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Immunity is the idea that an article cannot possibly be deleted, either because no one will dispute the fact it belongs, or it meets inclusion criteria so well, that no one will dare think to have it deleted. The belief that an article can have immunity is related to the concept of inherent notability, and which a subject is notable beyond any doubt.
In theory, some subjects are obvious for inclusion in an encyclopedia. No one would dispute the presence of an article on a country, an ocean, a head of state, a living thing, a space body, etc. that is household vocabulary. You would find these in any paper encyclopedia where inclusion is much more limited. There is no shortage of reliable sources on them available. The possibility of deleting them would never cross one's mind.
At the same time, any registered user has the right to propose any article for deletion. Of course, this should only be done in good faith, and to propose an article for deletion when one knows out of common sense that no one would ever support its deletion could be seen by some as disruptive.
That is a big question.
If an article meets Wikipedia's inclusion guidelines very strongly, one may wonder if it could possibly be deleted.
The general notability guideline is the main criteria for determining worthiness of inclusion. If a subject by far meets this guideline, one may assume that it is immune from deletion.
But there are other reasons articles do get deleted. Many AfD debates hinge not over whether an article has the sources needed to meet the general notability guideline or not, but on some other issue.
Some examples are:
There is a separate guideline page called "What Wikipedia is not". This page lists all types of material that should not be included on the basis that it fails to meet the general notability guideline. But it also lists other types of articles that should not be written, and even if well-sourced, may face deletion. Some of these are:
