January 10, 1920: Treaty of Versailles goes into effect, changing map of EuropeJanuary 17, 1920: Possession of alcohol and beer no longer allowed outside the home in the U.S.January 12, 1920: French cruise ship SSAfrique sinks, killing 575 of its 609 passengers and crewJanuary 5, 1920: Boston Red Sox sell rights for Babe Ruth to New York YankeesJanuary 2, 1920: U.S. arrests 4,025 suspected Communists and anarchists
Harvard University narrowly defeated the University of Oregon, 7 to 6, in the Tournament of Roses East-West Football Game held at Pasadena, California, between the two teams chosen by the tournament committee as the best in the eastern and western United States.[1] All of the scoring came in the second quarter, on a field goal by Oregon's Bill Steers, a 13-yard touchdown run by Fred Church and Arnold Horween's extra point kick for Harvard, and another field goal by Clifford "Skeet" Manerud. In the final minutes of the game, two Oregon field goal tries by Steers were blocked, and a final try by Manerud from the 20 yard line missed by a few inches[2] Harvard, then an independent, was undefeated and went into the game with an 8-0-1 record; it had outscored its opponents 229 to 19 in the 1919 college football season. Oregon had a 5-1-0 record in the Pacific Coast Conference, and had given the other 5-1-0 team, the University of Washington, its only loss. The event, which is now called the Rose Bowl, was the only post-season college football game at the time.
At 4:00 in the afternoon on the first day of the year, Chicago police began raids on 300 suspected "open and secret gathering places" of "radical cults" in an effort by Chicago's state prosecutor to "wipe out Bolshevism".[3] Hoyne accused U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer of "playing petty politics" and "pursuing a pussyfoot policy" by failing to aid Chicago in the roundup of subversives.[4] Palmer would begin his own raids the following day. "U.S. DRAGS IN 4,000 REDS — Aliens Seized in Huge Raids to Be Deported", Chicago Daily Tribune, January 3, 1920, p1[5] The raid led to 4,025 arrests of accused communists and anarchists in more than 30 cities. Among the persons arrested was international opera star Georges Baklanoff of Russia (who was quickly released) on the affidavit of a former girlfriend.[6]
Already plagued with post-defeat inflation, the Imperial Bank of Germany printed an additional 1.4 billion marks and placed it into circulation, bringing the total of paper money in Germany to 47,724,000,000 marks.[8]
The Russian Red Army increased its troops along its border with Poland from four divisions to 20.[5]
Elisabeth Andersen (stage name for Anna Elisabeth de Brujin), Dutch stage actress and three-time winner of the Netherlands' Theo d'Or award; in The Hague (d. 2018)
Died: Saint Zygmunt Gorazdowski, 74, Polish Roman Catholic priest who founded the Sisters of Saint Joseph and was canonized in 2005.
Counting began for the 1920 United States Census, the 14th decennial census taken since the 1789 adoption of the U.S. Constitution. The U.S. Census Bureau predicted that the count would show that the United States now had more than 100,000,000 people, an increase over the 1910 final count of 92,228,496.[9]
At the Cook County JailinChicago, Sheriff Charles W. Peters carried out a "psychological experiment" by having a prisoner executed in front of 200 of his fellow inmates.[10] Prisoners were transferred to cells overlooking the jail courtyard, where a scaffold had been erected, and double-murderer Raffaelo Durrago was hanged at sunrise. Despite objections by Illinois GovernorFrank Orren Lowden, who asked the sheriff and jailer W.T. Davies not to make a spectacle of the hanging, the sentence was carried out as planned. Sheriff Peters said in a statement afterward that "well-meaning, but misguided" reformers had "destroyed the fear of punishment by criminals" and that mere incarceration was no longer a deterrent to repeat offenders.[11]
Born:
Isaac Asimov, Russian-born American science and science fiction author; as Izaak Azimov; in Petrovichi, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (d. 1992)
Hundreds of people were killed in an earthquake in Mexico, with an epicenter near the Pico de OrizabainVeracruz state.[12] Although initial reports were that thousands of people had died,[13] the final death toll of the 7.8 magnitude quake was 648 people. The area was rocked by a tremor for five minutes starting at 9:45 in the evening, with the most intense damage happening forty minutes later at 10:25 p.m. Hardest hit were the villages of Teocelo and Couzatlan.
Troops from Poland and Latvia (referred to at the time by the North American and British press as "Lettland") retook the city of Dvinsk from control of the Bolshevik army.[14] The Latvians subsequently renamed the city Daugavpils.
U.S. Attorney General Palmer told newspaper reporters that the roundup of subversives came after discovery of a plot by radical leaders "to overthrow the government and seize control of the country" and to create a Soviet-style system to rule in its place. Palmer cited the Chicago convention of the Communist Party of America and a manifesto adopted on September 1 as advocacy for the overthrow "by force and violence".[15]
The city of Yuma, Arizona, was without sunshine all day long for the first time since 1874, according to residents of the desert locale. A steady rainfall pelted the usually-dry town after 45 years with minimal precipitation[16]
Born: Renato Carosone, Italian musician and singer known for his 1958 hit song Torero; in Naples (d. 2001)
Imperial Russian Navy Admiral Alexander Kolchak, recognized by the Allied Powers as "Supreme Leader of Russia" after the Armistice that ended World War I in 1918, resigned his post and transferred his authority as commander of the White Army to General Grigory Semyonov. Kolchak then departed Krasnoyarsk ahead of the arrival of the Bolsheviks of the Red Army, traveling on a train to Irkutsk, where he had been promised safe passage to the west under Allied protection[17]
Died:
Benito Pérez Galdós, 76, the most popular Spanish novelist of the 19th century
Babe Ruth of the Boston Red Sox, the most famous player in Major League Baseball and the American League's home run leader in 1919 (with 29 homers), was sent to the New York Yankees after Red Sox owner Harry Frazee was paid a sum of at least $100,000 ($1.3 million a century later)[18] for the rights to Ruth's contract. Frazee, already struggling financially from his purchase of the Red Sox, balked at paying Ruth's salary demand of $20,000 ($264,000 equivalent)[18] for the 1920 baseball season.[19][20][21]
Prince Faisal ibn-Hussein al-Hashemi of Syria and Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau agreed privately in Paris that France would recognize limited autonomy for Syria under a League of Nations mandate, with Faisal as the King of Syria responsible for the nation's internal affairs.[22]
Kentucky and Rhode Island both ratified the proposed 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (providing for universal women's suffrage) on the same day, each as their first order of business in the opening of their 1920 sessions. In Kentucky, the measure passed 72 to 25 in the state House of Representatives and 30 to 8 in the state Senate, while the vote in Rhode Island was unanimous in the state Senate and 80 to 3 in the state House.[23] In doing so, they became the 23rd and 24th of the 48 states to ratify, with 36 needed for the process to be completed. Oregon, Indiana, and Wyoming ratified later in January, but South Carolina rejected the amendment during the month.
Born:
Sun Myung Moon, South Korean religious leader who founded the Unification Church, colloquially known as "the Moonies"; as Mun Yong-myeong in Chongju, Chōsen (Japanese Korea), now part of North Korea (d. 2012)
John Maynard Smith, British theoretical evolutionary biologist; in Lewes, East Sussex (d. 2004)
Died:
Heinrich Lammasch, 66, the last Prime Minister of the Austrian lands of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (Cisleithania), for the final two weeks of the existence of the Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary prior to the November 11, 1918, armistice
In the Russian Civil War between the Red Army of Bolsheviks and the White Army of Mensheviks, members of the Whites formerly under the command of Admiral Alexander Kolchak surrendered at Krasnoyarsk. The defeated rebels were then forced by the Bolshevik government to march to exile in Siberia.[17]
The New York State Assembly voted to bar five recently elected members of the Socialist Party of America from being seated, in spite of their election to office. After the members voted, 140 to 6, to make an inquiry into whether the Socialists could be loyal to their oath, the five men were informed that they would have to prove their loyalty to the satisfaction of a tribunal of the Assembly. Those affected were August Claessens and Louis Waldman of Manhattan, Sam De Witt and Samuel Orr of the Bronx, and Charles Solomon of Kings County.[24] All five would be expelled from the Assembly without being allowed to take office.
