December 30, 1922: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is created as the first Communist nation, with the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic being joined by the Communist republics established in Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan Georgia
At the Lausanne ConferenceinSwitzerland, İsmet İnönüofTurkey informed the European delegates that his government had decreed that the remaining Greek Christians in Eastern Thrace, numbering nearly one million, were banished and that the Greek citizens had two weeks to leave peacefully.[1]
The Bavarian towns of Passau and Ingolstadt were fined 50,000 gold marks each by the Allied governments for recent attacks on French and British military officers.[2]
Monica Cobb became the first woman solicitor in the United Kingdom to address a court, speaking at the BirminghamAssizes to prosecute a man for bigamy. , The New York Times wrote the next day, "For the first time in the history of England a woman advocate appeared today in court to plead." Cobb had been admitted to the practice of law on November 17.[3]
The Uqair Protocol was signed at the Saudi fort of Uqair, defining the borders between the Sultanate of Nejd (now part of Saudi Arabia) and Iraq (at the time a British mandate), as well as between Nejd and the Sheikhdom of Kuwait. The result was that Kuwait lost two-thirds of its territory to the Saudis and to Iraq. The treaty provided for the creation of two "neutral zones" of desert land for the benefit of the then-nomadic Bedouin people who wandered regularly between the two nations. The Saudi Arabian–Kuwaiti neutral zone of 2,230 square miles (5,800 km2) existed until 1970 and the Saudi Arabian–Iraqi neutral zone of 2,720 square miles (7,000 km2) until 1982, when the affected nations divided the lands.[4]
The body of Annie "Ruby" Hendry, a white schoolteacher, was found in Perry, Florida. In the course of searching for her killer, white citizens killed four black men and burned down buildings in the black section of town over the next two weeks.
Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark was sentenced to lifelong exile from Greece for disobeying orders during the disastrous Greco-Turkish War, after pressure on the Greek government from the United Kingdom and other Allied nations to prevent the Prince from being sentenced to a long prison term or execution.[5]
The Republican caucus of the U.S. Senate voted to drop further pursuit of a bill that would have made lynching a federal crime, after being unable to stop a filibuster by Senator Lee Slater Overman, a Democrat from North Carolina. The proposed law, drafted by U.S. Representative Leonidas C. Dyer, had overwhelmingly passed in the U.S. House of Representatives.[6]
Avalise containing all but one of Ernest Hemingway's unpublished manuscripts was stolen while he Hemingway had stopped at the Gare de Lyon railway station in Paris, where his wife Hadley Richardson had been preparing to catch a train to Switzerland to join Hemingway, who was on assignment to cover the Lausanne Conference. The valise and its contents were never recovered.[7]
Born:Leo Gordon, American character actor, in Brooklyn, New York (d. 2000)
Prince Andrew of Greece and wife Princess Alice of Battenberg boarded HMS Calypso, a British warship, bringing along their 17-month old son, Phillip, and emigrated to France.[8] Phillip, who would be sent a few years later to live with Alice's mother in the United Kingdom, would grow up to marry Princess Elizabeth, heir to the British throne, in 1947 and, in 1952, would become the Prince Consort on her accession to the throne as Queen.
U.S. President Warren G. Harding presented a federal budget of over three billion U.S. dollars to Congress for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1923.[9] Harding said that the federal deficit would be reduced by more than half from nearly $700 million to less than $300 million ($273,038,712).[10]
Britain's House of Lords voted overwhelmingly to approve the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922 on its third reading, with the only dissent coming from Lord Carson, who had blocked home rule in 1914 as Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons.[11]
Royal assent was given to the Irish Free State (Consequential Provisions) Act 1922, granting Northern Ireland (the six predominantly Protestant counties of Ireland) 30 days (a period referred to in the press as the "Ulster month" because Ulster was the region containing six Northern counties) to decide whether to exercise its option to not be included in the Irish Free State.
