| Meitei | |
|---|---|
| Manipuri | |
| ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟ • মৈতৈলোন • Meiteilon | |
Meitei Lon written in Meitei script
| |
| Native to | Manipur, Assam and Tripura |
| Region | Northeast India and Neighbouring areas of Bangladesh and Myanmar |
| Ethnicity | Meitei people |
| Total speakers | L1 & L2 combined: 3 million[1] L1 only: 1.8 million (2003–2011)[2] |
Early forms | |
| Dialects |
|
| |
| Official status | |
Official language in | |
Recognised minority |
|
| Regulated by | Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation, Manipur |
| Development body | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | mni |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:mni – Manipuriomp – Old Manipuri |
| Glottolog | mani1292 Manipurimeit1246 Meitei (standard dialect)loii1241 Loi (Chakpa dialect)pang1284 Pangal (Muslim dialect) |
Regions where Meitei is native, majority, official and educational language
Regions where Meitei is recognised and educational language but not official
Regions where Meitei is not recognised and not official but educational
Regions where Meitei is recognised but not official and educational
Regions with significant Meitei speaking minorities
| |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
Meitei (ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟ, Eastern Nagari script: মৈতৈলোন্, romanized: meiteilon),[4] also known as Manipuri (ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ, Eastern Nagari script: মণিপুরী, /mænᵻˈpʊəri/ (IPA)), is a Tibeto-Burman languageofnortheast India. It is the official language and the lingua francaofManipur and one of the official languages India.[5] Meitei is the most widely-spoken Tibeto-Burman language of India and third the most used language of northeast India after Assamese and Bengali.[6] There are 1.76 million Meitei native speakers in India according to the 2011 census. Most of these, or 1.52 million, are found in the state of Manipur, where they represent majority of its population. There are smaller communities in neighbouring Indian states, such as Assam (168,000), Tripura (24,000), Nagaland (9,500), and elsewhere in the country (37,500). The language is also spoken by smaller groups in neighbouring Myanmar[7] and Bangladesh.[2]
Meitei and Gujarati, hold the third place among the fastest growing languages of India, following Hindi and Kashmiri.[8]
Meitei is not endangered: its status has been assessed as safe by Ethnologue (where it is assigned to EGIDS level 2 "provincial language"),[2] but is considered vulnerable by UNESCO. [9]
Meitei is one of the advanced literary languages, recognised by Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters.
Meitei belongs to the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages.[10][11]
During the 19th and 20th centuries, different linguists tried to assign Meitei to various sub-groups. Early classifier George Abraham Grierson (1903–1924) put it in Kuki-Chin, Vegelin and Voegelin (1965) in Kuki-Chin-Naga, and Benedict (1972) in Kuki-Naga. Robbins Burling has suggested that Meitei belongs to none those groups.[12] Current academic consensus agrees with James Matisoff in placing Manipuri in its own subdivision of the Kamarupan group—a geographic rather than a genetic grouping.[13] However, some still consider Meitei to be a member of the Kuki-Chin-Naga branch.[14]
The Meitei language has existed for at least 2000 years.[15]
The one of the earliest known Manipuri compositions is ritual song Ougri (ꯑꯧꯒ꯭ꯔꯤ), which was used in religious and coronation ceremonies of rulers in Ancient Kangleipak. It may have existed before the Common Era.[16]
The first-century Numit Kappa (Meitei for 'The shooting of the Sun') is a religious epic.[17]
In the 3rd century CE, Poireiton Khunthok (ꯄꯣꯏꯔꯩꯇꯣꯟ ꯈꯨꯟꯊꯣꯛ), a narrative work about the legendary establishment of a colony in the Imphal Valley, under the leadership of Poireiton, was composed.[18]
The Khencho (ꯈꯦꯟꯆꯣ), a work of poetry was composed by the beginning of 7th century CE.[19] Although it is obscure and unintelligible to the present-day Meiteis, it still recited as part of the Lai Haraoba festival.[20]
One of the best-preserved early Meitei language epigraphic records is a copper plate inscription dating to the reign of King Khongtekcha (763–773 CE).[21] During the same time period, Akoijam Tombi composed the Panthoibi Khonggul ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯄꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯀꯨꯜ, an account of the romantic adventures of the deified Meitei princess Panthoibi.[22]
