October 30, 1923:Ismet İnönü and Kemal Atatürk become prime minister and president of the new Republic of TurkeyOctober 10, 1923: U.S. President Coolidge throws out the first ball for the New York vs. New York World Series
Switzerland issued a new decree banning the display of fascist emblems or the wearing of black shirts. The decree was a response to agitation in Lugano by fascists who wanted the region to join Italy.[2]
Born: Bui Diem, founder of the Saigon Post, South Vietnamese Ambassador to the U.S. during the Vietnam War, later a professor at George Mason University in the U.S.; in Hà Nam province (d. 2021)
The foreign occupation of the Turkish city of Istanbul, formerly Constantinople, ended with the departure of the remaining troops from the UK, France and Italy.[5]
Three convicted murderers in Kentucky State Penitentiary who had obtained guns killed three guards as they attempted to shoot their way out of the prison. They failed to escape, but barricaded themselves in the mess hall and a standoff began.[11][12]
The French evening newspaper Paris-soir ("Paris Evening News"), which would become the best-selling newspaper in Europe prior to World War II and was founded by Jean Prouvost, published its first issue.[13]
InColumbus, Georgia, boxer Young Stribling (William Stribling Jr.) thought he was the new light-heavyweight boxing champion of the world after defeating Mike McTigue, but referee Harry Ertle released a written statement after leaving the arena saying the match was actually a draw. Ertle claimed that he felt threatened by promoters and the crowd of 8,000 fans, and feared that he would not leave the arena alive if he did not award the bout to the local fighter Stribling.[15][16][17][18]
Nathan M. Ohrbach and Max Wiesen launched Ohrbach's Department Store, starting with its store in New York City,[19] and building a chain that would exist until 1987.
Cao Kun was elected president of the Republic of China by China's parliament, receiving 480 of the 590 votes cast, ahead of five other candidates. Former president Sun Yat-sen was second with 33 votes.[24] Cao, a warlord of the Zhili clique, was later revealed to have paid bribes of 5,000 yuan apiece to members of parliament who had served him during the Zhili–Anhui War.[25]
Former British Prime Minister David Lloyd George arrived in New York City on the ship RMS Mauretania to begin an unofficial visit to the United States and Canada. Crowds greeted him enthusiastically except for a few groups of Irish protesters, some of whom threw eggs at him.[26]
The Third Corps of the Turkish Land Forces, led by General Şükrü Naili Gökberk, entered Istanbul on behalf of the Turkish government in Ankara and reclaimed the former Constantinople after the end of almost five years of foreign occupation. The anniversary of Gökberk's entry is now celebrated annually in Turkey as "Istanbul Liberation Day" (Istanbul'un Kurtuluşu).[28]
Chancellor Gustav Stresemann presented his new cabinet, which was exactly the same as the previous one except for Hans Luther as the new Minister of Finance.[9][29]
Authorities stormed the barricade in the Kentucky State Penitentiary and found the three convicts had been dead for about two days, at least two of which due to suicide by gunshot.[12]
The Australian state of Queensland held a referendum on prohibition; 59.3% of the voters favored maintaining the current system regarding alcohol sales and rejected any additional prohibition.[30]
Czech Airlines was founded by the government of Czechoslovakia as Československé státní aerolinie (ČSA). It would operate its first flight on October 29.
The Niagara College football team played one of the more unusual games in the history of American college sports when it protested the refusal of Colgate University to allow quarters of 8 minutes in length rather than the standard 15 minutes. Niagara Coach Pete Dwyer told his players not to tackle the Colgate players, and Colgate scored three touchdowns and took a 21-0 lead in the first two minutes of the game, before agreeing to Niagara's conditions. In the remaining 30 minutes of game time, Colgate scored 34 more points in a 55-0 win.[33]
Police in Tokyo broke up a mob marching on insurance offices to demand a promise to pay insurance for damages from the earthquake.[37]
Former UK Prime Minister David Lloyd George visited Westmount, Quebec for the groundbreaking ceremony of a new Baptist church. In a speech, he warned against a "wave of materialism sweeping over the world. Europe is in the grip of a grim struggle between hope and despair, and in that struggle it is becoming material."[38]
Ion Moța, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, and several other Fascists in Romania were arrested for conspiracy to assassinate prominent Romanian Jews and Romanian politicians, after being turned in by another member of the group, Aurelian Vernichescu.[40] Mota shot and killed Vernischescu at the trial, but he and Codreanu would be acquitted of the conspiracy charges on March 29. The two men would go on to form Romania's Iron Guard paramilitary group.
