January 22, 1922: Benedict XV, Roman Catholic Pope since 1914, dies at the age of 67January 28, 1922: Collapse of the Knickerbocker movie theater in Washington kills 96 peopleJanuary 14, 1922: Michael Collins becomes the first Chairman of the Irish Free State in DublinJanuary 3, 1922: New "Peace Dollar" put into circulation in the U.S.
A delegation of the Far Eastern Republic in Washington, D.C. revealed what it claimed to be secret documents revealing a military alliance between France and Japan, seeking to secure Japanese domination of Siberia in exchange for stabilization of French interests in Russia. France and Japan both denounced the documents as forgeries.[1]
On the same day, in the other major postseason college game of the time, the once-beaten (4-1-2) Aggies of Texas A&M defeated the previously undefeated and untied (10-0-0) Praying Colonels of Centre College, 22 to 14, at Dallas, Texas. The game was also notable for the introduction of the "12th Man" tradition of Texas A&M, when a student spectator is called to be ready to enter the game.
The Soviet government published statistical data showing that 1,766,118 people had been executed since the October Revolution.[3]
The value of the German mark fell to 1/32,000th of the British pound or 133rd of a British penny. With an exchange rate of $4.86 to the British pound, the U.S. dollar was worth 6,600 German marks, and American banks refused to accept the mark for payment of debts.[4][5]
Died: Suddha Dibyaratana, 44, Princess of Rattanakosin, and member of Thai royalty as the daughter of King Chulalongkorn, died from tuberculosis.
An example of the patented "concave-convex" steel tape measure
American inventor Hiram A. Farrand was granted U.S. Patent #1,402,589 for his creation of the "concave-convex" steel tape, flexible and slightly curved for ease of extension and retraction, setting the standard now used for the pocket tape measure. The "Farrand Rapid Rule" design, marketed in the 1920s by the Brown Company, set the standard still used in metallic tape measures.
The "Peace dollar", the new design for the American silver dollar by the United States Mint, was put into circulation six days after the striking of the first coins (dated 1921) on December 28.[6]
In compliance with the Treaty of Ankara, signed on October 20, France began the withdrawal of its occupation forces from Turkey, starting with the departure of French Army troops in the Mersin Province.
InIndia, the massive 10.5 feet (3.2 m) tall Asian Elephant Guruvayur Keshavan was donated to the Guruvayur Temple by royal family of Nilambur. Keshavan, about 10-years old at the time of his capture, would serve at the temple for almost 55 years until his death on December 2, 1976.
Born: Tian Jiaying, Chinese teacher and editor who served as the personal secretary for Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong from 1948 until his suicide during the Cultural Revolution (d. 1966)
London Times correspondent A.B. Kay was kidnapped by armed members of the Irish Republican Army. Kay had been having lunch in a pub across from the Dáil Éireann when three men with revolvers burst in and abducted him, angry over a story he'd written regarding public opinion in Cork over the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Kay was released that same night.[8][9]
Éamon de Valera offered his resignation as President of the Irish Republic, saying that he "could not carry on until I know if I have the support of this Dáil ... I appeal to this House to re-elect me, give me a vote of confidence so that I can stand on the rock of an independent Irish republic. If you want this treaty you can elect someone else."[12][13]
Construction began on the Delaware River Bridge (now the Benjamin Franklin Bridge) between Philadelphia and Camden, New Jersey, more than a century after the first discussions to link the U.S. states of Pennsylvania and New Jersey by something other than the existing ferry services.[14] Pennsylvania Governor William C. Sproul and New Jersey Governor Edward I. Edwards both participated in the groundbreaking ceremony, and the bridge would open to traffic on July 1, 1926.[14]