The Russian government closed all of Petrograd's Catholic churches.[14]
Convicted American murderer Clara Phillips, nicknamed "The Tiger Woman", escaped from the women's section of the Los Angeles County Jail by sawing through the bars and climbing out the window of her cell. She would remain at large for more than four months before being arrested in the Honduras and returned to the United States.[16]
The Irish Free State was established by proclamation of King George V of the United Kingdom.[17]Tim Healy, who had been an Irish member of the UK House of Commons, represented the King as the nation's Governor-General. At a ceremony in Dublin, the Union Jack was lowered in front of Healy's lodge and the new orange, white and green flag was raised in its place.[18]
The day after the Irish Free State came into existence, both houses of the Parliament of Northern Ireland voted unanimously to exercise the option to not remain part of the new nation.[20] The six predominantly-Protestant northern counties approved a resolution to remain in a union with Britain, and the UK adopted its present name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The Anglo-Irish Treaty had included a 30-day option for Northern Ireland to decide whether to be part of the Free State. .[21]
Seán Hales, a member of the Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the parliament of the Irish Free State, was shot to death by a member of the Irish Republican Army who had been against the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Another member of parliament, Patrick O'Malley, was wounded in the shooting, which took place as both men were leaving their hotel to attend the session of Parliament.[22]
December 8, 1922 (Friday)
[edit]O'Connor (top right) as best man at the wedding of O'Higgins in 1921
A lynch mob in Perry, Florida, numbering more than 3,000 people, stopped the transport of two African-American prisoners suspected of the December 2 murder of a white teacher. Charley Wright was given a mock trial that evening, pronounced guilty, and then burned to death by the mob. The other prisoner, Albert Young, was turned over to the custody of the sheriff of Taylor County but taken from jail by a different mob on December 12 and shot to death.
In one of the worst disasters in the history of the U.S. state of Oregon, about 24 city blocks of the business district in Astoria were destroyed by a fire that burned under the streets. The town had been constructed on a foundation of wooden pilings and spread quickly, destroying the town's department stores, hotels, banks and many other businesses and homes.[25]
Appearing in person at a meeting of both houses of Congress, U.S. President Warren G. Harding delivered his State of the Union message to Congress.[26] "It is four years since the World War ended", Harding said, "but the inevitable readjustment of the social and economic order is not more than barely begun." Harding spoke at length about the country's recent labor strife and recommended the creation of a non-partisan tribunal to replace the current Labor Board. On the matter of Prohibition he said "The day is unlikely to come when the Eighteenth Amendment will be repealed. The fact may as well be recognized and our course adapted accordingly."[27]
Born:Lucian Freud, painter, in Berlin, Germany (d. 2011)
The National Assembly of Poland chose the nation's first President, with Foreign Minister Gabriel Narutowicz receiving 289 votes and Maurycy Zamoyski 227 votes.[28]
The Second London Conference began, with the purpose of once again talking about reparations. British Prime Minister Bonar Law made a surprising statement when he said that the Balfour Note no longer existed for the British government and indicated that Britain would consider canceling France's debt if a new reparations settlement made it possible.[29]
The American radio station WJZ made the first broadcast that could be heard across the Atlantic Ocean. Shortly after midnight, with the benefit of an increase in the wattage of the broadcast signal, listeners overseas were able to hear the Star-Spangled Banner, followed by a voice saying WJZ repeatedly, then a greeting from the British consul-general in New York to British listeners. Afterward, at 12:30 in the morning, Vaughn De Leath sang her new hit, "Oliver Twist", commissioned to be played on a phonograph in theaters showing the newly released silent film of the same name. Afterward, a jazz orchestra called "Black and White Boys" played "God Save the King" and a person read aloud the 23rd Psalm from the King James Version of the Bible.[30]
By royal assent, the office of Governor of Northern Ireland was created as the principal officer and British representative for the six northern counties of Ireland, to assume the powers previously held by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,:[32] whose office had been abolished with the creation of the Irish Free State after having governed the entire island for 750 years.
Born:Redd Foxx (stage name for John Elroy Sanford), African-American comedian and actor known for the TV situation comedy Sanford and Son; in St. Louis (d. 1991)
Japan gave up its control of Jiaozhou Bay Territory, which had originally been leased by the German Empire from Imperial China, and seized by Japan in 1914.[33][34] Possession of the bay, located on the Shandong PeninsulaatJiaozhou Bay and with a capital at Qingdao, reverted to China.