Vella Pillay, South African-born British economist and anti-apartheid crusader; in Johannesburg (d. 2004)
Jack Trice
Died:
Jack Trice, 21, Iowa State College football player, died of injuries sustained two days earlier when he was trampled by opposing players in a game against the University of Minnesota. Trice may have been targeted by his opponents during the game due to being African-American.[42]
Cao Kun (referred to in the press at the time as Tsao Kun) was officially inaugurated as the new president of the Republic of China (which at the time comprised the northern provinces), four months after he had overthrown President Li Yuanhong. Prime Minister Gao Lingwei had been installed as interim president by Cao Kun until an election could take place.[45]
Saxon Prime Minister Erich Zeigner accepted the entry of Communists into his cabinet, believing they were necessary to fight the threat of nationalists from the neighboring state of Bavaria.[9]
The DeAutremont Brothers criminal gang attempted to rob Southern Pacific Railroad Train No. 13 as it passed through a tunnel in the Siskiyou Mountains. The engineer was ordered at gunpoint to stop the train, but the mail clerk saw what was happening and locked himself inside the mail car. A dynamite charge was used to blow open the car, but the explosion caused so much vision-obscuring smoke and dust that the brothers panicked and fled empty-handed after shooting four people to avoid witnesses to the crime.[48][49]
All 30 people on the freighter SSCity of Everett died when the ship foundered in the Gulf of Mexico while carrying molasses from Santiago de Cuba to New Orleans.[50]
Eight children riding a horse-drawn school bus were killed near Rootstown, Ohio when the vehicle was struck by a Pennsylvania Railroad express train. The driver and two other children were seriously injured, while another five children were able to escape uninjured before the impact.[51]
New York State prohibited the Ku Klux Klan from being allowed to incorporate. The Klan was trying to do so in order to get around a law that required them to list the names of their members.[53]
The Soviet Union's secret intelligence agency, the NKVD, detonated the ammunition storage facility at Poland's Warsaw Citadel, killing 28 Polish Army soldiers and seriously injuring 40 others.[54]
By a vote of 316 to 24, Germany's Reichstag passed the Reichsermächtigungsgesetz emergency legislation transferring legislative powers to the government to take "in financial, economic and social spheres, the measures it deems necessary and urgent, regardless of the rights specified in the constitution of the Reich." Even with the German Nationalists boycotting the vote, the measure had more than the necessary two-thirds (306) votes needed for a constitutional change.[55][9][56]
Thuringian Prime Minister August Frölich allowed three Communists into his cabinet.[57]
A bomb exploded outside Cubs Park (now known as Wrigley Field) in Chicago, causing $5,000 in damage but no injuries. The incident was attributed to union agitators angry at an arbitration decision by Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis, but no arrests were ever made.[59]
French president Alexandre Millerand declared that France had to increase its birth rate which had dropped since the war. The French feared that they may be dominated by the population of Germany in the future.[60]
Died: George Whiting, 83, American composer of classical music
The Rentenmark Ordinance was published in Germany, allowing for the creation of the new Rentenmark currency equivalent to the old prewar "gold mark". Since gold was no longer available to back the German currency, the new money was to be backed by the value of land owned by businesses and farmers, in the form of a forced mortgage to the government, as part of a system devised by Finance Minister Hans Luther and Reichsbank President Hjalmar Schacht. The new currency was introduced 30 days later, with one rentenmark (RM) to replace one trillion papiermarks.[62][63] A week earlier, the value of the papiermark had dropped to one U.S. dollar being worth 6.5 billion marks.[64]
"The Declaration of 46" was made by 46 leading Soviet Communists, led by Yevgeni Preobrazhensky and Leonid Serebryakov to the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party, supporting the concerns that leftist opposition Communists had about the Party.[65] The vast majority of the persons who signed the Declaration would be executed under the rule of Joseph Stalin during the Great Purge of 1937.[66]
A group of three young men from the Bombay Weightlifting Club in India— Jal P. Bapasola, Rustom B. Bhumgara and Adi B. Hakim, set out from Bombay (now Mumbai) with the goal of becoming the first people to travel around the world by bicycle. They would return on March 18, 1928, after traveling 44,000 miles (71,000 km).[67]
The U.S. Senate Committee on Public Lands and Surveys began hearings on the California and Teapot Dome oil leases. Montana Senator Thomas J. Walsh headed the committee.[68]
A fire at a Brooklyn tenement killed six people, including George Keim, an aspiring playwright and theatrical producer, a day before his musical Ginger premiered on Broadway.[69]
The Walt Disney Company was founded as Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio when 21-year-old Walt Disney, and his 30-year-old brother Roy O. Disney signed a contract to produce the Alice Comedies film series.[70] Walt would later buy out most of Roy's half of the company in 1929.