Before 1675 CE, Meitei language experienced no significant influences from any other groups of languages.[23]
Beginning in the late 17th century, Hindu influence on Meitei culture increased. The Meitei language experienced some influences from other languages, in terms of its phonology, morphology (linguistics), syntax and semantics. At the same time, the traditional Meitei writing system was replaced with the Bengali-Assamese script by the Hinduised King Pamheiba.[23]
In 1725CE, Pamheiba wrote Parikshit, possibly the first piece of Meitei-language Hindu literature, based on the story of the eponymous king Parikshit of the Mahabharata.[24]
The majority of Meitei speakers, about 1.5 million[25] live in the Indian state of Manupur. Meitei is the official language of the Government of Manipur as well as its lingua franca.[5]
There are nearly 170,000 Meitei-speakers in Assam,[25] mainly in the Barak Valley, where it is the third most commonly-used language after Bengali and Hindi.[26] Manipuri is also spoken by about 9500 people in Nagaland, in communities such as Dimapur, Kohima, Peren and Phek.[3][25] Meitei is a second language for various Naga and Kuki-Chin ethnic groups.[3]
There are around 15,000 Meitei speakers in Bangladesh[27] mainly are in the districts of Sylhet, Moulvibazar, Sunamganj and Habiganj in the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh. In the past, there was a Meitei speaking population in Dhaka, Mymensingh and Comilla also.[28] Manipuri is used as a second language by the Bishnupriya Manipuri people.[3]
Myanmar has a significant Meitei speaking population in the states of Kachin and Shan and the regions of Yangon, Sagaing, and Ayeyarwady, among others.[29]
According to the Ethnologue, the alternative names of Meitei language are Kathe, Kathi, Manipuri, Meetei, Meeteilon, Meiteilon, Meiteiron, Meithe, Meithei, Menipuri, Mitei, Mithe, Ponna.[3]
The name Meitei or its alternate spelling Meithei is preferred by many native speakers of Meitei over Manipuri.[30] The term is derived from the Meitei word for the language Meitheirón (Meithei + -lon 'language', pronounced /mə́i.təi.lón/).[30][31] Meithei may be a compound from mí 'man' + they 'separate'.[30] This term is used by most Western linguistic scholarship.[30] Meitei scholars use the term Meit(h)ei when writing in English and the term Meitheirón when writing in Meitei.[30] Chelliah (2015: 89) notes that the Meitei spelling has replaced the earlier Meithei spelling.[32]
The language (and people) is also referred to by the loconym Manipuri.[30] The term is derived from the name of the state of Manipur.[30] Manipuri is the official name of the language for the Indian government and is used by government institutions and non-Meitei authors.[30] The term Manipuri is also used to refer to the different languages of Manipur and to the people.[30] Additionally, Manipuri, being a loconym, can refer to anything pertaining to the Manipur state.
Speakers of Meitei language are known as "Kathe" by the Burmese people, "Moglie"or"Mekhlee" by the people of Cachar, Assam (Dimasas and Assamese) and "Cassay" by the Shan people and the other peoples living in the east of the Ningthee River (or Khyendwen River). "Ponna" is the Burmese term used to refer to the Meiteis living inside Burma.[33]
The Meitei language exhibits a degree of regional variation; however, in recent years the broadening of communication, as well as intermarriage, has caused the dialectal differences to become relatively insignificant. The only exceptions to this occurrence are the speech differences of the dialects found in Tripura, Bangladesh and Myanmar.[34] The exact number of dialects of Meitei is unknown.[35]
The three main dialects of Meitei are: Meitei proper, Loi and Pangal. Differences between these dialects are primarily characterised by the extensions of new sounds and tonal shifts. Meitei proper is considered to be the standard variety—and is viewed as more dynamic than the other two dialects.[36] The brief table below compares some words in these three dialects:[37]
| Standard Meitei | Loi | Pangal | English translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| chaaba | chaapa | chaaba | to eat |
| kappa | kapma | kappa | to weep |
| saabiba | saapipa | saabiba | to make |
| thamba | thampa | thamba | to put |
| chuppiba | chuppipa | chuppiba | to kiss |
Devi (2002)[38] compares the Imphal, Andro, Koutruk, and Kakching dialects of Meitei.
