m →Phonology: i put an Orthography for Lipan Apache.
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! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
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| {{IPA link|m}} |
| ⟨{{IPA link|m}}⟩ ⟨m⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|n}} |
| {{IPA link|n}} ⟨n⟩ |
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! <small>[[Prenasalized consonant|prenasal]]</small> |
! <small>[[Prenasalized consonant|prenasal]]</small> |
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| {{IPA link|ⁿd}} |
| {{IPA link|ⁿd}} ⟨nd⟩ |
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! <small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small> |
! <small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small> |
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| {{IPA link|p}} |
| {{IPA link|p}} ⟨b⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|t}} |
| {{IPA link|t}} ⟨d⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|ts}} |
| {{IPA link|ts}} ⟨dz⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|tɬ}} |
| {{IPA link|tɬ}} ⟨dl⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|tʃ}} |
| {{IPA link|tʃ}} ⟨j⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|k}} |
| {{IPA link|k}} ⟨g⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|ʔ}} |
| {{IPA link|ʔ}} ⟨'⟩ |
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! <small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small> |
! <small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small> |
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| {{IPA link|tʰ}} |
| {{IPA link|tʰ}} ⟨t⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|tsʰ}} |
| {{IPA link|tsʰ}} ⟨ts⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|tɬʰ}} |
| {{IPA link|tɬʰ}} ⟨tł⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|tʃʰ}} |
| {{IPA link|tʃʰ}} ⟨ch⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|kʰ}} |
| {{IPA link|kʰ}} ⟨k⟩ |
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! <small>[[Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small> |
! <small>[[Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small> |
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| {{IPA link|tʼ}} |
| {{IPA link|tʼ}} ⟨t'⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|tsʼ}} |
| {{IPA link|tsʼ}} ⟨ts'⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|tɬʼ}} |
| {{IPA link|tɬʼ}} ⟨tł'⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|tʃʼ}} |
| {{IPA link|tʃʼ}} ⟨ch'⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|kʼ}} |
| {{IPA link|kʼ}} ⟨k'⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|s}} |
| {{IPA link|s}} ⟨s⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|ɬ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɬ}} ⟨ł⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|ʃ}} |
| {{IPA link|ʃ}} ⟨sh⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|x}} |
| {{IPA link|x}} ⟨x⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|h}} |
| {{IPA link|h}} ⟨h⟩ |
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! <small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> |
! <small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> |
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| {{IPA link|z}} |
| {{IPA link|z}} ⟨z⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|ʒ}} |
| {{IPA link|ʒ}} ⟨zh⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|ɣ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɣ}} ⟨gh⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|l}} |
| {{IPA link|l}} ⟨l⟩ |
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| {{IPA link|j}} |
| {{IPA link|j}} ⟨y⟩ |
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! rowspan="2" | [[Close vowel|Close]] |
! rowspan="2" | [[Close vowel|Close]] |
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! <small>[[Oral vowel|oral]]</small> |
! <small>[[Oral vowel|oral]]</small> |
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| {{IPA|i}} |
| {{IPA|i}} ⟨i⟩ |
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| {{IPA|iː}} |
| {{IPA|iː}} ⟨ii⟩ |
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|- align="center" |
|- align="center" |
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! <small>[[Nasal vowel|nasal]]</small> |
! <small>[[Nasal vowel|nasal]]</small> |
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| {{IPA|ĩ}} |
| {{IPA|ĩ}} ⟨į⟩ |
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| {{IPA|ĩː}} |
| {{IPA|ĩː}} ⟨įį⟩ |
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! rowspan="2" | [[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
! rowspan="2" | [[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
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! <small>[[Oral vowel|oral]]</small> |
! <small>[[Oral vowel|oral]]</small> |
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| {{IPA|e}} |
| {{IPA|e}} ⟨e⟩ |
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| {{IPA|eː}} |
| {{IPA|eː}} ⟨ee⟩ |
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| {{IPA|o |
| {{IPA|o}} ⟨o⟩ |
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| {{IPA|oː}} |
| {{IPA|oː}} ⟨oo⟩ |
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|- align="center" |
|- align="center" |
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!<small> [[Nasal vowel|nasal]]</small> |
!<small> [[Nasal vowel|nasal]]</small> |
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| {{IPA|ẽ}} |
| {{IPA|ẽ}} ⟨ę⟩ |
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| {{IPA|ẽː}} |
| {{IPA|ẽː}} ⟨ęę⟩ |
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| {{IPA|õ}} |
| {{IPA|õ}} ⟨ǫ⟩ |
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| {{IPA|õː}} |
| {{IPA|õː}} ⟨ǫǫ⟩ |
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|- align="center" |
|- align="center" |
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! rowspan="2" | [[Open vowel|Open]] |
! rowspan="2" | [[Open vowel|Open]] |
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| {{IPA|a}} |
| {{IPA|a}} ⟨a⟩ |
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| {{IPA|aː}} |
| {{IPA|aː}} ⟨aa⟩ |
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| {{IPA|ã}} |
| {{IPA|ã}} ⟨ą⟩ |
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| {{IPA|ãː}} |
| {{IPA|ãː}} ⟨ąą⟩ |
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Lipan | |
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Ndé miizaa | |
Native to | Mexico, United States |
Region | Chihuahua, Coahuila, New Mexico, Texas |
Ethnicity | Lipan Apache people |
Native speakers | 110 (in Mexico)[1] |
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Latin | |
Official status | |
Official language in | ![]() |
Regulated by | Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | apl |
Glottolog | lipa1241 |
ELP | Lipan |
Lipan (ndé miizaa) is an Eastern Southern Athabaskan language spoken by the Lipan Apache in the states of Coahuila and Chihuahua in northern Mexico, some reservations of New Mexico and parts of southern Texas. Lipan belongs to the Na-Dene languages family and it is closely related to Jicarilla language, which is also part of the Eastern Southern Athabaskan languages.