The patent for the dropped ceiling, now universal in room construction, was issued to Eric E. Hall, who had applied for it on May 28, 1919. U.S. Patent No. 1,470,728 for "Suspended Ceiling" was granted to Hall for a system that initially used interlocking tiles and was only accessible by removing tiles one at a time from one of the edges of the ceiling.[71]
Barsirian Arap Manyei, the last military and spiritual chief (Orkoiyot) of Kenya's Nandi people, was arrested by British East African authorities for planning an uprising against the colonial government. He would be incarcerated for almost 40 years, finally released from Mfangano Island before independence in 1962.
Bavarian State Commissioner Gustav von Kahr issued a new decree banning communist organizations and dissemination of communist publications.[72]
Reichswehr commander Alfred Müller moved forces into Saxony and Thuringia, and placed Saxony's police forces under military control.[73]
General Müller also sent an ultimatum to Saxon Prime Minister Erich Zeigner ordering him to disavow statements by his Minister of Economics Paul Böttcher that called for the arming of the communist paramilitary organization known as the Proletarian Hundreds.[74][75]
The Saxon parliament approved Erich Zeigner's rejection of the Müller ultimatum.[76]
The British Ministry of Transport sent a letter to all county councils urging them to take action against "unsightly" roadside billboards that were "disfiguring" the countryside.[14]
Germany's Chancellor Gustav Stresemann told the Cabinet that units of the Reichswehr had been ordered to invade Saxony and Thuringia, to "intimidate the extremist elements and restore public order and security."[77]
The first and only school shooting in New Zealand took place at the Waikino School in the village of Waikino on the North Island. The gunman shot seven students and the school's headmaster, killing two boys, aged 13 and 9.[78] Five days later, an unknown person burned down the Waikino School The killer was found guilty of murder, but his death sentence was commuted based on his insanity and was committed to a mental hospital in Avondale, Auckland, where he died in 1938.[79]
In a luncheon speech in St. Louis, David Lloyd George said that Britain had "a right to give advice" to France. "We've a right to claim that the sacrifice which we made was not made to perpetuate strife and anger and wrong", he stated.[80]
The government of Mexican president Álvaro Obregón issued a statement accusing the recently departed Secretary of the TreasuryAdolfo de la Huerta of fiscal mismanagement. "The Present Secretary of the Treasury on taking charge of the department found it in a state of complete bankruptcy through the fact that his predecessor had disposed of, without either authorization from those really responsible or on orders from the executive, several million pesos", the statement read.[81]
At a worker's conference in Chemnitz, Germany, communist leader Heinrich Brandler called for a general strike as a means to launch a revolution, but received little support.[73] The courier for Hamburg was not present and the decision to cancel the revolution did not reach that city in time.[88]
The Italian resort city of Imperia was created in Italy's Province of Imperia by order of Prime Minister Benito Mussolini, who ordered the combining of the cities of Oneglia and Porto Maurizio, along with the villages of Piani, Caramagna Ligure, Castelvecchio di Santa Maria Maggiore, Borgo Sant'Agata, Costa d'Oneglia, Poggi, Torrazza, Moltedo and Montegrazie.
Oklahoma Governor Jack C. Walton was suspended from office after the Oklahoma House of Representatives voted, 80 to 17, to have him impeached on for misuse of public funds, and 75 to 23 for using the state national guard to disperse a grand jury. In the evening, the Oklahoma Senate voted, 38 to 1, to suspend Walton from office and for Lieutenant Governor Martin E. Trapp to become acting Governor [95] Walton obtained an injunction to prevent his immediate removal,[96] but the Oklahoma Supreme Court ruled, 5 to 4, to uphold the removal order.[97]
The Hamburg Uprising ended as hundreds of communists were arrested and hundreds more fled the city.[99] News had reached Ernst Thälmann and the other local communist leaders that the nationwide revolution had been called off and that Hamburg was fighting alone. Orders were given to the communists at the end of the day to retreat.[88] The final death toll was 61 civilians, 21 KPD members, and 17 police.[100]
The air force of the Kingdom of Bulgaria was wiped out when the army's only airplane crashed. After World War One, Bulgaria was allotted a single aircraft by the Treaty of Neuilly.[102]
Dhanna Singh, 35, Sikh Indian revolutionary, killed himself and seven police officers in a suicide bombing while being arrested in Hoshiarpur in the Punjab ProvinceofBritish India, including local police superintendent A.F. Horton.[107][108]
Vice President Bartolomé Martínez was inaugurated as President of Nicaragua, 15 days after the death of President Diego Chamorro, to fill the remaining 14 months of Chamorro's term. Martínez had been at his remotely-located farm, "El Bosque", at the time of Chamorro's sudden death, with no means of communication except by letter. After receiving a note from the Nicaraguan Congress, Martínez had traveled by mule to the city of Matagalpa, where he was able to get on a truck that took him on the recently-completed dirt road to the capital at Managua.
