Korean writing systems |
---|
Hangul |
|
Hanja |
Mixed script |
Braille |
Transcription |
|
Transliteration |
|
|
The romanization of Korean (로마자 표기법; romaja pyogibeop) is the use of the Latin script to transcribe the Korean language. Korea's alphabetic script, called Hangul, has historically been used in conjunction with Hanja (Chinese characters), though such practice has become infrequent.
Many romanization schemes are in common use:
McCune–Reischauer-based transcriptions and the Revised Romanization differ from each other mainly in the choice of how to represent certain hangul letters. Both attempt to match a word's spelling to how it would be written if it were an English word, so that an English speaker would come as close as possible to its Korean pronunciation by pronouncing it naturally. Hence, the same hangul letter may be represented by different Roman letters, depending on its pronunciation in context. The Yale system, on the other hand, represents each Korean letter by always the same Roman letter(s) context-independently, thus not indicating the hangul letters' context-specific pronunciation.
Even in texts that claim to follow one of the above, aberrations are a common occurrence and a major obstacle, e.g. when conducting an automated search on the Internet, as the searcher must check all possible spelling variants, a considerable list even without such aberrations.
SKATS is a transliteration system that does not attempt to use letters of a similar function in Western languages. A similar approach is to transliterate by hitting the keys that would produce a Korean word on a keyboard with Dubeolsik layout (e.g. 위키백과 → dnlzlqorrhk). This can often be seen on the internet, for example in usernames.
In addition to the systems above, many people spell names or other words in an ad hoc manner, producing more variations (e.g. 이/리 (李), which is variously romanized as Lee, Yi, I, or Rhee). Even a single surname within a single family can be romanized differently on South Korean passports. For example, within a single 심 family, the father's surname can be "Shim" while his son's can be "Sim".[5]
Eom Ik-sang [ko], a South Korean professor of the Chinese language and literature at Hanyang University, said the following with regard to the romanizations of Korean personal names and the adoption of South Korea's official romanization system in other countries:[6][a]
In the case of the romanization of Chinese, the Hanyu Pinyin system established by the Chinese government in 1958 is being used worldwide today, displacing the Wade–Giles system that had been used in the West for nearly a hundred years. It is now possible to search Chinese personal names and book titles using Hanyu Pinyin in overseas libraries including the U.S. Library of Congress. However, is it fair to compare the country in which more than 1.3 billion people have been uniformly following [a single system] for more than 50 years to the country in which almost all citizens and presidents alike have been romanizing their names freely, asserting individual freedom? Korea is a place where one's home address as well as the surname of each family member [within a single family] can be romanized differently. Why would other countries trust and use [South Korea's official romanization] system that not only has been frequently changed but also we ourselves do not even consistently follow?
There were many systems used and proposed:
Hangul | IPA | Yale | MR | DPRK | KORDA | RR | Shibu | Lukoff | Mahngun | SKATS | Dubeolsik | SIL | Han |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ㅁ | /m/ | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | a | m | m |