In 1981, it was reported that in New Mexico there were only 2 or 3 elderly speakers still alive.[2]
On March 22, 2023, a speech in Lipan was given in the tribune of the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico.[3]
On July 22, 2023, the Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas presented and validated an official alphabet for Lipan in the Assembly Hall of Casas Grandes, Chihuahua.
In Mexico, Lipan is traditionally spoken in some native communities in the states of Coahuila and Chihuahua: In Coahuila it was mainly spoken in Los Lirios and San Antonio de Alanzas in Arteaga Municipality, El Remolino and Zaragoza in Zaragoza Municipality, Sierra de Santa Rosa de Lima and Múzquiz in Múzquiz Municipality and the cities of Sabinas and Saltillo. In Chihuahua it is mainly spoken in Ciudad Juarez, the city of Chihuahua and other native towns.[4]
Lipan was spoken in New Mexico in the Mescalero Reservation and in Texas near the Mexico-U.S. border.
There are 30 consonants in Lipan Apache:
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
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plain | sibilant | lateral | ||||||
Nasal | ⟨m⟩ ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ||||||
Stop | prenasal | ⁿd ⟨nd⟩ | ||||||
voiceless | p ⟨b⟩ | t ⟨d⟩ | ts ⟨dz⟩ | tɬ ⟨dl⟩ | tʃ ⟨j⟩ | k ⟨g⟩ | ʔ ⟨'⟩ | |
aspirated | tʰ ⟨t⟩ | tsʰ ⟨ts⟩ | tɬʰ ⟨tł⟩ | tʃʰ ⟨ch⟩ | kʰ ⟨k⟩ | |||
ejective | tʼ ⟨t'⟩ | tsʼ ⟨ts'⟩ | tɬʼ ⟨tł'⟩ | tʃʼ ⟨ch'⟩ | kʼ ⟨k'⟩ | |||
Fricative | voiceless | s ⟨s⟩ | ɬ ⟨ł⟩ | ʃ ⟨sh⟩ | x ⟨x⟩ | h ⟨h⟩ | ||
voiced | z ⟨z⟩ | ʒ ⟨zh⟩ | ɣ ⟨gh⟩ | |||||
Approximant | l ⟨l⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ |
There are 16 vowels in Lipan Apache:
Front | Central | Back | |||||
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short | long | short | long | short | long | ||
Close | oral | i ⟨i⟩ | iː ⟨ii⟩ | ||||
nasal | ĩ ⟨į⟩ | ĩː ⟨įį⟩ | |||||
Mid | oral | e ⟨e⟩ | eː ⟨ee⟩ | o ⟨o⟩ | oː ⟨oo⟩ | ||
nasal | ẽ ⟨ę⟩ | ẽː ⟨ęę⟩ | õ ⟨ǫ⟩ | õː ⟨ǫǫ⟩ | |||
Open | oral | a ⟨a⟩ | aː ⟨aa⟩ | ||||
nasal | ã ⟨ą⟩ | ãː ⟨ąą⟩ |
Tones are represented as high [V́], low [V̀], falling [V́V̀], and rising [V̀V́]. Rising and falling tones only occur on long vowels.
The Lipan people preserve their own toponymic names to name important places within their history and culture that are part of the Ndé Bikéyaa ("Ndé land" in Lipan):[5]
Mexico | Mehigu |
Chihuahua City | Ją’éłąyá |
Ciudad Juárez | Tsé Tahu’aya / Yaa tu enéé |
Coahuila | Nacika |
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Sign |
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Note: The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population. |
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Northern |
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Pacific Coast |
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Southern |
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Proto-language |
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Italics indicate extinct languages |
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