The United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Sweden signed the "Treaty between Great Britain and Sweden for the Marriage of Lady Louise Mountbatten with His Royal Highness Prince Gustaf Adolf, Crown Prince of Sweden", declaring that the two monarchies, "having judged it proper that an alliance should again be contracted between their respective Royal Houses by a marriage...have agreed upon and concluded the following Articles", declared that the marriage would be celebrated and duly authenticated in both nations and that the couple's financial settlements would be expressed in a separate marriage contract which was to be declared to be "an integral part of the present Treaty."[109] The couple married one week later at London and ratifications were exchanged on November 12.
InIceland, parliamentary voting was held for all 28 seats in the lower house of the Althing and for eight of the 14 seats in the upper house. The new Citizens' Party (Borgaraflokkurinn), led by Jón Magnússon, won most of the seats in both houses, with 16 of 28 in the lower, and 7 of the 14 in the upper house, and Magnússon would succeed Prime Minister Sigurthur Eggerz in March.[110]
In the aftermath of the Hamburg Uprising by members of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), Chancellor Gustav Stresemann presented an ultimatum to Saxony's Prime Minister Erich Zeigner, demanding he remove KPD members from his Social Democrat and Communist coalition cabinet.[73] Zeigner had two Communist Party members, Treasury Minister Paul Böttcher and Commerce Minister Fritz Heckert, in his seven-member cabinet.
Twenty-three demonstrators were killed in Germany at a demonstration in Freiburg.[77]
Saxony's Premier Erich Zeigner rejected German Chancellor Stresemann's ultimatum to dismiss KPD members of his state cabinet.[74]
The submarine USS O-5 sank in the Panama Canal Zone after colliding with a United Fruit Company steamship, the Abangarez. Three lives were lost, but two others saved.[111][112][113][114]
The Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti) was proclaimed by vote of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, with Ankara as its new capital, formally bringing the Ottoman Empire to an end.[116]Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu read aloud the new proposed Constitution. Although the Sultanate was permanently abolished, the office of the Caliph as religious leader of Islam was temporarily retained.
The first radio broadcast in Germany was made, coming from the Vox-Haus on Potsdamer Strasse.[117] At 8:00 p.m., a presenter announced "Attention! Here is the Vox-Haus broadcasting station, on the 400 meter (equivalent to 750 kHz) frequency. We make the brief announcement that the Vox-Haus broadcasting station is commencing entertainment radio." The first song, played live, was Fritz Kreisler's composition for cello and piano,[118]
German president Friedrich Ebert invoked Article 48 of the constitutionofGermany's Deutsches Reich, and authorized Chancellor Stresemann to remove government officials in Saxony from office.[77] On Stresemann's orders Reichswehr troops occupied the government ministries of Dresden and forced Communist cabinet ministers out of their offices.[73]
^"Georges Knocks Out Beckett in 1st Round". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 2, 1923. p. 25.
^"Allies Formally Quit Constantinople— Crescent Saluted as Last of Invaders Leave Soil of Turkey", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 3, 1923, p. 1 ("Constantinople, Oct. 2 (by the Associated press)— The Allied occupation of Constantinople formally ended at noon today.")
^Shirer, William L. (11 October 2011). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 65. ISBN978-1-4516-5168-3.
^Gibson, Arrell Morgan (1984). The History of Oklahoma. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 145. ISBN978-0-8061-1883-3.
^"Bavarian Dictator Decrees Death for Food Profiteering". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 10, 1923. p. 1.
^"Europe Blind to Hughes' Plan – Lloyd George". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 10, 1923. p. 14.
^"New Ruler of China Asks World Friendship", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 12, 1923, p. 2
^"U.S.S. Shenandoah at Christening and Fair Sponsor", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 11, 1923, p. 1
^"Giants Win by Home Run of Casey at Bat". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 11, 1923. p. 17.
