, E.; Viens, F. (2019). "Neutron drip line in the Ca region from Bayesian model averaging". Physical Review Letters. 122 (6): 062502–1–062502–6. arXiv:1901.07632. Bibcode:2019PhRvL.122f2502N. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.062502. PMID 30822058. S2CID 73508148.

^ Zagrebaev, Valery; Greiner, Walter (2008-09-24). "Synthesis of superheavy nuclei: A search for new production reactions". Physical Review C. 78 (3): 034610. arXiv:0807.2537. Bibcode:2008PhRvC..78c4610Z. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.78.034610. S2CID 122586703.

^ Zhu, Long (2019-12-01). "Possibilities of producing superheavy nuclei in multinucleon transfer reactions based on radioactive targets *". Chinese Physics C. 43 (12): 124103. Bibcode:2019ChPhC..43l4103Z. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/43/12/124103. ISSN 1674-1137. S2CID 250673444.

External links[edit]

Sulfur isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's

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