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双対グラフ

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』
赤グラフと青グラフは互いに双対の関係にある。

G: Dual graphGGGGeGG



GHHG 3

便

2222[1]
 

3333222[2][3]
 

[4][5]Servatius & Christopher (1992)2使[5]

n2n  2[6]344[7]

性質

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グラフ理論における多くの自然で重要な概念は、双対グラフにおける他の同様に自然だが異なる概念に対応する。グラフの双対の双対は主グラフと同型であるため[8]、これらの対応は互いに双方向である。平面グラフの概念Xがその双対の概念Yに対応する場合、平面グラフの概念Yはその双対の概念Xに対応する。

単純グラフとマルチグラフ

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2-[9]221233[10]333

一意性

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2つの赤いグラフは青いグラフの双対だが、同型ではない

[11]66

Hassler Whitney3[12]Steinitz3332K2,43

2SPQR2NP[13]

カットとサイクル

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2222[14]2[15]

GGG[16]G[17][18]

 22[19] [11]2[19]

211[20]

全域木

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GG*GSGS ~SG*~S~S*~S*G*SG1~SG*~S*~S*G1SS~S*~S*G*~S*G*



[21]

2VEE = (V  1) E = 0,V = 1E,V

GSSESES = (V  1) ~S*E~S*~S*G* G*GF E~S* = (F  1)S~SG~S~S*

E = (V  1) + (F  1)

Duncan SommervilleK. G. C. Von Staudt Geometrie der LageNürnberg, 1847[22]

[23]

他の性質

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Harary22[24]

2[25]

433[26]

2[27]G232Barnette2[28]

GTutteTG(x,y)TuttexyTutteGTutteGGTG(0,2)TG(2,0) [29]kk44kTutteTG(1  k,0)kTG(0,1  k)[30]

st-st-

派生概念

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有向グラフ

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90°[31]GGGG4

弱い双対

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GGvvGG+GG+ [32]

無限グラフと平面充填

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 [33]
 


非平面埋め込み

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K7トーラス上のヒーウッドグラフの双対である。
K6projective plane上のピーターセングラフの双対である。

K7[34]

42K44632[34]



1Petrie Petrie使[35]Petrie62[36]

マトロイドと代数双対

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GGGGG GGGGHassler Whitney Whitney[37]

G

MGGGG MWhitneyM MGGGG[38]

GGG[39]

22[27]2[18]

アプリケーション

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使

 [40]

 [41]

[42]使使[43]

CMOS221[44]2[45]

歴史

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1619Harmonices Mundi [46]1725Pierre Varignon Nouvelle Méchanique ou Statique 71736 Varignon[47]41879Alfred Kempe1891 Lothar Heffter[48]1931Hassler Whitney[49]