Born: Vincent Gardenia (stage name for Vincenzo Gardenia Scognamiglio), Italian-born American film and TV actor; in Naples (d. 1992)
Six Democratic Party candidates, seeking the nomination to succeed Woodrow Wilson as U.S. president in the 1920 election, spoke at the annual Jackson Day dinner in Washington. One of the front-runners, three-time failed nominee William Jennings Bryan, announced his opposition to the plan by Wilson to have the United States join the League of Nations.[26]
Born: Gordon Kahl, American anti-federal government protester, later a leader within the Posse Comitatus group, who killed two U.S. Marshals; in Heaton, North Dakota (killed in shootout, 1983)
With a crew of 42 aboard, the British cargo ship Treveal ran aground in a storm as it was nearing the end of its first voyage. The Treveal was on its way to DundeeinScotland after having departed Calcutta, but got stranded on the Kimmeridge Ledge off of the English coast near Dorset. For hours, rescue boats were unable to get close to the wrecked ship, and as the Treveal started to break up, its crew climbed into two lifeboats, both of which were swamped by the waves. Only seven crewmembers were able to swim to shore, and the other 35 drowned in the English Channel.[27]
Born:
Chan Canasta (stage name for Chananel Mifelew), Polish-born entertainer and celebrity magician on BBC; in Kraków (d. 1999)
The Treaty of Versailles went into effect as Germany and 14 of the 17 allied powers exchanged instruments of ratification, bringing a formal end to World War I. The United States, China, Greece and Romania had not ratified the treaty.[28][29][30]
By a vote of 328–6, the U.S. House of Representatives refused to allow Victor Berger, who had been elected in November as a Socialist Party candidate in Wisconsin, to be sworn in to office.[31] The vote was premised on the idea that, as a Socialist, Berger was disloyal to the United States. Berger previously was denied a seat on November 10, by a vote of 311 to 1.[32]
The Smithsonian Institution announced in Washington, D.C., that a "multiple charge high efficiency rocket" had been invented by Clark College Professor Robert H. Goddard. Citing Goddard's discovery that the increase of the ratio of propulsion material to the weight of a projectile, coupled with an improved nozzle for the rocket engine, had raised the efficiency of the rocket from two percent to 64%, and that a rocket could be developed to reach a speed of 8,000 feet per second (2,400 m/s). "The great scientific value of Professor Goddard's experiments", the Smithsonian press release stated, "lies in the possibility of sending recording apparatus to moderate and extreme altitudes", noting that the highest altitude of a balloon was 19 miles (31 km), and added that "Weather forecasting... would undoubtedly be improved if daily observations could be taken in the upper levels of the atmosphere" and that a craft could actually reach the Moon.[37]
France held its first elections for the French Senate since the start of World War I, with 240 seats up for voting.[38]
The French passenger ship SSAfrique was wrecked on a shoal during a storm in the Bay of Biscay, killing all but 34 of the 609 passengers and crew on board.[39][40]
Future U.S. President Herbert Hoover, director of the American Relief Administration for President Woodrow Wilson, announced that the U.S. would provide a 150 million dollar line of credit to European nations to avert famine until the next harvest, with the expectation that the loan would be repaid.[41]
The New York Times published an editorial ridiculing American rocketry pioneer Robert H. Goddard, referring to Goddard's statement that a rocket fired from Earth could reach the Moon after crossing into the vacuum of space. Observing that "after the rocket quits our air and really starts on its longer journey, its flight would be neither accelerated nor maintained by the explosion of the charges it then might have left. To claim that it would be is to deny a fundamental law of dynamics, and only Dr. Einstein and his chosen dozen, so few and fit, are licensed to do that." The editorial writer added "That Professor Goddard, with his 'chair' in Clark College and the countenancing of the Smithsonian Institution, does not know the relation of action to reaction, and of the need to have something better than a vacuum against which to react— to say that would be absurd. Of course he only seems to lack the knowledge ladled out daily in high schools."[42] The Times would rescind the editorial on July 17, 1969, following the launch of Apollo 11, commenting "[I]t is now definitely established that a rocket can function in a vacuum as in an atmosphere. The Times regrets the error."[43]
Forty-two demonstrators were killed in Berlin when city police began using bombs and machine guns to disperse the crowd.[44]
Francisco Fernandes Costa was asked to form a new government for the Kingdom of Portugal after Alfredo de Sá Cardoso resigned as the nation's presidente do Ministerio (president of the cabinet, equivalent to prime minister). Preparing to take office with his coalition of ministers, he was holding his first cabinet meeting when a mob of protesters assembled in the streets. Anticipating violence, Fernandes Costa resigned the same day that he had started the job, an event now called " “O Governo dos Cinco Minutos” — "The Five Minute Government".[46][47][48] Fernandes Costa returned to form a new ministry the next day, on the condition that he also be appointed to serve as Foreign Minister.