Dogsomyn Bodoo, the first Prime Minister of Mongolia since the nation's independence in April and a founder of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, resigned after six months after having become unpopular from his campaign to reform Mongolian traditions to fit Soviet Union norms, including the banning of long hair and women's jewelry. After forcing Bodoo's resignation, new Premier Sonomyn Damdinbazar accused him and other government ministers of corruption and treason, and had him arrested. Bodoo would be executed on August 31.[17]
U.S. Representative Alanson B. Houghton was appointed as the new U.S. Ambassador to Germany.[18]
The Washington Naval Conference agreed to outlaw the use of poison gas in warfare.[19]
Éamon de Valera said that the Republic of Ireland still existed and that the previous day's resolution was "not ratification of that treaty and not a legal act. That will not be affected until the Irish people have disestablished the republic which they have set up by their own will."[21]
By a margin of only two votes, Éamon de Valera was narrowly defeated for re-election as President of the Dáil Éireann, losing 60 to 58. After the vote was counted everyone in the assembly rose and cheered for him.[22] "The re-election of de Valera would have been equivalent to rescinding of the treaty" creating the Irish Free State and ratified only two days earlier, by creating two governments for southern Ireland, The New York Times wrote;[23] Three members of the Dáil— De Valera himself, an unidentified MP and Liam de Róiste— abstained from voting. De Róiste reportedly refused to vote, commenting that the motion was "calculated to throw the country into fratricidal strife". Arthur Griffith commented, after voting against the motion, "I want to say that this is not a vote taken against President De Valera. It is a vote to damn the treaty, and I want to say now there is no man I have met in my life whom I more respect and love."[24]
The first elections were held for the newly established Supreme Muslim Council, a four-member body created to oversee religious courts and finances in British Palestine, and the Hajj Amin al-Husseini of Jerusalem was selected as the council's first leader. The other persons picked by the electoral college were Muhammad Murad, mufti of Haifa; 'Abd al-Latif Salah of Nablus; and Abdullah Dajani of Jaffa.[26]
Died: Maria Louise Baldwin, 67, African-American school administrator and the first black principal of a predominantly white school in the United States
Arthur Griffith was elected President of Dáil Éireann by the unanimous vote of all 64 deputies remaining after all 54 of Eamonn de Valera's supporters walked out.[27] The assembly then adjourned until February 14 to give his new government time to begin the organization of what would become the Irish Free State.[28]
The Sejm in Poland approved a bill introducing two-year compulsory military service.[29]
Germany inaugurated a new wireless telegraphy service, called "Blitzfunk" (literally "lightning spark") between Berlin and Hamburg, with the objective of higher priority in speedy delivery of the message. A message brought to the Berlin main office at 9:00 in the morning was transmitted to Hamburg at 9:03, where it was then transcribed and then "telephoned to the addressee at 9:10" before delivery of the telegram.[30]
AtToronto General Hospital, 14-year old Leonard Thompson became the first human to receive an injection of insulin as a treatment for diabetes. The dose was administered by Dr. James Collip.[31] The boy developed an allergic reaction and so more work was done to refine the treatment, with a second dose given on January 23.[32]
The Seamen's strike of 1922 began at the ports of Hong Kong and in Canton as Chinese workers of the Seamen's Union walked off their jobs when a demand for a salary increase was turned down by the maritime companies.[35] The strike would last for 52 days, ending on March 5 after the companies agreed to raise wages by 15% with a cap at 30%.