ㅂ | /p/ | p | p/b | p | b | b/p[b] | b | p | b | w | q | b | b |
ㅃ | /p͈/ | pp | pp | pp | bb | pp | bb | pp | p | ww | Q | B | bb |
ㅍ | /pʰ/ | ph | p' | ph | p | p | p | ph | ph | o | v | p | p |
ㄴ | /n/ | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | f | s | n | n |
ㄷ | /t/ | t | t/d | t | d | d/t[b] | d | t | d | b | e | d | d |
ㄸ | /t͈/ | tt | tt | tt | dd | tt | dd | tt | t | bb | E | D | dd |
ㅌ | /tʰ/ | th | t' | th | t | t | t | th | th | z | x | t | t |
ㄹ | /l/ [l] ~ [ɾ] | l | r/l | r | r/l | r/l[b] | r | l | l/r | v | f | r | l |
ㅅ | /s/ | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | g | t | s | s |
ㅆ | /s͈/ | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | gg | T | S | ss |
ㅈ | /t͡ɕ/ ~ /t͡s/ | c | ch/j | ts | j | j | j | j | j | p | w | j | z |
ㅉ | /t͈͡ɕ/ ~ /t͈͡s/ | cc | tch | tss | jj | jj | jj | jj | cz | pp | W | J | zz |
ㅊ | /t͡ɕʰ/ ~ /t͡sʰ/ | ch | ch' | tsh | ch | ch | c | jh | ch | c | c | c | c |
ㄱ | /k/ | k | k/g | k | g | g/k[b] | g | k | g | l | r | g | g |
ㄲ | /k͈/ | kk | kk | kk | gg | kk | gg | kk | k | ll | R | G | gg |
ㅋ | /kʰ/ | kh | k' | kh | k | k | k | kh | kh | x | z | k | k |
ㅎ | /h/ | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | j | g | h | h |
ㅇ | silent / /ŋ/[c] | -/ng[c] | -/ng[c] | -/ng[c] | -/ng[c] | -/ng[c] | ' / /q/ | ng | ng | k | d | q | g |
Hangul | IPA | Yale | MR | DPRK | KORDA | RR | Shibu | Lukoff | Mahngun | SKATS | Dubeolsik | SIL | Han |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ㅏ | /a/ | a | a | a | a | a | a | a | a | e | k | a | a |
ㅓ | /ʌ/ | e | ŏ | ŏ | u | eo | e | ø | au | t | j | v | e |
ㅗ | /o/ | (w)o | o | o | o | o | o | o | o | a | h | o | o |
ㅜ | /u/ | wu | u | u | oo | u | u | u | ou | h | n | u | u |
ㅡ | /ɯ/ [ɯ] ~ [ɨ] | u | ŭ | ŭ | eu | eu | y | ʉ | u | d | m | y | w |
ㅣ | /i/ | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i/y | u | l | i | i |
ㅐ | /ɛ/ | ay | ae | ae | ae | ae | ai | ä | ai | q | o | f | ae |
ㅔ | /e/ | ey | e | e | e | e | ei | e | e | y | p | e | é |
ㅚ | /ø/ [ø] ~ [we] | (w)oy | oe | oe | oe | oe | oi | ö | we | au | hl | oi | ó |
ㅟ | /y/ [y] ~ [ɥi] | wi | wi | we | wi | wi | ui | wi | wi | hu | nl | ui | uj |
ㅢ | /ɰi/ [ɰi] ~ [ɨ̯i] ~ [i] | uy | ŭi | ŭi | ui | ui | yi | ʉ | ui | du | ml | yi | wj |
ㅑ | /ja/ | ya | ya | ya | ya | ya | ia | ya | ya | i | i | l | ja |
ㅕ | /jʌ/ | ye | yŏ | yŏ | yu | yeo | ie | yø | yau | s | u | z | je |
ㅛ | /jo/ | yo | yo | yo | yo | yo | io | yo | yo | n | y | w | jo |
ㅠ | /ju/ | yu | yu | yu | yoo | yu | iu | yu | you | r | b | x | ju |
ㅒ | /jɛ/ | yay | yae | yae | yae | yae | iai | yä | yai | iu | O | F | jae |
ㅖ | /je/ | yey | ye | ye | ye | ye | iei | ye | ye | su | P | E | jé |
ㅘ | /wa/ | wa | wa | wa | wa | wa | oa | wa | wa | ae | hk | oa | о̄a |
ㅝ | /wʌ/ | we | wŏ | wŏ | wo | wo | ue | wø | wau | ht | nj | uv | о̄e |
ㅙ | /wɛ/ | way | wae | wae | wae | wae | oai | wä | wai | aq | ho | of | óae |
ㅞ | /we/ | wey | we | we | we | we | uei | we | we | hy | np | ue | о̄é |
English | Hangul | IPA | RR (RR transliteration in brackets) |
McC-Rsr | Yale | SKATS | Dubeolsik |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wall | 벽 | [pjʌk̚] | byeok (byeog) |
pyŏk | pyek | wsl | qur |
on the wall | 벽에 | [pjʌ.ɡe̞] | byeoge (byeog-e) |
pyŏge | pyek ey | wsl ktu | qurdp |
outside (uninflected) |
밖 | [pak̚] | bak (bakk) |
pak | pakk | well | qkR |
outside | 밖에 | [pa.k͈e̞] | bakke (bakk-e) |
pakke | pakk ey | well ktu | qkRdp |
kitchen | 부엌 | [pu.ʌk̚] | bueok (bueok) |
puŏk | puekh | wh ktx | qndjz |