^"Four Men Killed in Hold-up of Train 13 Near Tunnel 13", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 12, 1923, p. 1
^Flowers, R. Barri (2014). The "Gold Special" Train Robbery: Deadly Crimes of the D'Autremont Brothers. ISBN978-1-310-48395-0.
^"Crew of Ship Wrecked in Gulf Thought Lost— Hope Virtually Given Up for Thirty Men on Steamer City of Everett", Washington Evening Star, October 13, 1923, p. 2
^"Eight Children Killed When Train Hits Bus", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 12, 1923, p. 1
^J. S. Grewal, The Sikhs of the Punjab (Cambridge University Press, 1998) p. 161
^"New York Forbids K.K.K. and Kamelia to Incorporate". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 13, 1923. p. 3.
^"Twenty-Eight Die in Warsaw When Blast Ruins Fort— Disaster That Injured 128 Believed Due to Plot", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 14, 1923, p. 1
^"Dictatorship of Reich Won by Chancellor— Cowed Reichstag Votes Authorization Law as the Nationalists and Reds Bolt House", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 14, 1923, p. 1
^Caldwell, Peter C. (1997). Popular Sovereignty and the Crisis of German Constitutional Law: The Theory & Practice of Weimar Constitutionalism. Duke University Press. p. 79. ISBN978-0-8223-1988-7.
^Broué, Pierre (2006). The German Revolution, 1917–1923. Chicago: Haymarket Books. p. 797. ISBN978-1-931859-32-5.
^Peadar O’Donnell, The Gates Flew Open (Jonathan Cape Ltd, 1932), p. 194
^"Berlin Public Frantic as Mark Is Quoted at 6,500,000,000 to Dolllar— Bread, at 50 Million Marks a Loaf Yesterday, Will Cost 110 Million Today", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 11, 1923, p.1
^"Author Killed as Fame Nears; 5 Others Dead— Wins Recognition on Braodway Only to Die in Fire on Eve of Play's Premiere", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 16, 1923, p. 1
^Williams, Paul (October 17, 1923). "Disband Red Societies". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
^ abcdeLapp, Benjamin (1997). Revolution from the Right: Politics, Class, and the Rise of Nazism in Saxony, 1919–1933. Humanities Press, Inc. pp. 99–101. ISBN978-0-391-04027-4.
^ abcFowkes, Ben (2014). The German Left and the Weimar Republic: A Selection of Documents. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 96–97. ISBN978-90-04-27108-1.
^Epstein, Catherine (2003). The Last Revolutionaries: German communists and their century. Harvard University Press. p. 30. ISBN978-0-674-03654-3.
^Clayton, John (October 19, 1923). "German Nation Cracking into Many Pieces". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^Holston, Kim R. (2013). Movie Roadshows: A History and Filmography of Reserved-Seat Limited Showings, 1911–1973. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 34. ISBN978-0-7864-6062-5.
^"Greece Under Martial Law to End Revolt", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 23, 1923, p. 1
^"Rhineland Republic Sets Up Ministry and Plans Storming of Neuss, Key to Dusseldorf", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 28, 1923, p. 1
^"Big Crowd Drawn By Business Show," The New York Times, October 23, 1923, p. 5
^Smitha, Frank E. (2013). "1923". Macrohistory and World Timeline. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
^"SENATE PUTS TRAP IN SADDLE— Governor Suspended by 38 to One Ballot; House Votes Charge", The Daily Oklahoman (Oklahoma City)
^"Walton Gets Order Barring Successor", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 25, 1923, p. 1
^"State Supreme Court Confirms Walton Ouster", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 25, 1923, p. 1
^"Electrical Wizard Steinmetz Is Dead— Creator of Artificial Bolt Heart Attack Victim After Physical Breakdown", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 27, 1923, p. 2
^"Bomb Blows 6 Zealots in India to Pieces— Five Policemen and Chief Killed by Explosion of Prisoner", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 27, 1923, p. 1
^Guradewa Siddhū and Malwinder Jit Waraich, The Babbar Akali Case Judgement: From Liberation of Gurdwaras to National Liberation (Unistar Books, 2007) p. 201
^"Republic Voted by Turks with Kemal at Head— National Assembly at Angora Unanimous in Naming Militant Leader President", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 30, 1923, p. 1
^"Saxon Red Rule Vanishes Under Guns of Reich— New Federal Dictator Throws Zeigner Cabinet Out, and Reichswehr Occupy Diet", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 30, 1923, p. 1
^"Bonar Law Dies from Grief and Throat Malady— Former British Prime Minister Conscious to the End; Developed Pneumonia", Philadelphia Inquirer, October 31, 1923, p. 1
