June 27, 1923: Airplane refueled in mid-air for the first timeJune 20, 1923: U.S. President Harding leaves White House to go on tour, never returnsJune 9, 1923: Bulgaria's Prime Minister Stamboliyski overthrown
Mabel Philipson, a stage actress who had been better known as Mabel Russell, became the third woman in British history to be elected to the House of Commons. Her husband, Hilton Philipson, had won the Berwick-upon-Tweed constituency in the 1922 general election, but the result had been overturned following charges of corruption against him.[1] Mrs. Philipson took her seat on June 7.[2]
Voters in Switzerland overwhelmingly rejected restrictions on the production of alcohol, turning down a proposal that would have given the Swiss government an exclusive monopoly on brewing and distilling.[7]
A commission in New York City released the findings of its investigation into charges that some American history textbooks included anti-American propaganda. The report found eight such textbooks that were seen as pro-British. "Any history which, after 150 years, attempts to teach our children that the War of Independence was an unnecessary war and that it is still a problem as to who was right and who was wrong, should be fed to the furnace and those responsible for those books branded as un-American", commissioner David Hirschfeld said.[8]
The British cargo ship Trevessa foundered in the Indian Ocean while traveling from Australia to Mauritius. While all but ten of the 44 crew were able to escape to lifeboats before the ship sank, sixteen men in one lifeboat spent the next 25 days drifting at sea before they were able to reach land, finally getting to the Mauritius island of Rodrigues on June 29 after a voyage of 2,000 miles (3,200 km).[9]
The U.S. Supreme Court decided Meyer v. Nebraska, overturning bans in 20 states against the teaching of languages other than English in school. The case in chief had been brought by Robert T. Meyer, a teacher in a private Lutheran school, who had instructed a 10-year-old child in the German language, and had been consolidated with cases from Iowa and Ohio as well.[11]
The "Zero Milestone", marking the geographic center of the city of Washington, D.C., as originally designed by Pierre Charles L'Enfant, was dedicated at a spot near the White House at latitude 38°53′42.38736″ N, longitude 77°02′11.57299″ W.[12]
Dr. Margot Shiner, German-born British pediatrician and gastroenterologist; in Berlin (d. 1998)
Frank Hayes
Died:
Frank Hayes, 35, American jockey, attained posthumous fame while riding the horse Sweet Kiss to victory at the Belmont Park in New York. Hayes crossed the finish line on Sweet Kiss ahead of everyone for his first, and only, victory in horse racing, then died of a heart attack. Doctors attributed Hayes's death to heart disease, aggravated by his efforts to lose weight in order to reach the required limit for entering the race, and the excitement of the event itself, making Hayes the only person known to have won a horse race after dying.[14][15]
Filippo Smaldone, 74, Roman Catholic priest canonized in 2006 as a Catholic saint
Juan Soldevilla y Romero, 79, Spanish cleric, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Zaragoza, who had been elevated to the rank of cardinal by the Pope, was assassinated by gunmen who also killed his chauffeur. Cardinal Soldevilla was seated in his car, preparing to visit a monastery, when members of the terrorist group Los Solidarios fired multiple gunshots into the vehicle.[16]
Germany asked for a new reparations conference.[17] The proposal, as presented by Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno, asked for a new arrangement in which Germany would transfer materials worth 2.5 billion gold marks over the next five years while rebuilding the nationn's economy and would then pay 1.5 billion gold marks every year beginning in 1928.[18]
In an address in Washington D.C. to open the national convention of the Shriners (at the time still called the "Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine"), U.S. President Warren G. Harding delivered what was seen by reporters as a thinly-veiled criticism of the Ku Klux Klan, which had recently held a large demonstration in nearby Maryland, though not mentioning the Klan by name. "Secret fraternity is one thing," Harding said. "Secret conspiracy is another. In the very naturalness of association, men band together for mischief, to exert misguided zeal, to vent unreasoning malice, to undermine our institutions. This isn't fraternity. This is conspiracy. This isn't associated with uplift; it is organized destruction. This is not brotherhood; it is the discord of disloyalty and a danger to the Republic."[19]
