コンテンツにスキップ

X染色体の不活性化

この記事は良質な記事に選ばれています
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』

X:X-inactivationX11=(Lyonization):Barr body
XX2XX

XX1X2XX[* 1]XXX[* 2]

XX

X[1][2][* 3]XX

[]


1890[* 4]X1900[* 5]

2X(XX)1X(XO)XOXXOXYZWZOXY[* 6]

1949(Murray Barr)1(sex chromatin)[3][* 7]

19592X1[4]19602X[* 8]1961(Mary Lyon)X=[5]X2XX[* 9]X1X1使

-6-(G6PD) Ernest Beutler[6]

[]

[]


2-4X[7][8][9](trophectoderm)X[* 10]

X2XX[9]X[1]XX

X[]


FISH2XXaXXiX DAPICCDXi

2X1XXa1XiX2X1XaXX1X 

X1XXXX12X2

XX(X inacivation center, XIC)XXICXXICXXICXICXXICXXistTsix2RNAXIC

[]


Xist(X-inactive specific transcript)RNAX[10]X(Xi)Xist RNA[11]XaXistXiXaXistX[12]Xist[13][14]

2XXist RNAXaXist RNAXiXist RNAXiXist RNAXIC[13]XiXist RNA

TsixXistRNATsix RNAXistRNATsixXistXistDNARNA[15]TsixXistTsixXistX

XistTsix RNAXXXiTsix RNAXaTsix RNA

Xi[]


XXiXist RNA

XiDNAXa[16][* 11]

(一)DNA

(二)

(三)H34

(四)H39

XiH2A[17][18]

[]


XXiXistXiXa[19]XiXaXiXi25%[20]

XXYYY2XXiXist RNA

XiX (XO)   (XXY, XXXY...)XX[* 12]

[]





(一)^ XYXOXLucchesi JC, Kelly WG, Panning B (2005). Chromatin remodeling in dosage compensation. Annu Rev Genet 39: 615-651. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.094210. PMID 16285873. http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.094210 2009319. 

(二)^ X196-197

(三)^ X202-210Gomez MR, Engle AG, Dewald G, Peterson HA (1977). Failure of inactivation of Duchenne dystrophy X-chromosome in one of female identical twins. Neurology 27: 537-541. http://neurology.org/cgi/content/abstract/27/6/537. 

(四)^ X12-15 Henking, H(1891). L. Zeit. Wiss. Zool. 51.

(五)^ X21-28 McLung CE(1902) Biological Bulletin 3: 43; McLung CE(1901) Anatomischer Anzeinger 20: 220; Steven NM(1905). Journal of Experimental Zoology 2: 371; Wilson EB(1905). Science 22: 500.

(六)^ XOX80-83

(七)^ X182-185

(八)^ X185Ohno S, Hauschka TS (1960). Allocycly of the X-chromosome in tumors and normal tissues.. Cancer Res 20: 541-545. PMID 14428472. http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/20/4/541. 