A group of about 300 anti-government rebels in Haiti, the "Cacos", made a surprise early morning attack on the capital at Port-au-Prince, only to discover that government police and an occupational force of U.S. Marines had been informed of the plot. At least 116 of the cacos, and one of the Marines, were killed in the battle.[49] The tipoff of the impending attack was reportedly given by a U.S. resident, Mr. Elliott, who was the general manager of the Haitian-American Sugar Company refinery on the outskirts of town. Elliott was awake at 2:00 in the morning when he noticed the marching troops and telephoned the U.S. Marine barracks.[50]
Prohibition in the United States began at the end of the day, with the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution coming into effect. The amendment had been ratified on January 16, 1919, and provided in Section 1 "After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exporation therefor from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.".[51][52] The final day of legal alcohol sales saw minimal celebration and, at midnight in each United States time zone, all 177,790 licensed saloons in the U.S. ceased alcohol sales.[53]
At 10:30 in the morning in the clock room of the French Foreign Ministry, the new League of Nations began operations with the holding of its first Executive Council meeting. With Léon Bourgeois of France presiding, representatives from Belgium, Brazil, France, Greece, Italy, Japan, Spain and the United Kingdom participated in the first session. As New York Times reporter Edwin L. James described it, "The nine men gathered about the table started a work which may influence the lives of untold millions of humans for centuries to come." In addition, the Allied blockade of Russia was partially lifted in order for grain to be exchanged for Russian manufactured products, but recognition was not otherwise accorded to the Soviet government.[54]
The Allies of World War I served a summons upon the Netherlands Ambassador to France, demanding for the extradition of former German KaiserWilhelm II for trial for war crimes.[55] The Kaiser, who was charged with three counts of a treaty violation by invading Belgium, permitting German U-boats to sink civilian ships, and using poison gas in warfare. He had fled after his abdication in 1918.
U.S. Secretary of State Robert Lansing announced that U.S. troops would be withdrawn from Siberia on February 1.[56]
President-elect Deschanel and challenger Clemenceau
Paul Deschanel was elected as the new President of France, with 734 of 889 members of the National Assembly casting votes in his favor. Only 56 voted for Prime Minister Clemenceau.[57] Deschanel was inaugurated on February 18 for a seven-year term, but would soon be forced to resign because of a deterioration of his sanity.
At one minute after midnight, any liquor or beer in a public place in the United States, became subject to seizure and destruction by the U.S. government.[58]
The Morgenthau Report was released to the public, summarizing the findings of the "Mission of the United States to Poland" chaired by diplomat Henry Morgenthau Sr. The report, which had been delivered to President Wilson on October 3, confirmed that mobs in Poland had killed 252 Polish Jews in pogrom since becoming independent in 1918, but found no proof that the Polish government had been involved, or that the number of deaths had been in the thousands.[60]
Former White Forces commander Alexander Kolchak, defeated by the Bolshevik Army in the Russian Civil War, was surrendered by the White Army authorities at Irkutsk. The Bolsheviks placed him on trial the next day and would execute him on February 7[17]
The League of Nations Council voted to deliver an ultimatum to Yugoslavia, giving the government four days to comply with the Pact of London by allowing Italy to occupy the Adriatic seaport of Fiume.[62] The pact had been made with Italy in World War I to bring Italy into the side of the Allied Powers in the war against the Central Powers.