The Second London Conference of four Prime Ministers broke up with no agreement in place except to meet again in Paris on January 2.[36]
British couple Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters were found guilty of the murder of Edith's husband, Percy Thompson, and sentenced to death. They were both hanged 15 days later.[13]
Marshal Pilsudski (left) turns power over to Narutowicz
Gabriel Narutowicz was inaugurated as the first PresidentofPoland amid violent rioting by an estimated 20,000 protesters, blamed on a speech made the day before by General Jozef Haller, commander-in-chief of the Army of Poland. According to an Associated Press account, the protesters, "mostly students and school boys, sought to prevent the inaugural ceremony" and "pelted the new President with snowballs" as he was being driven to the National Assembly Chamber. In clashes with police, four protesters were killed, and more than 100 injured, ten of them seriously.[37] After the inauguration, Narutowicz went to his new official residence, the Belweder Palace, where Field Marshal Józef Piłsudski (who had used the title "Naczelnik Państwa", literally Leader of the Nation) transferred his authority to an elected leader.
Dilip Kumar (stage name for Mohammed Yusuf Khan), Indian Hindi cinema ("Bollywood") film producer and actor; in Peshawar, British India (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) (d. 2021)
Maila Nurmi, Finnish actress and television personality; in Petsamo (d. 2008)
A box of chocolates arrived at the Home Secretary's Office for W.C. Bridgeman. The police found it contained arsenic and suspected the same person who poisoned police commissioner William Horwood the previous month.[42]
A disarmament conference in Moscow among Russia, the Baltic states and Poland broke up without an agreement.[43]
The Labour Party started a filibuster that kept the House of Commons sitting continuously from 3 p.m. until 7 a.m. the next morning. The filibuster was a form of protest against the government for its decision to adjourn Parliament on Friday until the middle of January without addressing Britain's unemployment problem.[44]
Uruguay's President Baltasar Brum engaged in a duel with deadly weapons against his political rival, Luis Alberto de Herrera, in front of several hundred witnesses. The combat took place at an airfield about nine miles (15 kilometers) from Montevideo late in the afternoon. According to an Associated Press report, the two men stood 25 paces apart and fired at each other twice, after their seconds had tried to talk them out of the duel. Whether by intention or accidentally, neither man's bullets struck the other. President Brum challenged Herrera to the duel after Herrera told a newspaper that President Brum had manipulated election results. Under Uruguayan law, dueling was permitted at the time so long as a "tribunal of honor" investigated the truth of the grievances of the challenger.[47]
The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic was created as a unified state by the members of a loose federation consisting of the Armenian SSR, the Azerbaijani SSR and the Georgian SSR (which included Abkhazia).[48] The new entity would last for only 17 days before becoming a member of the Soviet Union on December 30.
At least 15 people were fatally scalded, and 40 injured, in an accident on the Houston East and West Texas Railway at the depot at Humble, Texas. Houston East passenger train number 28 sideswiped a freight train's locomotive, tearing loose a two-inch diameter steam pipe. The pipe crashed into the window of the car on the train reserved for smokers and sprayed the compartment with its boiling contents.[49]
British Prime Minister Bonar Law warned the House of Commons that Germany was very near to complete economic collapse.[51] Law said in a speech in the Commons also that the UK could not repay war loans from the United States until Britain was repaid for its loans to the Allies or when Germany made its reparation payments earmarked for Britain.[52]
The Ministry of Education of Soviet Russia ordered that schoolchildren were to be taught that Santa Claus and angels were myths.[53] The protocol was part of a protocol pushed by the Russian Communist Party described by them as "a battle against all religious holiday-making" and was premised on the idea that "holidays leave a psychologically bad impression on children due to decorations and legends of 'decadent religions.'" [54]
Gabriel Narutowicz, the first President of Poland, was shot and killed after just five days in office.[56] President Nartuowicz was attending an exhibition at the Zachęta, Poland's national art gallery, when he was approached by an artist, Eligiusz Niewiadomski, who fired three shots into the President's back at close range. Narutowicz died almost instantly after being shot."Narutowicz, Gabriel (1865-1922)", in Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia, by Michael Newton (ABC-CLIO, 2014) pp.355-357
Elections were held for the 75-seat Australian House of Representatives. The incumbent Nationalist Party, led by Prime Minister Billy Hughes and holding 37 seats before the vote, lost 11 seats, while Matthew Charlton's Australian Labor Party gained three for a 29 to 26 edge over the Nationalists. Nevertheless, the Nationalists were able to maintain their coalition with Earle Page's Country Party with 40 seats overall, and Hughes continued as Prime Minister until a break with Page a few months later.