The British government announced an amnesty for all Irish political prisoners.[36] Sir Winston Churchill, then the Secretary of State for the Colonies, wrote the proclamation declaring that "The King has been pleased, at the moment when the Provisional Irish Government is due to take effect, to grant general amnesty with respect to all offences committed in Ireland from political motives prior to the operation of the truce, July 11, last. The release of the prisoners to which amnesty applies may begin forthwith. It is the King's confident hope that this act of oblivion will aid in powerfully establishing relations of friendship and good-will between the peoples of Great Britain and Ireland." The amnesty applied to 1,010 persons still in confinement in Britain.[37][38]
By a narrow margin of 46 to 41, the United States Senate voted to allow Republican U.S. Senator Truman H. Newberry of Michigan to retain his seat. The vote was along party lines, with 9 Republicans joining all 32 Democrats in the Senate in opposing the seating of Newberry.[41]
The conference at Cannes, regarding German reparations, ended abruptly after the resignation of France's Prime Minister Briand, but with an agreement to allow Germany to temporarily suspend reparations payments.[42]
Adolf Hitler was sentenced to three months in prison for disrupting a meeting at a beer hall where speaker Otto Ballerstedt was seriously injured.[43]
The first and last elections for the Vilnius Sejm, the parliament of the Republic of Central Lithuania were held, for the primary purpose of voting in favor of annexation of the puppet state into Poland. The voting was boycotted by most of the Lithuanians in the Vilnius region, and the legislators elected were of Polish ancestry. On February 20, the new parliament would vote for the "republic" to be legally annexed into Poland.[44]
The proposed evacuation of 120,000 Armenian Christians from Turkey was called for by Paul Hymans, President of the League of Nations, in his address to the League Council as Haymans read aloud a telegram that had been sent to Cardinal Désiré-Joseph Mercier, the Roman Catholic Primate of Belgium, by the Armenian Catholic Patriarchate, asking for League assistance. Gabriel Hanotaux, France's representative to the League, informed the council that France had worked on protecting Armenian Catholics and other Christian minorities in Cilicia from further violence and had voted to provide 30 million French francs for that goal. The Council took the matter under advisement and adjourned until April 25.[48]
Leo Hirschfield, 53, Austrian-born American candy manufacturer who created the Tootsie Roll candy, committed suicide by shooting himself in his hotel room in New York City.[52]
Ben Shibe, 83, American sporting goods manufacturer and owner of baseball's Philadelphia Athletics since the American League's founding in 1901.
The Leipzig War Crimes Trials, an attempt by the Allied Powers to prosecute German Empire nationals who had committed atrocities during World War I, effectively came to an end when the Allied Commission concluded that allowing Germany's Weimar Republic to sentence war criminals had been ineffective because of the lenient sentences.[53]
The Woodrow Wilson Foundation was launched at a meeting in Washington, D.C. After the meeting, several thousand supporters marched two miles to greet Wilson at his home. "I need hardly tell you that such a demonstration and evidence of friendship makes me very happy", Wilson told the crowd from his doorstep. "There can be no doubt as to the vitality of the League of Nations."[55]
Following protests by the Sikh community, the colonial government of British India released all imprisoned Sikh activists arrested for participating in the non-cooperation movement. The Sikh independence movement leader, Baba Kharak Singh, was released from jail six weeks after his November arrest, and control of the Golden Temple was returned to him at Amritsar.
A 7.9 magnitude earthquake took place in Peru in the sparsely-populated Department of Loreto in the Amazon rainforest, at 3.025°S 71.398°W.[58] Because of the remote location and the depth of the quake (475 kilometres (295 mi) underground), no measurable damage was reported.
Born:
Betty White, American TV comedienne and actress with more than 70 years of television experience since 1949; winner of eight Emmy Awards and a Grammy Award, inductee in the Television Hall of Fame; in Oak Park, Illinois (d. 2021)
Kazys Grinius resigned as Prime Minister of Lithuania after 18 months in office, along with the rest of his government, in the wake of the "saccharin scandal" that linked his Foreign Minister, Juozas Purickis, to use of diplomatic privileges for the smuggling of contraband items. Grinius's predecessor, Ernestas Galvanauskas, formed a new government 15 days later on February 2.[59]
A group of unemployed Dublin workers including the future noted author Liam O'Flaherty seized the Rotunda Concert Hall in protest of the "apathy of the authorities" and flew a red flag from one of the windows. Many Dubliners were hostile to the sight of the red flag and the demonstration soon attracted an angry mob.[60]
Hugh Felkin, English-born French chemist who devised the "Felkin model" to predict the stereochemistryofnucleophilic addition reactions to carbonyl groups, and modified it with the『Felkin–Anh model』based on improvements suggested by chemists Nguyễn Trọng Anh and Odile Eisenstein (d. 2001)
American confectioner Harry Burt applied for the first patent for the process of manufacturing a melted chocolate coating that could be applied to ice cream mass production of his invention, the Good Humor bar, for resale by way of ice cream trucks. Burt would be granted U.S. Patent No. 1,470,524 on October 9, 1923, for "Process of Making Frozen Confections".[63] The application was filed four days before the patent for a similar chocolate-covered ice cream product on a stick, the Eskimo Pie, was granted on January 24 to Christian Kent Nelson.