The White House released President Harding's "Voyage of Understanding", a 19-stop speaking tour by train that would travel to 10 western states, as well as the Canadian province of British Columbia and (by ship) the U.S. territory of Alaska, starting on June 20 and continuing until August 4, after which the presidential train was scheduled to take him back to Washington.[20]
Women over 25 with a grammar school-level education were granted the right to vote in local elections in Italy.[25]
The U.S. Army dirigible TC-1, which had set a dirigible airspeed record of 74 miles per hour (119 km/h) earlier in the year and was the largest American airship, was destroyed at Wilbur Wright Field in Dayton, Ohio during a severe electrical storm. Though not struck by lightning, the hydrogen-filled bag was "highly charged with electricity" when winds blew it into contact with a steel mooring tower. A U.S. Army sergeant and a civilian from the Goodyear Rubber Company were injured after having to jump to the ground from an altitude of 40 feet (12 m) while escaping the fire.[26]
Jean Pouliot, Canadian broadcasting magnate and founder of the Télé-Capitale broadcasting company and the TVA network, the first French language TV network in Canada; in Quebec City, Quebec. (d. 2004)
Four radio stations in the United States made a simultaneous broadcast of a live program that was from New York City to Chicago and by hundreds of thousands of listeners in North America, making a performance from Carnegie Hall the most listened to broadcast up to that time. Persons tuning in to WEAF (New York City), KDKA (Pittsburgh), KYW (Chicago) or WGY (Schenectady, New York) heard the singing of Metropolitan Opera soprano Anna Case, followed by a speech by Julius H. Barnes, president of the United States Chamber of Commerce, after the radio event was set up for the annual convention of the National Electric Light Association.[28]
The British House of Commons passed a bill giving women the right to divorce their husbands on the grounds of infidelity, without having to prove cruelty or desertion.[27][29]
The Craven Holding Corporation purchased the trademark for Pepsi-Cola, including the secret manufacturing process, from the soft drink's inventor, Caleb Bradham, for $30,000.[citation needed] Bradham had filed for bankruptcy eight days earlier, on May 31, after having marketed the beverage since 1893.
Bryce Canyon National Park in Utah was designated as a U.S. national monument by proclamation of U.S. President Warren G. Harding.[30]
The government of Bulgaria's Prime Minister Aleksandar Stamboliyski was toppled in a bloodless coup led by General Ivan Valkov's Vonnyat Soyuz, a private organization of reserve officers. Stamboliyski had been vacationing in his home village of Slavovitsa and had returned by train to the capital, Sofia, the night before and was detained at the station by troops.[31]Aleksandar Tsankov, a professor of political science at Sofia University, was installed as the new Prime Minister with the approval of Bulgaria's king, Tsar Boris III. Stamboliyski, who had survived an assassination attempt by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) on February 2, fled back to Slavovitsa, where he was arrested by his former bodyguards.[32]
Electricity was introduced to Mandatory Palestine (the future location of Israel) as the Jaffa Electric Company went online and lit streetlights on the main street of Tel Aviv.[35]
Fishermen at Long Key, Florida reported harpooning a 20,000 pound sea monster. They said it continued to fight even after fifty rounds of ammunition had been fired into it.[36]
The U.S. Supreme Court decided Rindge Co. v. County of Los Angeles, holding that a local government could use its power of eminent domain to take land from a private landowner for the specific purpose of building a scenic highway, despite the fact that a highway could be built elsewhere on land within the government's jurisdiction. Writing the opinion on behalf of a unanimous (8 to 0) court, Justice Edward T. Sanford wrote, "Public uses are not limited, in the modern view, to matters of mere business necessity and ordinary convenience, but may extend to matters of public health, recreation and enjoyment. Thus, the condemnation of lands for public parks is now universally recognized as a taking for public use. A road need not be for a purpose of business to create a public exigency; air, exercise and recreation are important to the general health and welfare; pleasure travel may be accommodated as well as business travel; and highways may be condemned to places of pleasing natural scenery."[39]