脚注

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  1. ^ van Lint, J. H.; Wilson, Richard Michael (1992), A Course in Combinatorics, Cambridge University Press, p. 411, ISBN 0-521-42260-4 
  2. ^ Bóna, Miklós (2006), A walk through combinatorics (2nd ed.), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Hackensack, NJ, p. 276, doi:10.1142/6177, ISBN 981-256-885-9, MR2361255, https://books.google.com/books?id=vDVc5Q9xf9EC&pg=PA276 
  3. ^ Ziegler, Günter M. (1995), “2.3 Polarity”, Lectures on Polytopes, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 152, pp. 59–64 
  4. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "双対グラフ". mathworld.wolfram.com (英語).
  5. ^ a b Servatius, Brigitte; Christopher, Peter R. (1992), “Construction of self-dual graphs”, The American Mathematical Monthly 99 (2): 153–158, doi:10.2307/2324184, MR1144356 
  6. ^ Thulasiraman, K.; Swamy, M. N. S. (2011), Graphs: Theory and Algorithms, John Wiley & Sons, Exercise 7.11, p. 198, ISBN 978-1-118-03025-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=rFH7eQffQNkC&pg=PA198 
  7. ^ See the proof of Theorem 5 in Servatius & Christopher (1992)
  8. ^ Nishizeki, Takao; Chiba, Norishige (2008), Planar Graphs: Theory and Algorithms, Dover Books on Mathematics, Dover Publications, p. 16, ISBN 978-0-486-46671-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=1Nl4BpacvpwC&pg=PA16 
  9. ^ Jensen, Tommy R.; Toft, Bjarne (1995), Graph Coloring Problems, Wiley-Interscience Series in Discrete Mathematics and Optimization, 39, Wiley, p. 17, ISBN 978-0-471-02865-9, "note that "bridge" and "loop" are dual concepts" 
  10. ^ Balakrishnan, V. K. (1997), Schaum's Outline of Graph Theory, McGraw Hill Professional, Problem 8.64, p. 229, ISBN 978-0-07-005489-9 
  11. ^ a b Foulds, L. R. (2012), Graph Theory Applications, Springer, pp. 66–67, ISBN 978-1-4612-0933-1, https://books.google.com/books?id=5G4QBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66 
  12. ^ Bondy, Adrian; Murty, U.S.R. (2008), “Planar Graphs”, Graph Theory, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 244, Springer, Theorem 10.28, p. 267, doi:10.1007/978-1-84628-970-5, ISBN 978-1-84628-969-9, LCCN 2007-923502, https://books.google.com/books?id=HuDFMwZOwcsC&lpg=PA267 
  13. ^ Angelini, Patrizio; Bläsius, Thomas; Rutter, Ignaz (2014), “Testing mutual duality of planar graphs”, International Journal of Computational Geometry and Applications 24 (4): 325–346, arXiv:1303.1640, doi:10.1142/S0218195914600103, MR3349917 
  14. ^ Diestel, Reinhard (2006), Graph Theory, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 173, Springer, p. 25, ISBN 978-3-540-26183-4, https://books.google.com/books?id=aR2TMYQr2CMC&pg=PA25 
  15. ^ Cormen, Thomas H.; Leiserson, Charles E.; Rivest, Ronald L., Introduction to Algorithms, MIT Press and McGraw-Hill 
  16. ^ Godsil, Chris; Royle, Gordon F. (2013), Algebraic Graph Theory, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 207, Springer, Theorem 14.3.1, p. 312, ISBN 978-1-4613-0163-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=GeSPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA312 
  17. ^ Oxley, J. G. (2006), Matroid Theory, Oxford Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 3, Oxford University Press, p. 93, ISBN 978-0-19-920250-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=puKta1Hdz-8C&pg=PA93 
  18. ^ a b Cho, Jung Jin; Chen, Yong; Ding, Yu (2007), “On the (co)girth of a connected matroid”, Discrete Applied Mathematics 155 (18): 2456–2470, doi:10.1016/j.dam.2007.06.015, MR2365057 
  19. ^ a b Hartvigsen, D.; Mardon, R. (1994), “The all-pairs min cut problem and the minimum cycle basis problem on planar graphs”, SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics 7 (3): 403–418, doi:10.1137/S0895480190177042 
  20. ^ Noy, Marc (2001), “Acyclic and totally cyclic orientations in planar graphs”, American Mathematical Monthly 108 (1): 66–68, doi:10.2307/2695680, MR1857074 
  21. ^ Lyons, Russell (1998), “A bird's-eye view of uniform spanning trees and forests”, Microsurveys in discrete probability (Princeton, NJ, 1997), DIMACS Ser. Discrete Math. Theoret. Comput. Sci., 41, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, pp. 135–162, MR1630412, http://www.msri.org/realvideo/ln/msri/2001/percolation/lyons/1/lyons.ps . See in particular pp. 138–139
  22. ^ Sommerville, D. M. Y. (1958), An Introduction to the Geometry of N Dimensions, Dover 
  23. ^ Eppstein, David (2003), “Dynamic generators of topologically embedded graphs”, Proceedings of the 14th ACM/SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, pp. 599–608, arXiv:cs.DS/0207082 
  24. ^ Harary, Frank (1969), Graph Theory, Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Theorem 9.4, p. 142, MR0256911 
  25. ^ Gross, Jonathan L.; Yellen, Jay, eds. (2003), Handbook of Graph Theory, CRC Press, p. 724, ISBN 978-1-58488-090-5, https://books.google.com/books?id=mKkIGIea_BkC&lpg=PA724 