Died: Milton L. Haney, 96, "The Fighting Chaplain" of the 55th Illinois infantry during the American Civil War, recipient of the Medal of Honor for heroism at the 1864 battle of Atlanta
Pope Benedict XV died early at 6:00 in the morning local time in Rome. A premature report of his death had been given out the day before when a dispatch from the Wolff Bureau news agency in Berlin had reported that "Pope Benedict died at 5:15 o'clock this afternoon, Rome time", causing the German Reichstag to suspend proceedings and evening newspapers in London to report the death.[66] In the afternoon a procession of the Palatine Guard, Swiss Guard and others solemnly transported the body through the Apostolic Palace to the papal throne room where it lay in state.[67]
Born:
Annabelle Lee, American baseball pitcher who pitched the first perfect game by a female professional baseball player, in 1944 for the Minneapolis Millerettes of the AAGPBL; in Los Angeles (d. 1998)
Howard Moss, American poet, dramatist and critic, in New York City (d. 1987)
Fereydoun Mirza Qajar, Iranian member of royalty during the rule of the Qajar dynasty and pretender to the throne after the death of his father, Ahmad Shah Qajar, who had been deposed in 1925. (d. 1975)
U.S. President Warren G. Harding opened an agricultural conference in Washington. In the conference's opening speech Harding proposed that the farming industry organize along the lines of other industries, with machinery of finance for furnishing operating capital.[68]
U.S. Patent #1,404,539 was issued to candy store owner Christian Kent Nelson of Onawa, Iowa for his invention of a process of covering ice cream with melted chocolate. Originally sold by Nelson under the name "I-Scream Bars", the confection would be trademarked as the "Eskimo Pie" for mass production and marketing. The new confection was an immediate success.[69] In 2021, it would re-branded once more as an Edy's Pie.[70]
Composer Felix Borowski was shot at with a pistol and then beaten with it in his Chicago apartment. Borowski's secretary was arrested and confessed to the crime, saying that Borowski had derailed his career as a pianist and that he had "nothing to live for."[71]
Composer Carl Nielsen's Symphony No. 5 was given its first performance, as the Copenhagen Symphony Orchestra performed the score nine days after it had been completed by Nielsen.[72]
Popular English pianist Myra Hess made her American debut at a concert in New York City.[citation needed]
Liang Shiyi was forced to resign as Premier of the Republic of China after only 32 days in office. Liang's dismissal was the result of a conflict between two warlords, Wu Peifu of the Zhili clique, and Liang's supporter, Zhang Zuolin, of the Fengtian clique. As the conflict worsened, the First Zhili–Fengtian War broke out on April 10 and would lead to Zhang's defeat of Wu by June 18. "Chronology", in Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War, ed. by Christopher R. Lew and Edwin Pak-wah Leung (Scarecrow Press, 2013) p. xix-xx
A detachment of U.S. Marines was sent to invade Nicaragua in order to protect the U.S. Embassy in the capital, Managua. The Marines were brought to the Central American nation, transported by the cruiser USS Galveston and disembarking at Corinto.[73]
Anti-lynching movement: The United States House of Representatives voted, 230 to 119, to approve the Anti-Lynching Bill[74] sponsored by Congressman Leonidas C. Dyer of Missouri, that would have made lynching a federal crime. The bill was sent to the U.S. Senate and never came to a vote.
The Dublin Gazette, the official British governmental newspaper of record in Ireland since 1705, published its final issue, and its offices were turned over to the control of Irish Free State authorities.[80]
The University of Illinois college football team disqualified nine of its players after confirmation that the students had accepted payment to play in a semi-professional game in Carlinville, Illinois on November 27.[82] The Illini players for Carlinville (which lost the game to Taylorsville 16 to 0) implicated in the scandal included Jack Crangle, Joey Sternaman and Laurie Walquist, while statements also confirmed that three Notre Dame stars (Gus Desch, John Mohardt and Chet Wynne) had participated as well. Each received $200 (equivalent to $3,100 in 1921) for one game. Rumors that specific players had been hired for the game had started in Carlinville in November, The New York Times reported, "But each person who received the 'confidential' information apparently passed it on to another friend, for gradually the word spread..."