Born:
Federico Fellini, Italian film director; four-time Academy Award winner for Best Foreign Film; in Rimini (d. 1993)
DeForest Kelley, American actor best known as "Dr. McCoy" in the Star Trek television and movie series; in Toccoa, Georgia (d. 1999)
General Fabian Ver, Chief of Staff of the Philippines Armed Forces from 1981 to 1986, and enforcer of the rule of President Ferdinand Marcos; in Sarrat, Ilocos Norte province (d. 1998)
Died: Georg Lurich, 43, Estonian strongman and wrestler who toured the United States, died of pneumonia
The Battle of Marash began as the Turkish National Forces besieged the former Ottoman Empire city of Maraş in order to reclaim it from the occupying French Army and the French Armenian Legion and French Senegalese troops from Africa. After three weeks, the French Army would flee the city and most of the 20,000 Armenians in Marash would be killed.
The final session of the Paris Peace Conference was held, even though peace treaties with Hungary and Turkey remain to be concluded. The United States would not conclude its own treaty with Germany until August 25, 1921.
Mississippi became the first U.S. state to decline to ratify the proposed 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, providing for the right of American women to vote in all U.S. elections. In the state House of Representatives, only 25 were in favor, while 106 were against ratification.[63][64] On March 22, 1984, almost 64 years after the Amendment went into effect, Mississippi would become the last state to pass its resolution to ratify.[65]
Railroad service across Italy was disrupted when the nation's railway workers went on strike. The Italian Army was sent to guard railroad stations, lines and trains, with orders to shoot at anyone attempting to interfere with the passage of the few trains that could be operated.[66] The strike ended one week later after an agreement was reached between the government and labor leaders.[67]
Mexico granted tentative permits to U.S. oil companies for oil exploration and drilling, to be made permanent after the election of a new president and Mexican Congress in July.[68]
The Australian Country Party (ACP) (now called the National Party of Australia) was formed by nine members of Parliament who had supported the policies of the Australian Farmers’ Federal Organisation.[69]William McWilliams, of Tasmania's Country Party organization, as selected as the ACP's first leader.
On his first day in office as Prime Minister of France, Alexandre Millerand and his government were criticized severely, and he demanded a vote of confidence by the National Assembly. The deputies who did vote registered their approval of the Millerand government, 272 to 23, but another 300 abstained from the possibility of dismissing the new government or from endorsing it[70]
The former Kaiser (center) along with former Crown Prince Wilhelm (left), and grandson, Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (right))
The Netherlands announced that it would not allow the extradition of the former Kaiser of Germany, Wilhelm II, citing both its tradition of not surrendering political fugitives and the fact that it was not a party to the League of Nations treaty[71]
The Republic of the Ukraine signed a treaty with Russia, recognizing the Bolshevik government in return for a withdrawal of their troops, and providing for a resumption of trade between the two nations.[52]
Germany began the evacuation of their troops from Danzig, Upper Silesia and Schleswig in compliance with the Treaty of Versailles. Control of the German territories was released to a multinational force of League nations.[52]
General Manuel Yan, Chief of Staff of the Philippines Armed Forces from 1968 to 1972, later the Secretary of Foreign Affairs in 1987; in Manila (d. 2008)
The republic of Germany suggested a compromise with the Allied Powers over demands that the German government surrender 334 citizens for prosecution for crimes committed by them during the First World War.[74] Under the German proposal, the Leipzig War Crimes Trials would take place before a group of seven criminal judges from the former Imperial Court of Justice of Germany. The Allies, who had been unable to persuade Germany to allow its people to be tried by foreign governments, agreed to the German proposal in May and delivered the names of 45 accused German war criminals.
Germany's Reich Minister of Finance, Matthias Erzberger, was wounded in an assassination attempt as he was standing outside the Criminal Courts Building in Berlin. Erzberger was struck in the shoulder, but a second bullet, aimed at his stomach, was deflected by the chain of his pocket watch.[75] Erzberger would be forced to resign two months later in a corruption scandal. Hated by German nationalists for signing the surrender of Germany in 1918, Erzberger was killed in a second assassination attempt on August 26, 1921.
Born: Jerry Maren (stage name for Gerard Marenghi), diminutive film and TV actor and the last surviving cast member of the 1939 production of The Wizard of Oz; in Boston (d. 2018)
Died:
General Vladimir Kappel, 36, Russian Imperial Army officer and later the leader of the Menshevik war against the Bolsheviks in Russia, died of typhus contracted during the Great Siberian Ice March, the retreat of his eastward to Siberia.