The last British troops left Dublin and the last British military installation, the Marlborough Barracks, was formally handed over to the Irish National Army, which would later rename it the McKee Barracks.[58]
Jenks Harris, an actor with Universal Studios, led a gang of five other people and robbed the local bank of Piru, California of $11,000. Harris told the police that he had gotten the idea while he was playing a minor part in a Universal production that had been filmed near Piru.[60]
Five men hijacked an armored car outside of the United States MintinDenver, Colorado, taking more than $200,000 worth of newly printed five-dollar bills (equivalent to $337,700,000 a century later [61] that were being loaded for shipment within the Denver federal reserve district.[62] During the gunbattle during the robbery, one of the armed guards on the armored car, Charles Linton [63] was killed, while a gang member, Nicholas Trainor, was mortally wounded.[64] The gang escaped only 90 seconds after the raid had begun. Trainor's body was left inside the getaway car used in the robbery and abandoned in a local garage. Roughly $80,000 of the original $200,000 stolen would be located in February in Minnesota.
The de Bothezat helicopter, nicknamed "The Flying Octopus" because of its four massive rotors, made its first flight, with trials taking place at McCook Field in Dayton, Ohio.[67] Designed by Ivan Jerome and George de Bothezat under contract with the United States Army, the helicopter set records for duration of airtime (2 minutes and 45 seconds) and altitude (30 feet (9.1 m)) but was difficult to control and incapable of proceeding into the wind.[68]
For the first time in more than 123 years, an Irish parliament passed legislation, as the Seanad followed the lead of the Dail Eirann in approving the "Adaptation of Enactments Bill".[69]
Born:
Carlos Altamirano, Chilean socialist politician, General Secretary of the Socialist Party, in Santiago (d. 2019)[70]
InDublin, seven men were executed, after being arrested by Free Irish State troops less than a week earlier, on December 13, after being convicted of sabotaging trains in County Kildare.[71]
Sir Percy Cox, the British Administrator for the Mandate of Iraq, agreed to a joint Anglo-Iraqi declaration to create a government for the Kurdish people as long as the rival Kurdish leaders could create a constitution and agree on boundaries for a Kurdish state.[75] Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji, who had been named by Cox as governor of southern Kurdistan, rejected the proposal to work with the British and declared himself the reigning monarch of a Kingdom of Kurdistan, allied with Turkey against the British, bringing an end to any prospect of an independent Kurdish nation.
At the age of seven, Jagaddipendra Narayan became the new Maharaja of the Indian princely state of Cooch Behar upon the death of his father Jitendra Narayan.[78] While the princely states of India would be abolished in 1949, with Cooch Behar becoming part of the state of West Bengal, Jagaddipendra would continue to have the maharaja title and receive a pension up until his death in 1970.
Geoff Mack (stage name for Albert Geoffrey McElhinney), Australian songwriter and singer who authored the song "I've Been Everywhere" in 1959 as a poetically arranged list of towns in Australia; in Surrey Hills, Victoria (d. 2017). Mack later rewrote the song for Western Hemisphere locations (in 1962) and the form has been repeated in other adaptations.
Died: Séamus Dwyer, 36, former member of the Irish Parliament who had voted in favor of the Anglo-Irish Treaty but then lost his bid for re-election, was assassinated at his Dublin liquor store by a gunman who fired two shots at him. The killing came the day after the execution by the Irish Free State forces of seven IRA members.[81] Bobby Bonfield, who committed the murder, was later killed by Free State forces in reprisal.[82]
Aleksandras Stulginskis was formally elected as President of Lithuania by the Baltic nation's Constituent Assembly, after having served as the Assembly's speaker and acting president of Lithuania since 1920.
Pierce Butler was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as the newest associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, approved 61 to 8 after a 16-day period of hearings.[83] Voting against Butler were five Democrats and three Republicans. With 61 of 69 voting Senators approving, the two-thirds majority was easily met, while another 29 U.S. Senators abstained from voting.
The Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) was incorporated in the United Kingdom as a non-profit organization.[84] Almost 100 years later, it would have a membership of 33,000 engineers worldwide.[85]
Aleen Cust became the first woman to be licensed as a veterinary surgeon in the United Kingdom. She had already been in practice for 20 years at the time of her acceptance.[86]
Born:
Charles Joseph Fletcher, American aviation inventor who patented the "Glidemobile", one of the first hovercraft vehicles capable of riding a cushion of air above water. (d. 2011)
Paul Winchell (stage name for Paul Wilchinsky), American ventriloquist (known for his dummy, "Jerry Mahoney") and comedian; in New York City (d. 2005)
The Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union (Belgisch-Luxemburgse Economische Unie or BLEU) was established when Luxembourg's Chamber of Deputies voted, 27 to 13, to ratify the 1921 treaty between the neighboring European nations of Belgium and Luxembourg, setting their currencies (the Belgian franc and the Luxembourg franc) at a fixed ratio and dropping tariffs on trade between them.[87] The economic union would be the first step toward an economic union of the nations of Europe, with Belgium and Luxembourg forming a cooperative union with the Netherlands (Benelux) in 1944, followed by the Benelux nations agreeing with France, Italy and West Germany to create the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951, the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957, and the European Union in 1993, and as one author would note later, "No region in the world has been so successful in creating voluntary economic unions of sovereign states as western Europe.[88]
The bodies of two men who had been kidnapped and murdered by the Ku Klux KlaninMer Rouge, Louisiana on August 24 were found La Fourche Lake.[72][91] Fillmore W. Daniels and Thomas F. Richards were among five men who had been taken by Klansmen on August 24 in front of hundreds of people who were attending a barbecue dinner. W. C. Andrews, J. L. Daniels and C. D. Davenport were beaten severely and then released near the town of Collinston.[92]
Jean Cocteau created an adaptation of Sophocles' Antigone at Théâtre de l'Atelier in Paris.[citation needed]
The 10th All-Russian Congress of Soviets opened at the Grand Opera House in Moscow with more than 3,000 legislators, 90 percent of whom were Communist Party members, in order to give approval of the latest planning programs of the Russian government.[94] On the agenda was a proposal from the Ukraine Communist Party for a treaty of union of the Communist nations.[95]
Vladimir Lenin began dictating his notes expressing his views on the party leadership and the matter of who should succeed him. He expressed reservations about all the party leaders, but was particularly critical of Joseph Stalin.[55]
Died:Bernard Kirk, 22, American college football player and star end for the University of Michigan, died six days after a December 17 auto accident.[96]
Delegates of the Workers Party of America, a predecessor to the Communist Party USA, declared for the "dictatorship of the proletariat and the supplanting of the existing capitalist government with a soviet government", but abandoned agitating for armed insurrection in order to avoid being prosecuted by the American government.[99][100]
Died: Joseph MacDonagh, 39, Irish independence activist who had recently been re-elected to the Irish Free State parliament while in prison, died of peritonitis two days after emergency surgery for a ruptured appendix.[101]
The Japanese aircraft carrier Hosho was commissioned, the first ship designed from the beginning to be a carrier.[79]
The science fiction film The Man from M.A.R.S., notable for using "Teleview", an early 3-D process, was released in theaters under the title M.A.R.S.. A preview showing of the film had been given to the press on October 13.
"For the first time in 3,277 years," [105] objects were taken out of the Tomb of Tutankhamun as employees of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art and the government of Egypt brought out a stretcher holding an intricately-carved 14" x 12" x 12" box containing objects that had been buried with the boy pharaoh. Pictures of the contents were taken by Egyptologist Harry Burton began a 10-year project in photographing the Tomb of Tutankhamun and the individual items excavated from within.[106]
Future home of the bridge across the Golden Gate strait
At a press conference in Chicago, structural engineer Joseph Strauss unveiled his plans for what would be the world's longest bridge, a span over the "Golden Gate", the strait between San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. "If and when erected," The New York Times noted, "the structure will be the greatest in point of magnitude and span in the world."[107] Construction would begin ten years later and the bridge would open in 1937.
A letter from President Harding to Senator Henry Cabot Lodge was read in the Senate. In the message Harding stated that the United States would not call a world economic conference unless European nations accepted that cancellation of war debts owed to America would not be considered.[109]
The Council of People's Commissars re-elected almost all members of the ruling All-Russian Executive Committee", but filled four positions with new members, including Joseph Stalin as Minister of Nationalities, Lev Kamenev as Third Vice President and Grigory Sokolnikov as Minister of Finance.[110] Upon the formation of the Soviet Union the next day, the Council co-ordinated the activities of the member republics.