Nellie Bly (pen name for Elizabeth Cochran Seaman), 57, American journalist and adventurer who traveled around the world in 72 days on assignment for the New York World in 1889 and 1890
George Robert White, 74, American philanthropist and soap manufacturer in Boston
Ninety-six people died, and 133 were injured, in the collapse of the Knickerbocker Theatre in Washington, D.C.[83] A few minutes before 9:00 in the evening, the roof gave way under the weight of 29 inches (740 mm) of snow that had fallen in the first 28 hours of a blizzard, while at least 300 people were inside watching a silent movie, Get-Rich-Quick Wallingford. The roof fell upon people in the theater balcony, and the balcony itself then fell upon people in the seats below.[84]
The British ocean liner SSAthenia, built for the Anchor-Donaldson Line, was launched from Glasgow, to go into service in 1923.[85] On September 3, 1939, the day of the United Kingdom's declaration of war on Nazi Germany, the Athenia would become the first British ship to be torpedoed and sunk during World War II.[86]
The Permanent Court of International Justice, unofficially called the "World Court" and created by the League of Nations, held its first session, convening at the Peace PalaceatThe Hague in the Netherlands.[87] At its first session, the nine judges and three deputies elected Bernard Loder, a justice on the Supreme Court of the Netherlands, as the first President of the Permanent Court.
General Marie-Eugène Debeney predicted that the next war would be fought with "tanks, aeroplanes, and gas served by specially trained crews." The front lines would be manned only by skeleton detachments serving as observers and listeners, due to the number of personnel necessary to run the war machinery.[88]
Karl-Heinz Weber, German Luftwaffe flying ace with 136 aerial victories during World War II; in Heringsdorf (killed in combat, 1944)
Joseph C. McConnell, U.S. Air Force F-86 Sabre fighter pilot and the most successful, to date, of American jet fighter aces with 16 aerial victories in jet combat during the Korean War; in Dover, New Hampshire (killed in jet crash, 1954)
The U.S. Senate passed an $11 billion foreign debt refunding bill and voted down an amendment to use the interest to finance a soldier's bonus.[89]
Ireland's National Army, composed of Irish Republican Army volunteers who supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty, made its first public appearance as command of a British Armybarracks near Dublin was transferred to Irish Army control.
^"Five Powers Adopt Ban on Submarines; Ask World to Join", The New York Times, January 6, 1922, p. 1
^"Shackleton Dies on Antarctic Trip— Heart Disease Kills British Explorer Aboard His Ship, the Quest, Off Gritvicken", The New York Times, January 30, 1922, p. 1
^"De Valera Resigns, Then Accepts Plan to Wait for Vote", The New York Times, January 6, 1922, p. 1
^Steele, John (January 7, 1922). "Dail in Uproar as De Valera Resigns Place". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
^"Dail Eireann Votes 64 to 57 to Accept Irish Free State; De Valera Says He Will Resign; Dublin Wild With Joy", The New York Times, January 8, 1922, p. 1
^"Bodoo, Dogsomyn (1885-1922)", in Historical Dictionary of Mongolia, ed. by Alan J. K. Sanders (Scarecrow Press, 2003) p. 39-40
^Steele, John (January 10, 1922). "Ireland Votes Today on Birth of Free State". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"De Valera Defeated 60 to 58 on Motion for Re-Election", The New York Times, January 10, 1922, p. 1
^"Mr. De Valera Defeated by Two Votes. Dail Vote on His Presidency. Another Desperate Attempt to Defeat the Treaty.", The Manchester Guardian, January 10, 1922, p. 7
^"Arbuckle Case Resumed; Seven Jurors Passed". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 12, 1922. p. 5.
^Holston, Kim R. (2013). Movie Roadshows: A History and Filmography of Reserved-Seat Limited Showings, 1911–1973. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 27. ISBN978-0-7864-6062-5.