Jeanne Hébuterne, 21, French model and common-law wife of Amedeo Modigliani, killed herself two days after his death by jumping from her fifth-floor apartment in Paris.
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia accepted the Allied proposal to create the Free State of Fiume for the region around the city of the same name, occupied by both Italian and Croatian persons who had been citizens of Austria-Hungary.[52] Fiume would exist as an autonomous state until 1924.
Born:
General Heinz Kessler, East Germany's Minister of National Defense from 1985 until days after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989; after German reunification, he served a two-year prison term for manslaughter in the deaths of persons who had attempted to flee East Germany; in Lauban, Germany (now Luban, Poland) (d. 2017)
Hiroyoshi Nishizawa, Japanese fighter ace during World War II who was credited with shooting down at least 36 planes; in Minamiogawa village, Nagano Prefecture (d. 1944 after being shot down by a U.S. pilot)
Construction began on the Cincinnati SubwayinCincinnati, Ohio, as Mayor John Galvin operated a steam shovel to dig the first ground at Walnut Street and the former Miami and Erie Canal.[76][77] Two miles of tunnels had been excavated by 1923, but the project was abandoned when no additional funding was ever provided.
South Carolina's legislature passed a resolution specifically rejecting the proposed 19th Amendment (as opposed to failing to approve a resolution for ratification), with the state Senate voting 30 to 4 to turn it down.[78] The state House of Representatives had voted 97 to 21 in favor of rejection on January 22. On July 1, 1969, almost 49 years after the amendment's effective date, South Carolina would ratify the amendment.
Peru's National Assembly voted to ask the League of Nations to arbitrate a border dispute over the Tacna and Arica regions claimed by Peru, Chile and Bolivia.[52]
Born: Helmut Zacharias, German violinist and composer, later a West German TV show host; in Berlin (d. 2002)
Died: Charles H. Duell, 69, former U.S. Patent Office Commissioner misquoted as saying that "Everything that can be invented has been invented."[79]
The U.S. Bureau of Internal Revenue issued regulations governing the medicinal use of alcohol, the lone exception to Prohibition. Under the rule, prescriptions by physicians were limited to no more than one pint of liquor or wine at a time, and no refills earlier than 10 days.[52]
^"A Correction", reprinted in "New York Times to NASA: You're Right, Rockets DO Work in Space", by Bjorn Carey, Popular Science, July 20, 2009
^"42 Dead, 105 Wounded in Berlin Riots; Martial Law Declared for the Country; Noske's Troops Keep Order in Capital", New York Times, January 15, 1920, p1
^"Munsey Buys N.Y. Herald— Telegram and Paris Edition Also Are Purchased By Publisher of Sun", The New York Times, January 15, 1920, p1
^"Portuguese Cabinet Forced Out by Fear", The Province (Vancouver), January 17, 1920, p1
^"U. S. Marines Whip Big Bandit Force at Port Au Prince", Pittsburgh Press, January 16, 1920, p1
^"When Insomnia, and a Few Marines, Saved Port-au-Prince", The Literary Digest, March 27, 1920, p.56-58
^"Amendment to Constitution Making United States Dry", Washington Post, January 16, 1920, p1
^ abcdef"Record of Current Events", The American Review of Reviews (March, 1920), pp246-249
^"Midnight Is Death to All Hope of Wets— 177,790 Saloons Become Deserts As Eternal Drouth Envelops Nation", Louisville Courier-Journal, January 16, 1920, p2
^"No War with Russia, Allies to Trade with Her; Blockade Suddenly Raised by Paris Council after League of Nations Is Organized", by Edwin L. James, The New York Times, January 17, 1920, p1
^"Summon Holland to Yield Ex-Kaiser", The New York Times, January 17, 1920, p2
^"Our Troops to Leave Siberia About Feb. 1", The New York Times, January 17, 1920, p1
^"Deschanel Chosen French President by Huge Majority", The New York Times, January 18, 1920, p1
^"Liquor Liable to Seizure if Found Outside Private Dwellings After Minute Past Midnight Tonight", Washington Post, January 16, 1920, p1
^"French Ministers Resign in a Body; Millerand Called", The New York Times, January 19, 1920, p1
^"252 Jews Killed in Poland's Pogroms", New York Herald, January 19, 1920, p1
