Lipan language: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Eastern Southern Athabaskan language}}

| name = Lipan

| states = [[Mexico]], [[United States]]

| region = [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], [[Coahuila]], [[New Mexico]], [[Texas]]

| ethnicity = [[Lipan Apache people]]

| extinct =

| ref = <ref name=inali2023>[https://www.inali.gob.mx/detalle/lengua-ndee-nnee-nde] Lengua N'dee/N'nee/Ndé</ref>

| familycolor = Dené-Yeniseian

| fam2 = [[Na-Dene]]

| fam3 = [[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan]]

| fam4 = [[Southern Athabaskan]]

| fam5 = Eastern

| iso3 = apl

| glotto = lipa1241

| glottorefname = Lipan Apache

| script = Latin

| nation = {{flag|Mexico}}

| agency = [[Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas]]

| nativename = ''Ndé miizaa''

| speakers = 110 (in Mexico)

'''Lipan''' (''ndé miizaa'') is an Eastern [[Southern Athabaskan languages|Southern Athabaskan language]] spoken by the [[Lipan Apache people|Lipan Apache]] in the states of [[Coahuila]] and [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] in northern [[Mexico]], some reservations of [[New Mexico]] and parts of southern Texas. Lipan belongs to the [[Na-Dene languages]] family and it is closely related to the [[Jicarilla language]], which is also part of the Eastern Southern Athabaskan languages.

== History ==

In 1981, it was reported that in New Mexico there were only 2 or 3 elderly speakers still alive.<ref>1981 R. W. Young</ref>

On March 22, 2023, a speech in Lipan was given in the tribune of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|Chamber of Deputies]] of Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hablante de lengua nde’ mizaa, pronuncia discurso en la tribuna de la Cámara de Diputados |url=https://comunicacionsocial.diputados.gob.mx/index.php/lengua/ivan-alexander-de-leon-hablante-de-lengua-nde-mizaa-pronuncia-discurso-en-la-tribuna-de-la-camara-de-diputados}}</ref>

On July 22, 2023, the [[Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas]] presented and validated an official alphabet for Lipan in the Assembly Hall of [[Casas Grandes, Chihuahua]].

== Distribution ==

In Mexico, Lipan is traditionally spoken in some native communities in the states of [[Coahuila]] and [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]: In Coahuila it was mainly spoken in Los Lirios and San Antonio de Alanzas in [[Arteaga Municipality, Coahuila|Arteaga Municipality]], El Remolino and Zaragoza in [[Zaragoza Municipality, Coahuila|Zaragoza Municipality]], Sierra de Santa Rosa de Lima and Múzquiz in [[Múzquiz Municipality]] and the cities of [[Sabinas, Coahuila|Sabinas]] and [[Saltillo]]. In Chihuahua it is mainly spoken in [[Ciudad Juárez|Ciudad Juarez]], the city of [[Chihuahua City|Chihuahua]] and other native towns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historia de la lengua y cultura n'dee/n'nee/ndé; Ndé miizaa |url=https://contigoenladistancia.cultura.gob.mx/detalle/conversatorio-historia-de-la-lengua-y-cultura-n-dee-n-nee-nde-hacia-el-registro-en-el-catalogo-de-las-lenguas-indigenas-nacionales-clin-}}</ref>

Lipan was spoken in New Mexico in the [[Mescalero Reservation]] and in Texas near the [[Mexico–United States border|Mexico-U.S. border.]]

==Phonology==

=== Consonants ===

There are 30 consonants in Lipan Apache:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|-

! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |

! rowspan="2" | [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]

! colspan="3" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]

! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]

! rowspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]

! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]

|- style="font-size: x-small;"

! plain

! [[sibilant]]

! [[Lateral consonant|lateral]]

|-

! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]

| {{IPA link|m}} ⟨m⟩

| {{IPA link|n}} ⟨n⟩

| || || || ||

|-

! rowspan="4" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]

! <small>[[Prenasalized consonant|prenasal]]</small>

|

| {{IPA link|ⁿd}} ⟨nd⟩

| || || || ||

|-

! <small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>

| {{IPA link|p}} ⟨b⟩

| {{IPA link|t}} ⟨d⟩

| {{IPA link|ts}} ⟨dz⟩

| {{IPA link|tɬ}} ⟨dl⟩

| {{IPA link|tʃ}} ⟨j⟩

| {{IPA link|k}} ⟨g⟩

| {{IPA link|ʔ}} ⟨'⟩

|-

! <small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>

|

| {{IPA link|tʰ}} ⟨t⟩

| {{IPA link|tsʰ}} ⟨ts⟩

| {{IPA link|tɬʰ}} ⟨tł⟩

| {{IPA link|tʃʰ}} ⟨ch⟩

| {{IPA link|kʰ}} ⟨k⟩

|

|-

! <small>[[Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>

|

| {{IPA link|tʼ}} ⟨t'⟩

| {{IPA link|tsʼ}} ⟨ts'⟩

| {{IPA link|tɬʼ}} ⟨tł'⟩

| {{IPA link|tʃʼ}} ⟨ch'⟩

| {{IPA link|kʼ}} ⟨k'⟩

|

|-

! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]

