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高貴な野蛮人

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』
ベンジャミン・ウェストによる新古典主義歴史画ウルフ将軍の死』(1771年)には、理想化されたアメリカインディアンの姿が描かれている[1]

noble savage[2]

17(en:The Conquest of Granada)1672[3]Savage[4]181851使21819[ 1]

3[]169913便[6]

使(bon sauvage)16 

[]

Illustration of a 1776 performance of Oroonoko.
1776

1718西98[7]10西調[8][9]

使[10]

1617姿Of Cannibals1580[11]  

[12]

使16 

3156263156768156870西退15803virtue使9殿 David El KenzMassacres During the Wars of Religion[13]

[14] 

西1688調18

[]

Savages appearing as Supporters on the Royal coat of arms of Denmark. The woodwoses (vildmænd - the Danish word means "wild men", but the monarchy's official webpage use the term "savages") can be traced back to the early reign of the Oldenburg dynasty (Seal of Christian I (1449)). Similar supporters were used in the former arms of Prussia.

Noble Savage1672

自然が初めて生み出した人間のように、私は自由だ、
服従の法が始まる前、
野生の森に高貴な野蛮(noble savage)が走り回っていた頃。


181922Savagenoble savage 

 Ter Ellingson1609The Savages is Truly NobleTer EllingsonThe Myth of the Noble Savage[15]

savagewild使1697the savage cherry grows[16]

[17]

noble savagele bon sauvagele bon sauvage1580Of CoachesOf Cannibals1580使18使17171819西SF[18]

1 

12 16861708 

173418 












使使



1734poor姿姿使1730Lo the Poor IndianDryden19使[ 2]

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鹿便 (1699)[21]

1退[22]



2Gegen-Konstruktion1O  , [23]

18

使 [24]

[]


1651 

 Hobbes[25]

使使

17103

(Advice to an Author, Part III.iii)

1672172918 

1415使18en:Louis-Armand de Lom d'Arce de Lahontan, Baron de Lahontan

退 Paul HazardThe European Mind[26]

1703174120 

18使使西177227調1 J.B. BuryThe Idea of Progress: an Inquiry into its Origins and Growth[27]
, by , 1808  

181西Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution, and Human RightsThe History of the Two Indies

 Jeremy JenningsReason's Revenge: How a small group of radical philosophers made a world revolution and lost control of it to 'Rouseauist fanatics'[28]

181772

ベンジャミン・フランクリンによる「北米の野蛮人に関する意見」[編集]

「高貴な野蛮人」についてのルソーの誤認[編集]

19[]

1853Household Words[]

[]

[]

SF[]

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Tim Robey[29][30]

[]

  1. ^ Grace Moore speculates that Dickens, although himself an abolitionist, was motivated by a wish to differentiate himself from what he believed was the feminine sentimentality and bad writing of female philanthropists and writers such as Harriet Beecher Stowe, with whom he, as a reformist writer, was often associated.[5]
  2. ^ In 1859, journalist Horace Greeley, famous for his advice to "Go west, young man", used "Lo, The Poor Indian" as the title for a letter written from Colorado:

    I have learned to appreciate better than hitherto, and to make more allowance for, the dislike, aversion, contempt wherewith Indians are usually regarded by their white neighbors, and have been since the days of the Puritans. It needs but little familiarity with the actual, palpable aborigines to convince anyone that the poetic Indian—the Indian of Cooper and Longfellow—is only visible to the poet's eye. To the prosaic observer, the average Indian of the woods and prairies is a being who does little credit to human nature—a slave of appetite and sloth, never emancipated from the tyranny of one animal passion save by the more ravenous demands of another. As I passed over those magnificent bottoms of the Kansas, which form the reservations of the Delawares, Potawatamies, etc., constituting the very best corn-lands on earth, and saw their owners sitting around the doors of their lodges at the height of the planting season and in as good, bright planting weather as sun and soil ever made, I could not help saying, "These people must die out—there is no help for them. God has given this earth to those who will subdue and cultivate it, and it is vain to struggle against His righteous decree." — "Lo! The Poor Indian!", letter dated June 12, 1859, from An Overland Journey from New York to San Francisco in the Summer of 1859 by Horace Greeley (1860)[19]

    During the Indian wars of the late 19th century, white settlers, to whom Indians were “an inferior breed of men”, referred mockingly to the Indians as "Lo" or "Mr. Lo", a deliberate misreading of Pope's famous passage. The term was also “a sarcastic reference to those eastern humanitarians whose idea of the Indian was so at variance with the frontiersman's bloodthirsty savage. "The Leavenworth, Kansas, Times and Conservative, for example, commented indignantly on the story of Thomas Alderdice, whose wife was captured and killed by Cheyennes: 'We wish some philanthropists who talk about civilizing the Indians, could have heard this unfortunate and almost broken-hearted man tell his story. We think they would at least have wavered a little in their opinion of the Lo family'"[20]

参照[編集]

脚注[編集]



(一)^ Fryd, Vivien Green (1995). Rereading the Indian in Benjamin West's "Death of General Wolfe". American Art 9 (1): 75. doi:10.1086/424234. JSTOR 3109196. 

