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1856–57 United States House of Representatives elections

House elections for the 35th U.S. Congress

1856–57 United States House of Representatives elections

← 1854 & 1855 August 4, 1856 – November 4, 1857[a] 1858 & 1859 →
All 237 seats in the United States House of Representatives 118 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader James Orr Galusha A. Grow Party Democratic Republican Leader's seat South Carolina 5th Pennsylvania 14th Last election 81 seats 46 seats[b] Seats won 132 90 Seat change 51 45 Popular vote 1,805,827 1,425,265 Percentage 46.85% 36.98% Swing 2.90% 21.36%[c]   Third party Fourth party   Party Know Nothing Independent Last election 51 seats 1 seats[d] Seats won 14 1[e] Seat change 37 Popular vote 586,254 34,120[f] Percentage 15.21% 0.89% Swing 4.35% 1.72%
Results      Democratic gain      Democratic hold      Republican gain      Republican hold      Know Nothing gain      Know Nothing hold
Speaker before election Nathaniel Banks Know Nothing Elected Speaker James Orr Democratic

The 1856–57 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between August 4, 1856, and November 4, 1857. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives. 236 representatives were elected in 31 states and the pending new state of Minnesota before the first session of the 35th United States Congress convened on December 7, 1857.

The elections briefly returned a semblance of normalcy to the Democratic Party, restoring its House majority alongside the election of Democratic President James Buchanan. However, superficial victory masked severe, ultimately irretrievable divisions over slavery. Voters next would return a Democratic House majority only in 1874.

Party realignments continued. In 1856, the Whig Party disbanded, the Know Nothing movement declined, and its vehicle, the American Party, began to collapse. Many Northern Whig, American, and other Opposition Party Representatives joined the new, rapidly consolidating Republican Party, which contested the Presidency in 1856. Though the Republican Party did not yet demand abolition, its attitude toward slavery was stridently negative. It was an openly sectional Northern party opposing fugitive slave laws and slavery in the territories, and for the first time offered a mainstream platform to outspoken abolitionists.

In March 1857, after almost all Northern states had voted, the Supreme Court issued its infamous Dred Scott decision, amplifying tensions and hardening voter divisions. Remaining elections were concentrated in the South. Southern voters widely drove the American Party from office, rallying to the Democrats in firm opposition to the Republicans.

In October 1857, the pending new state of Minnesota elected its first Representatives, to be seated by the 35th Congress. Between the admissions of Vermont in 1791 and Wisconsin in 1848, Congress had admitted new states roughly in pairs: one slave, one free. California was admitted alone as a free state in 1850 only as part of a comprehensive compromise including significant concessions to slave state interests. Admission of Minnesota in May 1858, also alone but with no such deal, helped expose the declining influence of the South, destroying the formerly binding concept that slave and free state power was best kept in balance even in the Senate while solidifying a sense that the West would exclude slavery.

Election summaries[edit]

Two seats were added for the new state of Minnesota,^[1] which was unrepresented for part of the 1st session.

State	Type	Date	Total seats	Democratic		Know Nothing		Republican
				Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change[g]
Arkansas	District	August 4, 1856	2	2		0		0
Iowa	District		2	0	1	0		2	1
Missouri	District		7	5[e]	4	2	2	0	6
Vermont	District	September 2, 1856	3	0		0		3
Maine	District	September 8, 1856	6	0	1	0		6	1
Florida	At-large	October 6, 1856	1	1		0		0
South Carolina	District	October 13–14, 1856	6	6		0		0
Indiana	District	October 14, 1856	11	6	4	0		5	4
Ohio	District		21	9	9	0		12	9
Pennsylvania	District		25	15	8	0	1	10	7
California	At-large	November 4, 1856 (Election Day)[h]	2	2		0		0
Delaware	At-large		1	1	1	0	1	0
Illinois	District		9	5		0		4
Massachusetts	District		11	0		0	11	11	11
Michigan	District		4	0	1	0		4	1
New Jersey	District		5	3	2	0		2	2
New York	District		33	12	7	0	3	21	4
Wisconsin	District		3	0	1	0		3	1
New Hampshire	District	March 10, 1857	3	0		0	3	3	3
Rhode Island	District	April 1, 1857	2	0		0	2	2	2
Connecticut	District	April 6, 1857	4	2	2	0	4	2	2
Virginia	District	May 28, 1857	13	13	1	0	1	0
Alabama	District	August 3, 1857	7	7	2	0	2	0
Kentucky	District		10	8	4	2	4	0
Texas	District		2	2	1	0	1	0
North Carolina	District	August 6, 1857	8	7	2	1	2	0
Tennessee	District		10	7	2	3	2	0
Georgia	District	October 5, 1857	8	6		2		0
Mississippi	District	October 5–6, 1857	5	5	1	0	1	0
Minnesota	At-large	October 13, 1857[i]	2	2	2	0		0
Louisiana	District	November 3, 1857	4	3		1		0
Maryland	District	November 4, 1857	6	3	1	3	1	0
Total			236	133[e] 56.1%	50[e]	14 5.9%	37	90 38.0%	10[g]

Special elections[edit]

There were a total of thirteen special elections in 1856 and 1857 during the 34th and 35th Congresses.

34th Congress[edit]

35th Congress[edit]

Alabama[edit]

Arkansas[edit]

California[edit]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
California at-large 2 seats on a general ticket	James W. Denver	Democratic	1854	Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic hold.	▌Y Charles L. Scott (Democratic) 29.9% ▌Y Joseph C. McKibbin (Democratic) 21.0% ▌A. B. Dibble (Know Nothing) 20.7% ▌Ira P. Rankin (Independent) 13.0% ▌J. N. Turner (Republican) 12.5%
	Philemon T. Herbert	Democratic	1854	Incumbent retired after manslaughter acquittal. New member elected. Democratic hold.

Connecticut[edit]

Delaware[edit]

Florida[edit]

Georgia[edit]

Illinois[edit]

Indiana[edit]

Iowa[edit]

Kansas Territory[edit]

See non-voting delegates, below.

Kentucky[edit]

Louisiana[edit]

Maine[edit]

Maryland[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020)

Massachusetts[edit]

Michigan[edit]

Minnesota[edit]

Minnesota Territory elected three members in advance of Minnesota's 1848 statehood. "Although three men won this election, which was held before Minnesota was actually a state, only two representatives from Minnesota were allowed in the congressional bill creating the state in 1858. George L. Becker lost in the drawing of lots to decide who would present their credentials, therefore he did not serve in Congress."^[8]

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Minnesota at-large 2 seats on a general ticket	None (New seat)			New state would be admitted May 11, 1858. New member elected. Democratic gain.	Elected on a general ticket: ▌Y William Wallace Phelps (Democratic) 17.3% ▌Y James Michael Cavanaugh (Democratic) 17.2% ▌Y George Loomis Becker (Democratic) 17.1%[8] ▌Henry Adoniram Swift (Republican) 16.2% ▌Cyrus Aldrich (Republican) 16.1% ▌Morton S. Wilkinson (Republican) 16.1%
	None (New seat)			New state would be admitted May 11, 1858. New member elected. Democratic gain.

Mississippi[edit]

Elections held late, from October 5 to 6, 1857.

Missouri[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020)

Nebraska Territory[edit]

See non-voting delegates, below.

New Hampshire[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020)

New Jersey[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020)

New York[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020)

North Carolina[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020)

Ohio[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020)

Oregon Territory[edit]

See non-voting delegates, below.

Pennsylvania[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020)