Zhang Shaozeng (Chang Shao-ts'eng) was confirmed by the Senate of the Republic of China to become the new Prime Minister, after having been nominated on December 19 by President Li Yuanhong.[111]
Germany's floating debt passed one trillion marks.[112] Rudolph Havenstein, the President of the Reichsbank, announced that the national bank had granted credit in the amount one trillion in the last three months of the year "to meet the necessities of German industry."[113] The announcement came after Germany's hyperinflation had been worsened by the printing by the mint of over 100 billion marks in a single week earlier in the month.[114]
France's Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré rejected a proposal by Germany's Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno for a mutual non-aggression pact that would have replaced French troops in the occupied Rhineland (along Germany's border with France) with troops from a world power that had no active interests in the Rhineland. In addition, under Cuno's proposal, neither nation would go to war "for a generation" without a popular referendum to endorse fighting. "To my regret, France has seen fit to reject our proposal," Cuno said in a speech at the Hamburg Stock Exchange.[120][121]
The Nine-Power Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C., on February 6 by nine nations (Japan, Great Britain, the United States, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal and the Republic of China) with written affirmations of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China, went into effect pending ratification by all the signatories.[123]
All remaining foreign post offices in China, which had been allowed to issue their own postage stamps for mail to be sent between China and the issuing nation, were closed in accordance with the Nine-Power Treaty.[124]
U.S. Supreme Court Justice Mahlon Pitney, having suffered a stroke, retired from the bench 10 days after his colleague, Justice William R. Day, had been replaced by Pierce Butler. U.S. President Harding filled the second vacancy on the Court by nominating Edward Terry Sanford, who would be confirmed by the U.S. Senate shortly afterward.
^"Turks Proclaim Banishment Edict to 1,000,000 Greeks— Ismet, in Lausanne Conference, Gives Those Remaining in Turkey Two Weeks Grace", The New York Times, December 2, 1922, p. 1
^"Allies Penalize Bavarian Towns $125,000 Apiece". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 2, 1922. p. 3.
^"Woman Lawyer Pleads Case For First Time in England", The New York Times, December 2, 1922, p. 1
^"Filibuster Kills Anti-Lynching Bill", The New York Times, December 3, 1922, p. 1
^James Mellow, Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences (Houghton Mifflin, 1992) p. 208
^"Princess is Glad as Greeks Order Andrew's Exile". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 4, 1922. p. 3.
^"Second Harding Budget Calls For $3,078,940,331". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 5, 1922. p. 3.
^"President Offers a Reduced Budget; Sees 1924 Surplus", The New York Times, December 5, 1922, p. 1
^"British Turn Over Ireland to Irish, Ending Old Fight", The New York Times, December 5, 1922, p. 1
^"Irish Free State Gets King's Assent", The New York Times, December 6, 1922, p. 1
^ abcMercer, Derrik (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 301. ISBN978-0-582-03919-3.
^Lindsey, David Michael (2000). The Woman and the Dragon: Apparitions of Mary. Pelican Publishing Company. p. 138. ISBN978-1-4556-1437-0.
^"Spanish Cabinet Out in Morocco Flurry— Deputies in Uproar Over Attempt to Place Blame for Reverses Last Year", The New York Times, December 6, 1922, p. 12
^"Clara Phillips Escapes From Jail; Husband Is Held", The New York Times, December 6, 1922, p. 1
^"Irish Free State Gets King's Assent; To Install Healy", The New York Times, December 6, 1922, p. 1
^"Free State Begins in Business Fashion— Healy and Dail Members Take Oath, Elect Speaker and Hear Senate Nominations; TriColor Flies Officially", The New York Times, December 7, 1922, p. 6
^"Tiger Cheered as He Chides U. S. at Capital". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 7, 1922. pp. 1–2.