! <small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>

|

|

| {{IPA link|s}} ⟨s⟩

| {{IPA link|ɬ}} ⟨ł⟩

| {{IPA link|ʃ}} ⟨sh⟩

| {{IPA link|x}} ⟨x⟩

| {{IPA link|h}} ⟨h⟩

|-

! <small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>

|

|

| {{IPA link|z}} ⟨z⟩

|

| {{IPA link|ʒ}} ⟨zh⟩

| {{IPA link|ɣ}} ⟨gh⟩

|

|-

! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]

|

|

|

| {{IPA link|l}} ⟨l⟩

| {{IPA link|j}} ⟨y⟩

| ||

|}

=== Vowels ===

There are 16 vowels in Lipan Apache:

{| class="wikitable"

|- align="center"

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | &nbsp;

! colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]]

! colspan="2" | [[Central vowel|Central]]

! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]

|- class="small"

! [[Short vowel|short]]

! [[Long vowel|long]]

! [[Short vowel|short]]

! [[Long vowel|long]]

! [[Short vowel|short]]

! [[Long vowel|long]]

|- align="center"

! rowspan="2" | [[Close vowel|Close]]

! <small>[[Oral vowel|oral]]</small>

| {{IPA|i}} ⟨i⟩

| {{IPA|iː}} ⟨ii⟩

| &nbsp;

| &nbsp;

| &nbsp;

| &nbsp;

|- align="center"

! <small>[[Nasal vowel|nasal]]</small>

| {{IPA|ĩ}} ⟨į⟩

| {{IPA|ĩː}} ⟨įį⟩

| &nbsp;

| &nbsp;

| &nbsp;

| &nbsp;

|- align="center"

! rowspan="2" | [[Mid vowel|Mid]]

! <small>[[Oral vowel|oral]]</small>

| {{IPA|e}} ⟨e⟩

| {{IPA|eː}} ⟨ee⟩

| &nbsp;

| &nbsp;

| {{IPA|o}} ⟨o⟩

| {{IPA|oː}} ⟨oo⟩

|- align="center"

!<small> [[Nasal vowel|nasal]]</small>

| {{IPA|ẽ}} ⟨ę⟩

| {{IPA|ẽː}} ⟨ęę⟩

| &nbsp;

| &nbsp;

| {{IPA|õ}} ⟨ǫ⟩

| {{IPA|õː}} ⟨ǫǫ⟩

|- align="center"

! rowspan="2" | [[Open vowel|Open]]

!<small>[[Oral vowel|oral]]</small>

| &nbsp;

| &nbsp;

| {{IPA|a}} ⟨a⟩

| {{IPA|aː}} ⟨aa⟩

| &nbsp;

| &nbsp;

|- align="center"

!<small> [[Nasal vowel|nasal]]</small>

| &nbsp;

| &nbsp;

| {{IPA|ã}} ⟨ą⟩

| {{IPA|ãː}} ⟨ąą⟩

| &nbsp;

| &nbsp;

|}

=== Tone ===

Tones are represented as high {{IPA|[V́]}}, low {{IPA|[V̀]}}, falling {{IPA|[V́V̀]}}, and rising {{IPA|[V̀V́]}}. Rising and falling tones only occur on long vowels.

== Toponymy ==

The Lipan people preserve their own toponymic names to name important places within their history and culture that are part of the ''Ndé Bikéyaa'' ("Ndé land" in Lipan):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toponimia en lengua Ndé |url=https://contigoenladistancia.cultura.gob.mx/detalle/capsula-toponimia-en-lengua-nde}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

|+

|[[Mexico]]

|''Mehigu''

|-

|[[Chihuahua City]]

|''Ją’éłąyá''

|-

|[[Ciudad Juárez]]

|''Tsé Tahu’aya / Yaa tu enéé''

|-

|[[Coahuila]]

|''Nacika''

|}

* Hoijer, Harry. (1938). The southern Athapaskan languages. ''American Anthropologist'', ''40'' (1), 75–87.

* Hoijer, Harry. (1942). Phonetic and phonemic change in the Athapaskan languages. ''Language'', ''18'' (3), 218–220.

* Hoijer, Harry. (1945). The Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''11'' (4), 193–203.

* Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part II: The prefixes for mode and tense. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''12'' (1), 1–13.

* Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part III: The classifiers. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''12'' (2), 51–59.

* Hoijer, Harry. (1948). Linguistic and cultural change. ''Language'', ''24'' (4), 335–345.

* Hoijer, Harry. (1956). Athapaskan kinship systems. ''American Anthropologist'', ''58'' (2), 309–333.

* Hoijer, Harry. (1956). [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/464374 The chronology of the Athapaskan languages]. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''22'' (4), 219–232.

* Jung, Dagmar. (2000). "Word Order in Apache Narratives." In ''The Athabaskan Languages''. (Eds. Fernald, Theodore and Platero, Paul). Oxford: Oxford UP. 92–100.

* Opler, Morris E. (1936). ''The kinship systems of the southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes''. ''American Anthropologist'', ''38'', 620–633.

* Opler, Morris E. (2001). ''Lipan Apache''. In Raymond J. DeMallie (ed.), Plains, 941-952. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.

* Webster, Anthony. (1999).『Lisandro Mendez’s ‘Coyote and Deer’: On narrative structures, reciprocity, and interactions.』''American Indian Quarterly''. 23(1): 1-24.

<references />{{Languages of Mexico}}{{Athabaskan languages}}

[[Category:Apache culture]]

[[Category:Lipan Apache]]

[[Category:Indigenous languages of Mexico]]

[[Category:Languages of Mexico]]

{{indigenousAmerican-lang-stub}}