Born:
Dr. Eric J. Trimmer, English general practitioner and medical writer known for The Natural History of Quackery and for a subsequent series of books for the general public about health and medical science; in London (d. 1998)
The last eight of the hostages of the Lincheng Outrage, the May 5 seizure of 300 passengers from an express train, were freed after Shanghai mob boss Du Yuesheng of the "Green Gang" delivered an $85,000 ransom to Sun Meiyao and the Shandong Outlaws.,[40] equivalent to almost $1.5 million a century later.[41][42]
General Feng Yuxiang issued an ultimatum to Chinese President Li Yuanhong stating that his troops would enter Beijing if Li did not resign.[43]
Lithuanian-born American stage magicianHorace Goldin was awarded U.S. patent 1,458,575 for creating the famous "sawing a woman in half" illusion, blocking other magicians from performing the same trick for the next 17 years, but revealing the secret to other people.[44]
Chinese President Li Yuanhong was captured at the railway stationinTientsin when troops surrounded the train in which he was fleeing from Beijing. Orders to stop the train came directly from the Governor of Zhili province, Wang Chengbin.[45] Li won his freedom the next day by sending a message to Beijing, by telegram, resigning his office and turning over authority to the cabinet.[46]
The value of the German mark fell further to an exchange rate of 100,000 marks to the U.S. dollar. Prior to World War One, the exchange rate had been 4.20 marks to a U.S. dollar. By June 1923, the rate was 81,000 marks to a dollar.[47]
A tugboat towed the remains of the Florida "sea monster", found on June 10 near Long Key, to Key West. The monster was identified as a whale shark.[51]
Born: Judith Kerr, German-born British children's author and illustrator; in Berlin (d. 2019)
The American Relief Administration (ARA) halted all further aid to the Soviet Union after discovering that the Soviets were exporting grain to other nations, despite an ongoing famine that the ARA had been working to alleviate.[52]
Lou Gehrig and Wally Pipp
Arthur Havers of England won the British Open golf tournament by one stroke, defeating Walter Hagen of the U.S. in 72-holes. The tournament was so close that the first four finishers, Havers, Hagen, Macdonald Smith and Joe Kirkwood, finished at 295, 296, 297 and 298 respectively.[53]
Dr. David Morley, British pediatrician and humanitarian who developed low cost methods for the prevention and treatment of illness in Nigeria and other nations in Africa; in Rothwell, Northamptonshire (d. 2009)
The Yakut Revolt, the last resistance by the White Army to the Soviet Union in the Russian Civil War, ended as the remaining 333 officers and soldiers of the White Army surrendered the port town of Ayan to the Red Army.[citation needed]
The French occupied Dortmund railway station, leaving only one line leading from the Ruhr into unoccupied Germany.[55]
Northern Ireland had its first "dry Sunday", prohibiting alcohol sales on that day. Towns just across the border in the Irish Free State were swamped with visitors who crossed over to drink.[58]
The anti-drug film Human Wreckage, produced by Dorothy Davenport, widow of Wallace Reid, was released by Film Booking Offices of America.[60] When the film reached New York, a critic for The New York Times, wrote "It is a story that might appeal to an audience of those who need narcotics, but to the average person who has a night off and goes to the theatre for entertainment it is not pleasing," and added that the story "wanders along until it becomes tiresome, and the dramatic climax is spoiled."[61]
On the Italian island of Sicily, several villages built on the side of Mount Etna— specifically, Piccilo, Pallamelata and Ferro— were destroyed by lava, but no casualties were reported as residents had time to evacuate.[62]
Pancho Villa, a diminutive (5'1" or 154 cm) Philippine boxer whose real name was Francisco Guilledo, won the world flyweight championship when he knocked out the titleholder, Welsh boxer Jimmy Wilde, in the seventh round before 40,000 spectators at the Polo Grounds in New York City.[63][64]
Speculation about Henry Ford running for president ended when he was quoted as saying, "I am much too occupied with my own affairs to become the next president and I do not intend to run.".[65]
Vasili Komaroff, 52, Soviet Russian serial killer who murdered at least 33 people over a two year period, and his wife and accomplice Sofya Komaroff, were executed by firing squad in Moscow.