^Chan Lau Kit-ching, China, Britain, and Hong Kong (Chinese University Press, 1990) pp. 169–172
^"King George Frees Irish Prisoners— Proclaims General Amnesty for All Held for Political Offenses in Ireland", The New York Times, January 13, 1922, p. 17
^"Text of Amnesty Proclamation", The New York Times, January 13, 1922, p. 17
^"Amnesty for Irish Prisoners. Releases Commence.", The Manchester Guardian, January 13, 1922, p. 7
^"Briand Resigns, Poincare to Form New French Cabinet", The New York Times, January 13, 1922, p. 1
^Clayton, John (January 13, 1922). "'Germany Must Pay'; Poincaré Heads France". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"Newberry Seated, 46 to 41, But Senate Condemns Big Fund", The New York Times, January 13, 1922, p. 1
^"Cannes Collapses Aids Rival 'Show'; Competing Session's Disruption Seems to Have Shot Oxygen Into Arms Conference", by Elmer Davis, The New York Times, January 14, 1922, p. 1
^Mitchell, Otis C. (2008). Hitler's Stormtroopers and the Attack on the German Republic, 1919–1933. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 51. ISBN978-0-7864-5214-9.
^"Central Lithuania, Republic of (1920-1922)", in Historical Dictionary of Lithuania , by Saulius Sužiedėlis (Scarecrow Press, 2011) p. 77-78
^"Irish Free State Formally Set Up; Collins Heads It— Southern Parliament Ratifies Treaty and Provides Provisional Government", The New York Times, January 15, 1922, p. 1
^"New Government of Irish Halts Big Rail Strike". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 15, 1922. p. 3.
^"120,000 Armenians to Leave Turkey; Ask League Council, Through Cardinal Mercier, for Ships to Transport Them", The New York Times, January 15, 1922, p. 1
^"Hays to Be Mogul in Silver Screen Realm", San Antonio Express, January 15, 1922, p 4
^"Will Hays to Quit Cabinet for Films; Harding Consents— President Says He Cannot Well Interpose Any Objection to Work So Important", The New York Times, January 15, 1922, p. 1
^"Kills Himself in Hotel – Illness and Wife's Breakdown Are Blamed for Candy Man's Suicide", The New York Times, January 13, 1922, p. 13
^John Yarnall, Barbed Wire Disease: British & German Prisoners of War, 1914–19 (Spellmount, 2011) p. 187
^"Poincare Completes Formation of New Cabinet; Its First Meeting to Be Held This Morning", The New York Times, January 15, 1922, p. 1
^"League Still Lives, Wilson Tells Throng". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 16, 1922. p. 3.
^Steele, John (January 17, 1922). "Dublin Castle Capitulates to New Irish State". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
^Gordon M. Hahn, Russia's Islamic Threat (Yale University Press, 2007) p. 134
^"Glavanauskas, Ernestas", Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century, ed. by Wojciech Roszkowski and Jan Kofman (Taylor & Francis, 2016) p. 272
^"Pope Benedict XV Passes Away Early This Morning; Lingers Hours After World Gets Report of Death; Tributes Paid to the Pontiff by Men of All Religions", The New York Times, January 22, 1922, p. 1
^David Fanning, Nielsen: Symphony No. 5 (Cambridge University Press, 1997) p. 80
^John C. Fredriksen, The United States Marine Corps: A Chronology, 1775 to the Present (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p. 88
^"House Passes Bill to Curb Lynching— Votes 230 to 119 Making It a Federal Crime and Providing Penalties". The New York Times. January 27, 1922. p. 27.
^Rue, Larry (January 27, 1922). "Italians Seize France's Hand in Papal Vote". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"Pan-German Austrians Lose Fight on Schober". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 28, 1922. p. 5.
^"College Team Men in $100,000 Game; Rival Towns Hired Illinois and Notre Dame Football Stars and Bet $50,000 Each", The New York Times, January 29, 1922, p. 1
^"Washington Theatre Is Crushed by Snow, 50 to 100 Dead; Roof Caves in on Audience of 500; Many Still in Ruins; 29 Inches of Snow Bury Capital; Fringe of Storm Here", The New York Times, January 29, 1922, p. 1
^"Think Theater Collapse Toll May Be But 96". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 31, 1922. p. 3.
^Francis M. Carroll, Athenia Torpedoed: The U-Boat Attack that Ignited the Battle of the Atlantic (Naval Institute Press, 2012)