to/in the kitchen | 부엌에 | [pu.ʌ.kʰe̞] | bueoke (bueok-e) |
puŏk'e | puekh ey | wh ktx ktu | qndjzdp |
Wikipedia | 위키백과 | [yk.çi.be̞k̚.k͈wa̠] | wikibaekgwa (wikibaeggwa) |
wikibaekkwa | wikhi payk.kwa | khu xu weul lae | dnlzlqorrhk |
Hangul | 한글 | [han.ɡɯl] | hangeul or han-geul (hangeul) |
han'gŭl | hānkul | jef ldv | gksrmf |
character, letter | 글자 | [kɯl.t͈ɕa] | geulja (geulja) |
kŭlcha | kulqca | ldv pe | rmfwk |
(an) easy (+ noun) | 쉬운 | [ɕɥi.un] | swiun (swiun) |
shwiun | swīwun | ghu khf | tnldns |
Korea has four distinct seasons. | 한국은 네 계절이 뚜렷하다. | [han.ɡu.ɡɯn ne̞ kje̞.dʑʌ.ɾi t͈u.ɾjʌ.tʰa.da] | Hangugeun ne gyejeori tturyeotada. (Hangug-eun ne gyejeol-i ttulyeoshada.) |
Hangugŭn ne kyejŏri tturyŏthada. | Hānkwuk un nēy kyēycel i ttwulyes hata. | jef lhl kdf ftu lsu ptv ku bbh vsg je be | gksrnrdms sp rPwjfdl Enfutgkek. |
Just check the line color and width you want. | 원하시는 선 색깔과 굵기에 체크하시면 됩니다. | [wʌn.ɦa.ɕi.nɯn sʌn sɛ̝k̚.k͈al.ɡwa kul.k͈i.e̞ tɕʰe̞.k͡xɯ.ɦa.ɕi.mjʌn twe̞m.ɲi.da] | Wonhasineun seon saekkkalgwa gulkkie chekeuhasimyeon doemnida. (Wonhasineun seon saegkkalgwa gulggie chekeuhasimyeon doebnida.) |
Wŏnhasinŭn sŏn saekkalgwa kulkie ch'ek'ŭhasimyŏn toemnida. | Wēn hasinun sen sayk.kkal kwa kwulk.ki ey cheykhu hasimyen toypnita. | khtf je gu fdf gtf geul llev lae lhvl lu ktu ctu xd je gu msf bauw fu be | dnjsgktlsms tjs torRkfrhk rnfrrldp cpzmgktlaus ehlqslek. |
In the 1920s–1930s various languages of the Soviet Union were switched to the Latin alphabet and it was planned that the language of Koreans of the Far East would be one of them.[19][20] Hanja was deemed too hard to learn, while Hangul was claimed to be inconvenient for typesetting and handwriting. Since removing of Hanja would result in much ambiguity, it was proposed that Chinese words would be replaced by words of Korean origin (compare linguistic purism in Korean). The new alphabet, made by famous Koreanist Aleksandr Kholodovich [ru], who would later make a system of transcribing Korean words into Russian [ru], looked like this:
USSR Korean Alphabet Latin script a ʙ d e æ g h i y k kh l r m n ng o ө ə p ph s t th u z Hangul ㅏ ㅂ ㄷ ㅔ ㅐ ㄱ ㅎ ㅣ ㅡ ㄱ ㅋ ㄹ ㄹ ㅁ ㄴ ㅇ ㅗ ㅚ ㅓ ㅂ ㅍ ㅅ ㄷ ㅌ ㅜ ㅅ
Lowercase ʙ was commonly used in Soviet Roman-derived alphabets due to some alphabets having a letter similar to b with a different purpose. The usage of only lowercase letters was also not unusual, as it was the Latin alphabet of Adyghe language, for example.
Some words written in the Soviet Latin alphabet: gu lli, nongdhion haggio, nong ʙ, zængsan, gugga diaʙondiyi.
The alphabet saw criticism from Koreans and was never put into use.
붙임표를 생략하면 한 로마자 표기가 두 가지로 발음될 수 있는데도 붙임표 사용을 강제하지 않은 데는 그만한 이유가 있다. 우선 붙임표는 대단히 눈에 거슬리는 기호라는 점이다. '강원'을 Gang-won으로 하기보다는 Gangwon으로 하는 것이 시각적으로 더 편안하다. 그러나 더 중요한 것은 표기와 발음은 완벽하게 일치하지 않는다는 사실이다. 어떤 언어든지 표기가 발음을 정확하게 반영하지는 않는다. 국어의 '말〔馬〕'은 모음이 짧고 '말〔言〕'은 모음이 길지만 똑같이 '말'로 적는다. 영어에서 lead(이끌다)는 발음이 [li:d]이고 lead(납)은 [led]이지만 표기는 같다. 로마자 표기라고 예외는 아니다. 로마자 표기로 발음을 완벽하게 보여 주어야 한다는 생각은 버려야 한다. Gangwon을 '간권'으로 발음하는 사람이 있다면 '강원'으로 바로잡아 주면 된다. 표기가 발음을 완벽하게 다 보여 주는 것은 아니며 발음은 어차피 따로 익혀야 할 부분이 있다. '아에'를 a-e로 쓰는 것을 허용하지만ae로 쓰기를 더 권장한 까닭이 여기에 있다.
심정수는 이주 과정에서 여권 신청서를 작성할 때 실수로 아들들의 성을 'SIM'으로 적었다고 한다. 뒤늦게 실수를 알았지만, 다시 이름을 바꾸기는 어려웠다.[When Shim Jeong-soo was applying for his sons' passports to go abroad, he mistakenly wrote their surname as "SIM". He later realized his mistake, but it was too late to change.]
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires |journal=
(help)
| |
---|---|
By publisher (for several languages) |
|
By language or writing system |
|