Walter Flanders, 52, American automobile and motorcycle manufacturer, died three days after being seriously injured in a car accident.
Died: Shō Shō, 34, member of Japan's House of Peers as the Marquess of the Ryukyu Islands, died of appendicitis. The Marquess had been the leader of the House of Shō since 1920 as the eldest son of Shō Ten, the former Crown Prince of the Ryukyu Kingdom.
U.S. President Warren G. Harding left Washington D.C. for the last time, and would never return.[70] President Harding embarked on a cross-country speaking tour which he called the "Voyage of Understanding", set to take him through much of the 48 U.S. states and as far west as the U.S. Territory of Alaska.[71][72]
President Harding relinquished control of his newspaper, The Marion Star, which he had owned and operated while in Marion, Ohio.[73]
On the first stop of his western tour, President Harding gave a speech in St. Louis reiterating his advocacy for American participation in the World Court but not the League of Nations. The speech was carried live by three radio stations, making Harding the first president to be heard by a million people simultaneously.[74][75] During the day, the presidential train had made whistle stops in Indiana at the towns of Washington, Seymour and Vincennes, and in Illinois at Olney and Salem.[76]
Marcus Garvey was sentenced to five years in prison for mail fraud.[77]
The United Kingdom enacted the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge Act 1923, granting each of the two universities £100,000 annually.[27]
The first major feature film in Thailand, Nang Sao Suwan (Miss Suwanna of Siam), had its premiere in a theater in Nakhon Si Thammarat, and was seen a few days later in Bangkok in the Phatthanakon Cinematograph and in the Hong Kong Cinema Hall.[80] The 8-reel silent film was distributed in the United States by Universal Studios.
Ronald McNeill, spokesperson for the British Foreign Secretary, told an audience in Sturry that the occupation of the Ruhr threatened to bring about the complete collapse of Germany, which would end all hope of ever recovering reparations payments.[81]
Gambhirsinhji Himmatsinhji, a 9-year-old prince, became the ruler of the princely state of Malpur upon the death of his father Dipsinhji II. He was the nominal ruler of the small state within the Bombay Province of British India until Malpur's accession to the Indian Union in 1949 as part of the state of Gujarat.[citation needed]
Born:
Anna Chennault, Chinese-born American journalist and politician; as Chan Sheng Mai in Beijing (d. 2018)
Elroy Schwartz, American television scriptwriter and comedian known for authoring episodes of sitcoms created by his older brother, Sherwood Schwartz; in Passaic, New Jersey (d. 2013)
The French Chamber of Deputies debated whether to give the colony of the French West Indies to the United States as payment of war debt. Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré said, "I never would permit such a proposal to be officially made to the French government."[82]
Seven people were killed on Atlantic Avenue in the Brooklyn borough of New York City, and 70 injured, when an elevated train derailed and the locomotive and two railroad cars fell onto automobiles 35 feet (11 m) below.[86] The disaster, the worst in Brooklyn since the Malbone Street wreck of November 1, 1919 (which killed 91 people), happened when a bogie (also called a "truck", a set of the axle and wheels) from one of the trains broke off and smashed into the second car of the train.
Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin announced that Britain would add 34 squadrons to its air force to give the country a total of 52. This was still smaller than France's air force.[87]
The first refueling of an airplane in flight was accomplished, as U.S. Army Air Service Captain Lowell Smith and his co-pilot, Lieutenant John P. Richter, refilled the fuel tank of their Airco DH.4 biplane from a hose lowered from another DH.4 plane. The two planes took off and landed from Rockwell FieldinSan Diego, California.[92] The successful refueling made easier the prospect of an airplane staying aloft longer without running out of fuel.
Pope Pius XI condemned the occupation of the Ruhr, taken by French and Belgian troops in Germany to secure payment of reparations. A letter was publicized in which he warned that it could lead to the "final ruin of Europe" and recommended that the reparations issue be determined by a panel of impartial judges.[93]
Four Scottish members of the Labour Party were suspended from the House of Commons when a debate over funding cuts at the Scottish Health Board became unruly. The fighting started when James Maxton said that the cuts directly caused the death of hundreds of children and called Sir Frederick Banbury a murderer.[95][96]
Nikola Pašić, the Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, was slightly wounded in an assassination attempt in Belgrade. A Serbian bank employee, Millutone Raic, fired six shots as Pašić was leaving parliament. Pašić was able to enter his limousine and dropped to the floor, and sustained an injury to his hand.[99]
Firearms inventor John Browning filed his patent application for his Browning Hi-Power semi-automatic pistol, with the name "high power" being a reference to its larger capacity, an unprecedented 13-round magazine.[citation needed] Browning would die in 1926 before the granting in 1927 of U.S. patent no. 648,275.
From his hospital bed in Oklahoma City, George Bigheart, one of the Osage Indian oil millionaires called Pawhuska, Oklahoma lawyer W. Watkins Vaughan and asked him to come to the hospital for an urgent meeting. Bigheart's physicians suspected that he had been poisoned, and Bigheart provided Vaughn with information about documents that would identify a murder suspect. Vaughan boarded a train that evening to return to Pawhuska, but never arrived home. Bigheart succumbed the next day, and Vaughn's body was found afterward beside the railroad tracks near the town of Pershing.[100]
French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré made a speech in the French Senate indirectly responding to the pope's letter by explaining that "the only screw that we have on Germany is her desire to recover the Ruhr. We have no thought of annexation, and we energetically refute all accusations of imperialism. France does not wish to confiscate the Ruhr. We will keep it, however, until Germany has paid her debt." Poincaré also called the resistance movement in the Ruhr "active, insidious and criminal."[102]
A time bomb exploded on a Belgian troop train just as the cars were crossing over the Hochfeld railway bridge in the occupied Ruhr region of Germany. Eight Belgian soldiers were killed, along with two German civilians.[103] Another 43 were injured. The bomb had been placed in a toilet of the car, which was transporting the Belgian soldiers home while they were on leave. The bridge itself was wrecked, and the mayor of Hochfeld and 12 other local officials were arrested by occupation forces as suspects in the crime.[104]
^"Actress Is Elected to British Commons; Mabel Russell Succeeds Husband for Berwick — Polls 12,600 Votes to 5,858 for Liberal". The New York Times. June 2, 1923. p. 3.
^"Former Actress Takes Her Seat in Commons". The New York Times. June 8, 1923. p. 1.
^"Smith Signs Dry Act Repeal, but Warns Wets; Holds State Law not Needed for Enforcement". The New York Times. June 2, 1923. p. 1.
^"Criqui Knocks Out Kilbane in Sixth— Captures World's Featherweight Championship With a Right to the Jaw", The New York Times, June 3, 1923, p. S-1
^Roberts, James; Skutt, Alexander G. (2006). The Boxing Register: International Boxing Hall of Fame Official Record Book (4th Ed.). Ithaca, New York: McBooks Press, Inc. p. 95. ISBN978-1-59013-121-3.
^"Swiss Voters Reject Liquor Restriction; 93,031 Majority Against Federal Measure", The New York Times, June 4, 1923, p. 1
^"History Probe Brands 8 Texts as Un-American". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 4, 1923. p. 12.