^"Ulster Contracts out of Irish Free State— Craig Bears Address to the King After Unanimous Vote in Northern Parliament", The New York Times, December 8, 1922, p. 1
^"Dail Deputy Killed by Rebels in Dublin; Another Is Wounded— Sean Hales is Shot Dead and Deputy Speaker O'Mallie is Hit on Way to Session", The New York Times, December 8, 1922, p. 1
^"Four Rebel Leaders Executed in Dublin for Death of Hales— Free State Hangs O'Connor, Mellowes, McKelvey and Barrett as Reprisal", The New York Times, December 9, 1922, p. 1
^Michael Hopkinson, Green Against Green: The Irish Civil War (Gill Books, 2004) p. 191
^"Japanese Restore Shantung to China; Transfer of Territory Taken From Germans Is Carried Out With Little Ceremony", The New York Times, December 11, 1922, p. 1
^"What's in a Name?", by Ray Smith, Weather and Climate magazine (October 1990), pp. 24-26
^Steele, John (December 12, 1922). "Premiers Pave Way for French to Seize Ruhr". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
^"Riot at Polish President's Inauguration; Four Persons Killed, More Than 100 Injured", The New York Times, December 12, 1922, p. 1
^"Prelude". Seanad Éireann debates. 11 December 1922. pp. Vol.1 No.1 p.1 c.1. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
^"Free State Senate Meets to Organize— Members Are Sworn In and Governor Healy Will AddressParliament Today", The New York Times, December 12, 1922, p. 2
^"Inventor Is Killed in Auto Crash", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 12, 1922, p. 4
^Erwin Tragatsch, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Motorcycles (Quantum Publishing, 2000) p. 560
^"British Home Secretary Gets Box of Candy; Postmark Same as on Box Sent to Horwood", The New York Times, December 15, 1922, p. 1 ("LONDON, Dec. 14.—Under mysterious circumstances a package of candy was sent on Tuesday to the Home Secretary, W.C. Bridgeman...")
^Seldes, George (December 13, 1922). "Russia Rejects Ultimatum by Baltic States". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 12.
^Steele, John (December 14, 1922). "Laborites Rob Parliament of Night's Sleep". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
^"John Wanamaker Dies at Age of 84 From Heart Attack", The New York Times, December 13, 1922, p. 1
^"Wanamaker Put New Ideas in Trade— One of the 'Merchant Princes' Who Recast Retail Merchandising Methods", The New York Times, December 13, 1922, p. 12
^"Uruguay President in Duel Hundreds See— Cabinet Officers, Diplomats and Others Witness Bloodless Exchange With Dr. Herrera", The New York Times, December 14, 1922, p. 3
^"Legal History, Armenia", by L. Schultz, in Encyclopedia of Soviet Law, ed. by F.J.M. Feldbrugge (Springer, 1985) p.456
^"15 Are Killed, 40 Hurt in Texas Rail Wreck— Many Will Die From Injuries on East & West Texas Line Near Humble", The New York Times, December 14, 1922, p. 3
^Kinsley, Philip (December 14, 1922). ""Justification" and Alibis as Herrin Defense". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"Germany Very near Complete Collapse – Law". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. December 14, 1922. p. 1.
^"Bonar Law Says Britain Cannot Pay Us until the Allies or Germany Pay Her", The New York Times, December 15, 1922, p. 1
^ abRamirez-Faria, Carlos (2007). Concise Encyclopeida Of World History. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 622. ISBN978-81-269-0775-5.
^"Poland's President Assassinated After Two Days in Office— Insane Artist Shoots Narutowicz Three Times at Reception in Opening Gallery Exhibition", The New York Times, December 17, 1922, p. 1
^M. Ann Hall, Immodest and Sensational: 150 Years of Canadian Women in Sport (James Lorimer & Company, 2008) p. 40
^"British Troops Go; Dublin Celebrates— Thousands Line Streets and Crowd Quays as Last Battalions Leave for England", The New York Times, December 18, 1922, p. 1
^"Pilsudski Back in Saddle; Peril to Poland Fades". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 18, 1922. p. 5.
^""Six Taken In Bandit Raid; Piru Robbery Confessed by Captives", Los Angeles Times, December 20, 1922, p. II-1
^"Louisiana Troopas Are Sent to Guard Hearings On Kidnapping of 5 Citizens by Hooded Men", The New York Times, December 20, 1922, p. 1
^"Prof. Delitzsch Dead, Famous Assyriologist; Author of "Babel and Bible," Which Once Created a Sensation, Dies at 72 Years", The New York Times, December 24, 1922, p. 17
^Kevin McKierman, The Kurds (St. Martin's Press, 2006) p. 32
^"Moderate Is Chosen Poland's President", The New York Times, December 21, 1922, p. 11
^Doherty, Edward (December 21, 1922). "Santa Hays Puts Movie Pardon on Fatty's Stocking". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"Cooch Behar, Indian Ruler, Dies at 36", The New York Times, December 21, 1922, p. 14
^ ab"1922". Music And History. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
^Western Europe 2019-2020, ed. by Wayne C. Thompson (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers) pp.5-6
^"Flames Destroy Quebec Church of Notre Dame". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 22, 1922. p. 1.