(九)^ X185-188

(十)^ X198-199

(11)^ DNARNAH34927 : 63-66

(12)^ X222-231



  1. ^ a b Puck J (1998). “X inactivation in females with X-linked disease”. NEJM. 338: 325-328. PMID 9445416. 
  2. ^ Shin T, Kraemer D, Pryor J, Liu L, Rugila J, Howe L, Buck S, Murphy K, Lyons L, Westhusin M (2002). “A cat cloned by nuclear transplantation”. Nature 415: 859. doi:10.1038/nature723. PMID 11859353. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v415/n6874/pdf/nature723.pdf. 
  3. ^ Barr ML, Bertram EG (1949). “A morphological distinction between neurones of the male and female, and the behaviour of the nucleolar satellite during accelerated nucleoprotein synthesis”. Nature 163 (4148): 676–677. doi:10.1038/163676a0. PMID 18120749. 
  4. ^ Ohno S, Kaplan WD, Kinosita R (1959). “Formation of the sex chromatin by a single X-chromosome in liver cells of rattus norvegicus.”. Exp Cell Res 18: 415-419. PMID 14428474. 
  5. ^ Lyon MF (1961). “Gene Action in the X-chromosome of the Mouse (Mus musculus L.)” (abstract). Nature 190 (4773): 372–373. doi:10.1038/190372a0. PMID 13764598. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v190/n4773/pdf/190372a0.pdf. 
  6. ^ Beutler E, Yeh M, Fairbanks VF (1962). “The normal human female as a mosaic of X-chromosome activity: Studies using the gene for G-6-PD deficiency as a marker.” (pdf). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 48: 9-16. PMID 13868717. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=285481&blobtype=pdf. 
  7. ^ Takagi N, Sasaki M (1975). “Preferential inactivation of the paternally derived X chromosome in the extraembryonic membranes of the mouse”. Nature 256: 640-642. doi:10.1038/256640a0. PMID 1152998. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v256/n5519/abs/256640a0.html. 
  8. ^ Cheng MK, Disteche CM (2004). “Silence of the fathers: early X inactivation”. BioEssays 26 (8): 821–824. doi:10.1002/bies.20082. PMID 15273983. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/109565168/PDFSTART. 
  9. ^ a b Okamoto I, Otte A, Allis C, Reinberg D, Heard E (2004). “Epigenetic dynamics of imprinted X inactivation during early mouse development”. Science 303: 644-649. PMID 14671313. 
  10. ^ Hoki Y, Kimura N, Kanbayashi M, Amakawa Y, Ohhata T, Sasaki H, Sado T (2009). “A proximal conserved repeat in the Xist gene is essential as a genomic element for X-inactivation in mouse.” (abstract). Development 136: 139-146. PMID 19036803. http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/136/1/139. 
  11. ^ Ng K et al (2007) Fig.1
  12. ^ Penny GD, Kay GF, Sheardown SA, Rastan S, Brockdorff N (1996). “Requirement for Xist in X chromosome inactivation”. Nature 379: 116-117. doi:10.1038/379131a0. PMID 8538762. 
  13. ^ a b Herzing LB, Romer JT, Horn JM, Ashworth A (1997). “Xist has properties of the X-chromosome inactivation centre”. Nature 386: 272-275. doi:10.1038/386272a0. PMID 9069284. 
  14. ^ Lee JT, Jaenisch R (1997). “Long-range cis effects of ectopic X-inactivation centres on a mouse autosome”. Nature 386: 275-279. doi:10.1038/386275a0. PMID 9069285. 
  15. ^ Lee JT, Davidow LS, Warshawsky D (1999). Tisx, a gene antisense to Xist at the X-inactivation centre”. Nat Genet 21: 400-404. doi:10.1038/7734. http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v21/n4/abs/ng0499_400.html. 
  16. ^ Ng K et al (2007) Table 1 - 引用元 Chow JC, Yen Z, Ziesche SM, Brown CJ (2005). "Silencing of the mammalian X chromosome". Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 6: 69–92. PMID 16124854; Lucchesi JC, Kelly WG, Panning B (2005). "Chromatin remodeling in dosage compensation". Annu Rev Genet 39: 615–651. PMID 16285873
  17. ^ Costanzi C, Pehrson JR (1998). “Histone macroH2A1 is concentrated in the inactive X chromosome of female mammals.”. Nature 393: 599–601. doi:10.1038/31275. PMID 9634239. 
  18. ^ Costanzi C, Stein P, Worrad DM, Schultz RM, Pehrson JR (2000). “Histone macroH2A1 is concentrated in the inactive X chromosome of female preimplantation mouse embryos.” (pdf). Development 127: 2283-2289. PMID 10804171. http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/127/11/2283.pdf. 
  19. ^ Plath K, Mlynarczyk-Evans S, Nusinow D, Panning B (2002). “Xist RNA and the mechanism of X chromosome inactivation”. Annu Rev Genet 36: 233-278. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.36.042902.092433. PMID 12429693. http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.genet.36.042902.092433?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 
  20. ^ Carrel L, Willard H (2005). “X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females”. Nature 434: 400-404. PMID 15772666. 

[]


X() 2004ISBN 978-4791761524

 : 2005ISBN 978-4000074414

RNAmRNA-like non-coding RNA2009-03-16


Ng K, Pullirsch D, Leeb M, Wutz A (2007). Xist and the order of silencing (Review Article). EMBO Rep 8: 34-39. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400871. PMID 17203100. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1796754 2009318. 

Goto T, Monk M (1998). Regulation of X-chromosome inactivation in development in mice and humans (Review Article). Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62: 362-378. PMID 9618446. http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/62/2/362?view=long&pmid=9618446 2009318. 

[]


 / X / 

 / 


[]


 XDNA200210Vol.47 No.131822-18282002

(ABI) - PIMX


Lyon M (2003). The Lyon and the LINE hypothesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 14: 313-318. PMID 15015738. 

Chow J, Yen Z, Ziesche S, Brown C (2005). Silencing of the mammalian X chromosome. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 6: 69-92. doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.6.080604.162350. PMID 16124854. http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.genom.6.080604.162350?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dncbi.nlm.nih.gov.