^Foster, Captain Cecil (June 30, 1923). "Three Weeks Adrift in Indian Ocean; 16 More Survivors Reach Mauritius, 25 Days After Shipwreck 2,000 Miles Away". The New York Times. p. 1.
^"Ends 21 States' Ban on Foreign Tongues— Supreme Court Decides Pupils Have Constitutional Right to Be Taught Them". The New York Times. June 5, 1923. p. 1.
^"June Roses Bring Playhouse Blooms", Philadelphia Inquirer, June 3, 1923, Society section, p.9 ("Philadelphia's first annual summer musical revue opens Monday night... The revue, which is entitled 'I'll Say She Is' was written by Will R. Johnstone... Foremost among the entertainers are the Four Marx Brothers, one of the most versatile quartettes in the world.")
^"Jockey Dies as He Wins His First Race; Hayes Collapses Passing the Winning Post". The New York Times. June 5, 1923. p. 1.
^"Cardinal Soldevilla Assassinated in Spain— Chauffeur Is Also Killed and Secretary Wounded by Unidentified Men in Saragossa". The New York Times. June 5, 1923. p. 1.
^"Germany Pledges National Wealth for Reparations— Note to Allies for Delivery Tomorrow Offers 1,500,000,000 Gold Marks Yearly", The New York Times, June 6, 1923, p. 1
^"Harding Rebukes Menacing Groups; Hit at Klan Seen", The New York Times, June 6, 1923, p. 1
^"Harding Announces Nineteen Speeches; Completes the Schedule for His Western Tour — Others to Be Made in Alaska", The New York Times, June 6, 1923, p. 2
^De Santo, V. (June 7, 1923). "Italy Revises Election Laws; Women to Vote". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
^"TC-1, Army Dirigible, Burns in Electric Storm; Two Men Hurt in Leap of 40 Feet to Ground", The New York Times, June 7, 1923, p. 1
^ abcMercer, Derrik (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 307. ISBN978-0-582-03919-3.
^"4 Radio Stations Send One Program— Address at Electric Light Convention Heard Over Entire Nation", The New York Times, June 8, 1923, p. 6
^"Commons Frees Wives of Yoke in Divorce Suits". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 9, 1923. p. 9.
^Lorraine Salem Tufts, Secrets in The Grand Canyon, Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks (National Photographic Collections, 1998) p. 73
^"Army Overthrows Bulgar Cabinet; Arrest Ministers— Military Surround the Parliament Buildings and Seize Members and Deputies; No Bloodshed in Capital", The New York Times, June 10, 1923, p. 1
^"Body Guard Seizes Deposed Premier— Stamboulisky Has Been Arrested by His Own Soldiers, Prague Hears", The New York Times, June 12, 1923, p. 2
^Smitha, Frank E. (2013). "1923". Macrohistory and World Timeline. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
^"Holding Hostages in China, Holding China Hostage: Sovereignty, Philanthropy, and the 1923 'Lincheng Outrage'", by Caroline Reeves, Twentieth Century China (November 2001) pp. 36–39
^"President of China Flees from Peking; Troops Stop Him", The New York Times, June 14, 1923, p. 1
^"China's President Quits Under Duress— Li's Wife Gives Up Seals After He Is Subjected to Third Degree, at Tientsin; He is then Allowed to Go", The New York Times, June 15, 1923, p. 3
^"Mark Slumps to 100,000 to the Dollar; Stocks Skyrocket on the Berline Boerse", The New York Times, June 14, 1923, p. 1
^David Dicaire, The First Generation of Country Music Stars: Biographies of 50 Artists Born Before 1940 (McFarland, 2007)
^"Stambulisky Slain After He Is Rescued by Bulgar Peasants— They Overcome Guards Holding Him, but Later Near His Home Run Into Soldiers", The New York Times, June 16, 1923, p. 3
^"Stamboliyski, Aleksandar", by Richard C. Hall, in World War One: A Student Encyclopedia p. 1721
^"Tiger Sharks Fight Tars Bringing in 20 Ton Fish". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 15, 1923. p. 2.
^"An Inquiry into the Termination of Soviet Famine Relief Programmes and the Renewal of Grain Export, 1922–23", by Charles M. Edmondson, Soviet Studies (1981), pp. 370–385
^"Hagen Dethroned; Havers Wins Title— American Holder of British Open Golf Championship Beaten by One Stroke", The New York Times, June 16, 1923, p. 7
^"A War Against Heretics", "The Screen", The New York Times, June 28, 1923, p. 10
^"Etna in Eruption, Blots Out Villages; 30,000 People Flee", The New York Times, June 19, 1923, p. 1
^"Villa Knocks Out Wilde in Seventh— Filipino Wrests World's Flyweight Championship From British Holder of Title, The New York Times, June 19, 1923, p. 15
^"Etna Pours Out Fiery Lava on 2 More Towns". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 20, 1923. p. 1.
^"Molten Rock of Mount Etna Has Ceased Flowing". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 22, 1923. p. 13.
^"Harding Off Today on 15,057-Mile Trip— Journey Will Be Only Twenty Miles Shorter Than Taft's Record Tour in 1911", The New York Times, June 20, 1923, p. 1
^Henning, Arthur Sears (June 21, 1923). "Harding Turns 22 Chicago War Offenders Out". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"Harding Sells Control of Marion Star, But Will Continue to Write Editorials", The New York Times, June 21, 1923, p. 1
^Wilcox, Grafton (June 22, 1923). "Harding Court Bars League". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^Cox, Jim (2013). Radio Journalism in America: Telling the News in the Golden Age and Beyond. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 33–34. ISBN978-0-7864-6963-5.
^"Three States Greet President Warmly", The New York Times, June 22, 1923, p. 1
^"High Hat Back in Paris' Favor After 9 Years". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 2, 1923. p. 7.
^"Conservatives Sweep Ontario Election; Farm Party Beaten in Fight on Dry Platform", The New York Times, June 26, 1923, p. 1
^"7 Killed, 70 Injured in Elevated Crash When 2 Cars Fall Into Brooklyn Street— Truck Drops on One of Wrecked Coaches, Crushing Victim", The New York Times, June 26, 1923, p. 1
^Steele, John (June 27, 1923). "British Race with France to Boss Skies". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^Dailey, Charles (June 28, 1923). "Forbidden City Swept by Fire; Blame Thieves". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
^Ryan, Thomas (June 28, 1923). "Sharp Tilts in Commons Cause 4 Suspensions". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
^Knox, William (1987). James Maxton. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 42–43. ISBN978-0-7190-2152-7.
^Bliss, Michael (1992). Banting: A Biography. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 126. ISBN978-0-8020-7386-0.
^"Banting Listed for Annuity For Discovery of Insulin", The New York Times, June 27, 1923, p. 1
^"Pachitch, Jugoslav Premier, Is Wounded In Hand by Serb Firing Six Shots at Him", The New York Times, June 28, 1923, p. 1
^Donald L. Fixico, The Invasion of Indian Country in the Twentieth Century (University Press of Colorado, 1998)
^"Assassins Slay Gen. J.C. Gomez of Venezuela, Vice President and Brother of the Dictator", The New York Times, July 1, 1923, p. 1
^Wales, Henry (June 30, 1923). "France Clings to Ruhr, Premier Replies to Pope". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 7.
^Williams, Paul (July 1, 1923). "Ruhr Faces State of Siege". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"10 Belgians Killed by German Bomb on a Train— 43 Other Soldiers and Some German Workers Hurt and River Bridge Wrecked; Hold the Mayor, 12 Other Officials and Four Leading Citizens as Hostages", The New York Times, July 1, 1923, p. 1
This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document.
Media related to June 1923 at Wikimedia Commons
