Chelerythrine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid present in the plant Chelidonium majus (greater celandine). It is a potent, selective, and cell-permeable protein kinase Cinhibitorin vitro.[1] And an efficacious antagonistofG-protein-coupledCB1 receptors.[2] This molecule also exhibits anticancer qualities and it has served as a base for many potential novel drugs against cancer. Structurally, this molecule has two distinct conformations, one being a positively charged iminium form, and the other being an uncharged form, a pseudo-base.[3]
Chelerythrine is a potent antibacterial agent that has aided in dealing with the emergence of antibacterial resistant bacteria. This molecule has the ability to disrupt a bacteria's cell wall and cell membrane, as well as preventing bacterial growth, all of which contribute to bacterial death.[6]
Studies have shown that chelerythrine inhibits SERCA activity, more importantly the concentration needed to inhibit this enzyme is within range to that needed to inhibit protein kinase C. The negative regulation of SERCA activity results in accumulation of calcium ions in the cytoplasm, leading to the forced influx of calcium ions to the mitochondria. High calcium ion concentration in the mitochondria greatly alters its normal activity and leads to apoptosis signaling, and eventually cellular destruction. Other cellular transporters, like the PMCA, have also been shown to be negatively regulated by chelerythrine, preventing PMCA to effectively take out calcium ions from inside the cell. This further contributes to the loss of calcium ion balance within the cell and eventual cell death.[7][8] In triple-negative breast cancer cells, this molecule is found to induce apoptosis. Nuclear fragmentation and chromatin condensation is observed, which is indicative of apoptosis. [9]
Previous studies have showcased chelerythrine's ability to inhibit, or delay, cell proliferation, allowing it to be used to combat cancerous cells and promote cellular apoptosis, both in vivo and in vitro.[10][11] However, further studies of this alkaloid have revealed that it has low selectivity and it can also promote cellular apoptosis of non-cancerous cells, thus displaying cytotoxic behavior.[12][13][14] The creation of chelerythrine analogs have helped exploit this molecule's anticancer capabilities, while lessening its cytotoxic effects on non-cancerous cells. These novel analogs have been modified to have increased specificity for cancerous cells, thus decreasing cytotoxic effects and non-cancerous cell apoptosis.[15]
Depending on the form of cancer, chelerythrine can exhibit different effects on tumor cells, leading to inhibition of tumor growth. These mechanisms include inducing apoptosis, arrest of the cell cycle, promoting autophagy of cancerous cells, and the inhibition of telomerase. It has been found to be a possible anti-cancer agent for liver, gastric, breast, renal, and cervical cancers.[16] Despite these claims, it is important to note that the related compound sanguinarine is associated with severe adverse effects. This is insufficient evidence to endorse the usage of chelerythrine present in botanical products as a cancer treatment.
Studies show that chelerythrine is a specific and potent protein kinase C inhibitor. Due to its inhibitory effects on protein kinase C, it has been found of use against triple-negative breast cancer. By inhibiting protein kinase C, signaling pathways are disrupted, inducing cell cycle arrest.[17]
^Dhopeshwarkar, Amey S.; Jain, Saurabh; Liao, Chengyong; Ghose, Sudip K.; Bisset, Kathleen M.; Nicholson, Russell A. (2011-03-01). "The actions of benzophenanthridine alkaloids, piperonyl butoxide and (S)-methoprene at the G-protein coupled cannabinoid CB₁ receptor in vitro". European Journal of Pharmacology. 654 (1): 26–32. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.11.033. ISSN1879-0712. PMID21172340.
^Dostál, Jiří; Táborská, Eva; Slavík, Jiří; Potáček, Milan; de Hoffmann, Edmond (May 1995). "Structure of Chelerythrine Base". Journal of Natural Products. 58 (5): 723–729. doi:10.1021/np50119a010. ISSN0163-3864.
^Gibbons, Simon; Leimkugel, Julia; Oluwatuyi, Moyo; et al. (2003). "<Activity of Zanthoxylum clava-herculis extracts against multi-drug resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (mdr-MRSA)>". Phytotherapy Research. 17 (3): 274–275. doi:10.1002/ptr.1112. PMID12672160. S2CID32722743.
^Saavedra, Ana; Fernández-García, Sara; Cases, Silvia; Puigdellívol, Mar; Alcalá-Vida, Rafael; Martín-Flores, Núria; Alberch, Jordi; Ginés, Silvia; Malagelada, Cristina; Pérez-Navarro, Esther (April 2017). "Chelerythrine promotes Ca2+-dependent calpain activation in neuronal cells in a PKC-independent manner". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 1861 (4): 922–935. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.01.021. ISSN0304-4165. PMID28130160.
^Vieira, Saulo Martins; de Oliveira, Vanessa Honorato; Valente, Raphael do Carmo; Moreira, Otacílio da Cruz; Fontes, Carlos Frederico Leite; Mignaco, Julio Alberto (2015-03-15). "Chelerythrine inhibits the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase and results in cell Ca(2+) imbalance". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 570: 58–65. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2015.02.019. ISSN1096-0384. PMID25721495.
^Vieira, Saulo Martins; de Oliveira, Vanessa Honorato; Valente, Raphael do Carmo; Moreira, Otacílio da Cruz; Fontes, Carlos Frederico Leite; Mignaco, Julio Alberto (2015-03-15). "Chelerythrine inhibits the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase and results in cell Ca(2+) imbalance". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 570: 58–65. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2015.02.019. ISSN1096-0384. PMID25721495.