  26. ^ He, Xin (1999), “On floor-plan of plane graphs”, SIAM Journal on Computing 28 (6): 2150–2167, doi:10.1137/s0097539796308874 
  27. ^ a b Welsh, D. J. A. (1969), “Euler and bipartite matroids”, Journal of Combinatorial Theory 6: 375–377, doi:10.1016/s0021-9800(69)80033-5, MR0237368 
  28. ^ Florek, Jan (2010), “On Barnette's conjecture”, Discrete Mathematics 310 (10–11): 1531–1535, doi:10.1016/j.disc.2010.01.018, MR2601261 
  29. ^ Las Vergnas, Michel (1980), “Convexity in oriented matroids”, Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B 29 (2): 231–243, doi:10.1016/0095-8956(80)90082-9, MR586435 
  30. ^ Tutte, William Thomas (1953). A contribution to the theory of chromatic polynomials. http://cms.math.ca/cjm/a144778#. 
  31. ^ di Battista, Giuseppe; Eades, Peter; Tamassia, Roberto; Tollis, Ioannis G. (1999), Graph Drawing: Algorithms for the Visualization of Graphs, Prentice Hall, p. 91, ISBN 978-0-13-301615-4 
  32. ^ Fleischner, Herbert J.; Geller, D. P.; Harary, Frank (1974), “Outerplanar graphs and weak duals”, Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society 38: 215–219, MR0389672 
  33. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Dual Tessellation". mathworld.wolfram.com (英語).
  34. ^ a b Gagarin, Andrei; Kocay, William; Neilson, Daniel (2003), “Embeddings of small graphs on the torus”, Cubo 5: 351–371, http://www.cs.rhul.ac.uk/home/agagarin/Embeddings.pdf 
  35. ^ Gorini, Catherine A. (2000), Geometry at Work, MAA Notes, 53, Cambridge University Press, p. 181, ISBN 9780883851647, https://books.google.com/books?id=Eb6uSLa2k6IC&pg=PA181 
  36. ^ Jones, G. A.; Thornton, J. S. (1983), “Operations on maps, and outer automorphisms”, Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B 35 (2): 93–103, doi:10.1016/0095-8956(83)90065-5, MR733017 
  37. ^ Whitney, Hassler (1932), “Non-separable and planar graphs”, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 34 (2): 339–362, doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-1932-1501641-2, PMC 1076008, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1076008 
  38. ^ Oxley, J. G. (2006), “5.2 Duality in graphic matroids”, Matroid Theory, Oxford graduate texts in mathematics, 3, Oxford University Press, p. 143, ISBN 978-0-19-920250-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=puKta1Hdz-8C&pg=PA143 
  39. ^ Tutte, W. T. (2012), Graph Theory As I Have Known It, Oxford Lecture Series in Mathematics and Its Applications, 11, Oxford University Press, p. 87, ISBN 978-0-19-966055-1, https://books.google.com/books?id=uYW2tttqQ74C&pg=PA87 
  40. ^ Chorley, Richard J.; Haggett, Peter (2013), Integrated Models in Geography, Routledge, p. 646, ISBN 978-1-135-12184-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=8c79AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA646 
  41. ^ Kandel, Abraham; Bunke, Horst; Last, Mark (2007), Applied Graph Theory in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Studies in Computational Intelligence, 52, Springer, p. 16, ISBN 978-3-540-68020-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=C8tuCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 
  42. ^ Devadoss, Satyan L.; O'Rourke, Joseph (2011), Discrete and Computational Geometry, Princeton University Press, p. 111, ISBN 978-1-4008-3898-1, https://books.google.com/books?id=InJL6iAaIQQC&pg=PA111 
  43. ^ Du, Qiang; Gunzburger, Max (2002), “Grid generation and optimization based on centroidal Voronoi tessellations”, Applied Mathematics and Computation 133 (2–3): 591–607, doi:10.1016/S0096-3003(01)00260-0 
  44. ^ Piguet, Christian (2004), “7.2.1 Static CMOS Logic”, Low-Power Electronics Design, CRC Press, pp. 7-1 – 7-2, ISBN 978-1-4200-3955-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=QzKfa_Y4IuIC&pg=SA7-PA1 
  45. ^ Kaeslin, Hubert (2008), “8.1.4 Composite or complex gates”, Digital Integrated Circuit Design: From VLSI Architectures to CMOS Fabrication, Cambridge University Press, p. 399, ISBN 978-0-521-88267-5, https://books.google.com/books?id=gdRStcYgf2oC&pg=PA399 
  46. ^ Richeson, David S. (2012), Euler's Gem: The Polyhedron Formula and the Birth of Topology, Princeton University Press, pp. 58–61, ISBN 978-1-4008-3856-1, https://books.google.com/books?id=KUYLhOVkaV4C&pg=PA58 
  47. ^ Rippmann, Matthias (2016), Funicular Shell Design: Geometric Approaches to Form Finding and Fabrication of Discrete Funicular Structures, Habilitation thesis, Diss. ETH No. 23307, ETH Zurich, pp. 39–40, doi:10.3929/ethz-a-010656780 . See also Erickson, Jeff (June 9, 2016), Reciprocal force diagrams from Nouvelle Méchanique ou Statique by Pierre de Varignon (1725), https://plus.google.com/+JeffErickson/posts/6UyRPX7ShXV, "Is this the oldest illustration of duality between planar graphs?" 
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  49. ^ Whitney, Hassler (1931), “A theorem on graphs”, Annals of Mathematics, Second Series 32 (2): 378–390, doi:10.2307/1968197, MR1503003