^"Quebec Cathedral Destroyed by Fire— Building Dating From 1647 Was Valued at $1,000,000—Priceless Archives Gone", The New York Times, December 23, 1922, p. 1
^"Explosion Reveals Wire-bound Bodies of Supposed Ku Klux Victims in Lake; Louisiana Governor Sends More Troops", The New York Times, December 23, 1922, p. 1
^"Hundreds Saw Two Men Kidnapped; Road Blocked by Hooded Men Who Seized Richards and Daniels Last August", The New York Times, December 23, 1922, p. 2
^"Pope to Announce Program In an Encyclical Today", The New York Times, December 23, 1922, p. 1
^"Soviet Congress Sits in Moscow— All-Russian Gathering, 90 Per Cent Communist, Reviews 1922 Developments", The New York Times, December 24, 1922, p. 12
^"Plan to Unify Soviet Republics", The New York Times, December 24, 1922, p. 12
^"Kirk Dies from Injury— Michigan University Star Football Player Victim of Auto Crash", The New York Times, December 24, 1922, p. 14
^"Lenin Order Starts Labor Party Here— Reds' Convention Resolves on Workers' Body Affiliated With Moscow", The New York Times, December 25, 1922, p. 1
^"Down with U. S., Up With Soviet! New Party Cries". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 26, 1922. p. 12.
^"Workers Party Out for a Proletariat Dictatorship Here— Declares For Soviet Government in Program of Principles Adopted by Delegates", The New York Times, December 26, 1922, p. 1
^"Germany Held in Default on Reparations". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 27, 1922. p. 3.
^"Germany Declared in Willful Default; Britain Overruled in Reparation Vote on Question of Wood Deliveries in 1922", The New York Times, December 27, 1922, p. 1
^"Mussolini Orders New Coinage for Italy". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. December 26, 1922. p. 3.
^"Treasure Removed from Luxor Tomb", The New York Times, December 28, 1922, p. 4
^H. V. F. Winstone, Howard Carter and the Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun (Barzan Press, 2006) p. 173
^"Plan Golden Gate Bridge, To Be World's Biggest Span", The New York Times, December 28, 1922, p. 17
^Richard Sakwa, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, 1917–1991 (Routledge, 1999) pp. 140–143
^"Harding Gives U.S. Conditions on World Meet". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 29, 1922. p. 1.
^"Soviet Cabinet Complete; Changes Since Last January Make Sokonikoff Finance Minister", The New York Times, January 1, 1923, p. 2
^"Approves China's Premier— Peking Senate Supports Appointment of Militarist Nominee", The New York Times, December 30, 1922, p. 6
^"Germany's Debt Hits Trillion in Paper Marks". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 30, 1922. p. 2.
^"Marks Exceed a Trillion— Paper Circulation is Equaled by Reichsbank Credits", The New York Times, December 30, 1922, p. 3
^"Trillion Paper Marks in Germany by Year End; Presses Printed 110,300,000,000 Last Week", The New York Times, December 7, 1922, p. 1
^"Union of Soviet States Formed— Russia and Allied States Consolidate, With Moscow as Capital", Associated Press report in Minneapolis Star Tribune, December 31, 1922, p. 1
^"Union of Soviets Becomes Reality— Congress Acts to Centralize Government Affairs in Moscow", Washington (DC) Evening Star, December 31, 1922, p. 4
^Stephen Kotkin, Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878-1928 (Penguin Books, 2014) p. 485
^David R. Marples, Russia in the Twentieth Century: The Quest for Stability (Taylor & Francis, 2010) p. 60
^Bert van Selm , The Economics of Soviet Breakup (Taylor & Francis, 2012)
^"France Rejects Germans' Offer of Nonwar Pact". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 1, 1923. p. 5.
^"German Offer of a Non-War Compact Rejected by France, Cuno Announces— Suggested Rhine Trustee; Germany Proposed Neutral Guardian of New Compact", The New York Times, January 1, 1923, p. 1
^Swami Sraddhananda, Hindu Sangathan: Saviour of the Dying Race (Shraddhananda, 1926) pp. 119–121
^Edmund Jan Osmańczyk and Anthony Mango, eds., Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements, 3rd edition (Taylor & Francis, 2003), p. 2677
^Catalogue de Timbres-Poste, Tome 1 (Éditions Yvert & Tellier, 2007)