(二)^ Malinowsky, Bronisław (2018). Prologue (). Argonautas do Pacífico Ocidental [Argonauts of the Western Pacific]. Ubu Editora LTDA. ISBN 9788592886936. https://books.google.com.br/books?id=74loDwAAQBAJ 

(三)^ Miner, Earl (1972), The Wild Man Through the Looking Glass, in Dudley, Edward; Novak, Maximillian E, The Wild Man Within: An Image in Western Thought from the Renaissance to Romanticism, University of Pittsburgh Press, p. 106, ISBN 9780822975991, https://books.google.com/books?id=27Av0zEmlqkC&pg=PA106 

(四)^ OED s.v. "savage" B.3.a.

(五)^ Grace Moore, "Reappraising Dickens's 'Noble Savage'", The Dickensian 98:458 (2002): 236243.

(六)^ Locke, Hobbs, and Confusion's Masterpiece, Ross Harrison, (Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 70.

(七)^ Paradies auf Erden?: Mythenbildung als Form von Fremdwahrnehmung : der Südsee-Mythos in Schlüsselphasen der deutschen Literatur Anja Hall Königshausen & Neumann, 2008

(八)^ Grande, Alexander (2014). "Erst-Kontakt" (Thesis). Vienna: University of Vienna. doi:10.25365/thesis.31693. 202044

(九)^ Millar, Ashley Eva (2011). Your beggarly commerce! Enlightenment European views of the China trade.. In Abbattista, Guido. Encountering Otherness. Diversities and Transcultural Experiences in Early Modern European Culture.. pp. 210f. https://www.openstarts.units.it/handle/10077/4369 

(十)^ Ad Borsboom, The Savage In European Social Thought: A Prelude To The Conceptualization Of The Divergent Peoples and Cultures Of Australia and Oceania, KILTV, 1988, 419.

(11)^ Essay "Of Cannibals"

(12)^ Terence Cave, How to Read Montaigne (London: Granta Books, 2007), pp. 8182.

(13)^ David El Kenz,"Massacres During the Wars of Religion", 2008

(14)^ Anthony Pagden, The Fall of the Natural Man: the American Indian and the origins of comparative ethnology. Cambridge Iberian and Latin American Studies.(Cambridge University Press, 1982)

(15)^ The Myth of the Noble Savage, Ter Ellingson, (University of California, 2001), note p. 390.

(16)^ (OED 'Savage', A, I, 3)

(17)^ (Ellingson [2001], p. 389).

(18)^ The European Mind, Paul Hazard (16801715) (Cleveland, Ohio: Meridian Books [1937], 1969), pp. 1424 and passim

(19)^ An Overland Journey from New York to San Francisco in the Summer of 1859, ""Lo! The Poor Indian!"," by Horace Greeley. 2019929

(20)^ Louise Barnett, in Touched by Fire: the Life, Death, and Mythic Afterlife of George Armstrong Custer (University of Nebraska Press [1986], 2006), pp. 107108.

(21)^ François de Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon, Encounter with the Mandurians, in Chapter IX of Telemachus, son of Ulysses, translated by Patrick Riley (Cambridge University Press, [1699] 1994), pp. 130131. This didactic novel (arguably the first "boys' book") by the Archbishop of Cambrai, tutor to the seven-year-old grandson of Louis XIV, was perhaps the most internationally popular book of the 18th and early 19th centuries, a favorite of Montesquieu, Rousseau, Herder, Jefferson, Emerson, and countless others. Patrick Riley's translation is based on that of Tobias Smollett, 1776 (op cit p. xvii).

(22)^ For the distinction between "hard" and "soft" primitivism see A. O, Lovejoy and G. Boas, Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity, Baltimore, I, 1935.

(23)^ Erwin Panofsky, "Et in Arcadia Ego", in Meaning in the Visual Arts (New York: Doubleday, 1955).

(24)^ Tobias Smollett, The Expedition of Humphry Clinker ([1771] London: Penguin Books, 1967), p. 292. One of the characters in Smollett's Humphry Clinker, Lieutenant Lismahago, is a kind of ludicrous noble savage. A proud and irascible Scotsman of good family and advancing years, Lismahago has been so poorly requited by the government for his services in the Canadian wars that he is planning to return to Canada to live out his days with his Native American common-law wife, in squalor but with more honor and decency than would be possible as a pauper at home.

(25)^ Leviathan

(26)^ See Paul Hazard, The European Mind (16801715) ([1937], 1969), pp. 1314, and passim.

(27)^ J.B. Bury (2008). The Idea of Progress: an Inquiry into its Origins and Growth (second ed.). New York: Cosimo Press. p. 111 

(28)^ Jeremy Jennings (May 25, 2012). Reason's Revenge: How a small group of radical philosophers made a world revolution and lost control of it to 'Rouseauist fanatics'. Times Literary Supplement (London, England): 34. ISSN 0040-7895. OCLC 1767078. 

(29)^ Robey, Tim (20131130). Tim Robey recommends...The Lone Ranger. The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/10481755/Tim-Robey-recommends...The-Lone-Ranger.html 2014111 

(30)^ King, C. Richard (2009). Media Images and Representations. Infobase Publishing. pp. 22. ISBN 9781438101279. https://books.google.com/?id=J-jn9p6uuEAC&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22 2014111 

参考文献[編集]

  • Barnett, Louise. Touched by Fire: the Life, Death, and Mythic Afterlife of George Armstrong Custer. University of Nebraska Press [1986], 2006.
  • Barzun, Jacques (2000). From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life, 1500 to the Present. New York: Harper Collins. pp. 282–294, and passim.
  • Bataille, Gretchen, M. and Silet Charles L., editors. Introduction by Vine Deloria, Jr. The Pretend Indian: Images of Native Americans in the Movies. Iowa State University Press, 1980*Berkhofer, Robert F. "The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present"
  • Boas, George ([1933] 1966). The Happy Beast in French Thought in the Seventeenth Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. Reprinted by Octagon Press in 1966.
  • Boas, George ([1948] 1997). Primitivism and Related Ideas in the Middle Ages. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
  • Bordewich, Fergus M. "Killing the White Man's Indian: Reinventing Native Americans at the End of the Twentieth Century"
  • Bury, J.B. (1920). The Idea of Progress: an Inquiry into its Origins and Growth. (Reprint) New York: Cosimo Press, 2008.
  • Napoleon Chagnon (1967). Noble Savages: My Life Among Two Dangerous Tribes -- the Yanomamo and the Anthropologists. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0684855110
  • Edgerton, Robert (1992). Sick Societies: Challenging the Myth of Primitive Harmony. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-908925-5
  • Edwards, Brendan Frederick R. (2008) "'He Scarcely Resembles the Real Man': images of the Indian in popular culture". Website: Our Legacy. Material relating to First Nations, Metis, and Inuit peoples, found in Saskatchewan cultural and heritage collections.
  • Ellingson, Ter. (2001). The Myth of the Noble Savage (Berkeley, CA.: University of California Press).
  • Fabian, Johannes. Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object
  • Fairchild, Hoxie Neale (1928). The Noble Savage: A Study in Romantic Naturalism (New York)
  • Fitzgerald, Margaret Mary ([1947] 1976). First Follow Nature: Primitivism in English Poetry 1725–1750. New York: Kings Crown Press. Reprinted New York: Octagon Press.
  • Fryd, Vivien Green (1995). “Rereading the Indian in Benjamin West's "Death of General Wolfe"”. American Art (University of Chicago Press) 9 (1): 72–85. doi:10.1086/424234. ISSN 1549-6503. JSTOR 3109196. 
  • Hazard, Paul ([1937] 1947). The European Mind (1690–1715). Cleveland, Ohio: Meridian Books.
  • Keeley, Lawrence H. (1996) War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage. Oxford: University Press.
  • Krech, Shepard (2000). The Ecological Indian: Myth and History. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32100-5
  • LeBlanc, Steven (2003). Constant battles: the myth of the peaceful, noble savage. New York : St Martin's Press ISBN 0-312-31089-7
  • Lovejoy, Arthur O. (1923, 1943). “The Supposed Primitivism of Rousseau’s Discourse on Inequality, ” Modern Philology Vol. 21, No. 2 (Nov., 1923):165–186. Reprinted in Essays in the History of Ideas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1948 and 1960.
  • A. O. Lovejoy and George Boas ([1935] 1965). Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. Reprinted by Octagon Books, 1965. ISBN 0-374-95130-6
  • Lovejoy, Arthur O. and George Boas. (1935). A Documentary History of Primitivism and Related Ideas, vol. 1. Baltimore.
  • Moore, Grace (2004). Dickens And Empire: Discourses Of Class, Race And Colonialism In The Works Of Charles Dickens (Nineteenth Century Series). Ashgate.
  • Olupọna, Jacob Obafẹmi Kẹhinde, Editor. (2003) Beyond primitivism: indigenous religious traditions and modernity. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-27319-6, ISBN 978-0-415-27319-0
  • Pagden, Anthony (1982). The Fall of the Natural Man: The American Indian and the origins of comparative ethnology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Pinker, Steven (2002). The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. Viking ISBN 0-670-03151-8
  • Sandall, Roger (2001). The Culture Cult: Designer Tribalism and Other Essays ISBN 0-8133-3863-8
  • Reinhardt, Leslie Kaye. "British and Indian Identities in a Picture by Benjamin West". Eighteenth-Century Studies 31: 3 (Spring 1998): 283–305
  • Rollins, Peter C. and John E. O'Connor, editors (1998). Hollywood's Indian : the Portrayal of the Native American in Film. Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky Press.
  • Tinker, Chaunchy Brewster (1922). Nature's Simple Plan: a phase of radical thought in the mid-eighteenth century. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Torgovnick, Marianna (1991). Gone Primitive: Savage Intellects, Modern Lives (Chicago)
  • Whitney, Lois Payne (1934). Primitivism and the Idea of Progress in English Popular Literature of the Eighteenth Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press
  • Eric R. Wolf (1982). Europe and the People without History. Berkeley: University of California Press.

外部リンク[編集]