Meitei is the sole official language of the Government of Manipur, and has been an official language of India since 1992.[39][5]
Meitei language was the court language of the historic Manipur Kingdom,[40] and before it merged into the Indian Republic.[41] The Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters, recognised Meitei as one of the major advanced Indian literary languages in 1972, long before it became an official language in 1992.
In 1950, the Government of India did not include Meitei in its list of 14 official languages.[42]Alanguage movement, spearheaded by organisations including the Manipuri Sahitya Parishad and the All Manipur Students' Union demanded that Meitei be made an official language for more than 40 years, until Meitei was finally added to the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India in 1992.[43][44]
There is also a movement to make Manipuri an associate official language in Assam, in order to protect the identity, history, culture and tradition of Manipuris residing in Assam.[45][46][47]
The Meitei language is one of the 13 official languages of the India used to administer police, armed services, and civil service recruitment exams.[48][49]
The Press Information Bureau of the Indian Ministry of Information and Broadcasting publishes in 14 languages, including Meitei.[50]
Meiti/Manupuri is a language of instruction in all in the educational institutions in Manipur. It is one of the 40 instructional languages offered by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), controlled and managed by the Ministry of Education.[51] Meitei is taught as a subject up to the post-graduate level in Indian universities, including Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi University, Gauhati University, the University of North Bengal.[52][53] Indira Gandhi National Open University teaches Meitei to undergraduates.[54]
Meitei language instruction has been offered in the lower primary schools of Assam since 1956.[55] The Board of Secondary Education, Assam offers secondary education in Manipuri.[56] The Assam Higher Secondary Education Council of Assam offers both Meitei-language schooling and instruction in Meitei as a second language.[57]
Since 2020, the Assam Government has made an annual grant of ₹5 lakh (equivalent to ₹5.9 lakh or US$7,100 in 2023) to the Manipuri Sahitya Parishad (Manipuri Language Council). It also invested ₹6 crore (equivalent to ₹7.1 crore or US$850,000 in 2023) in the creation of a corpus for the development of the Meitei language.[55]
The Department of ManipuriofAssam University offers education up to the Ph.D. level in Meitei language.[58][59][60]
Since 1998, the Government of Tripura has offered Meitei language as a "first language" subject at primary level in 24 schools throughout the state.[61]
In December 2021, Tripura University proposed to the Indian Ministry of Education and the University Grants Council (UGC), regarding the introduction of diploma courses in Meitei, along with international languages like Japanese, Korean and Nepali.[62]
The exact classification of the Meitei language within Sino-Tibetan remains unclear. It has lexical resemblances to Kuki and Tangkhul.[63]
The Meitei language is a tonal language. There is a controversy over whether there are two or three tones.[64]
Meitei distinguishes the following phonemes:[65]
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Stop | voiceless | unaspirated | p | t | tʃ | k | ʔ |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||||
| voiced | unaspirated | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | ||
| breathy-voiced | bʱ | dʱ | ɡʱ | ||||
| Fricative | s | h | |||||
| Flap | ɾ | ||||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Approximant | w | j | |||||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ɐ | o |
| Low | a |
Note: the central vowel /ɐ/ is transcribed as <ə> in recent linguistic work on Meitei. However, phonetically it is never [ə], but more usually [ɐ]. It is assimilated to a following approximant: /ɐw/ = /ow/, /ɐj/ = [ej].
A velar deletion is noted to occur on the suffix -lək when following a syllable ending with a /k/ phoneme.[64]
Meitei has a dissimilatory process similar to Grassmann's law found in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit, though occurring on the second aspirate.[66] Here, an aspirated consonant is deaspirated if preceded by an aspirated consonant (including /h/, /s/) in the previous syllable. The deaspirated consonants are then voiced between sonorants.[citation needed]
/tʰin-/
pierce
+
/-kʰət/
upward
→
/tʰinɡət/
pierce upwards
/tʰin-/ + /-kʰət/ → /tʰinɡət/
pierce {} upward {} {pierce upwards}
/səŋ/
cow
+
/kʰom/
udder
→
/səŋɡom/
milk
/səŋ/ + /kʰom/ → /səŋɡom/
cow {} udder {} milk
/hi-/
trim
+
/-tʰok/
outward
→
/hidok/
trim outwards
/hi-/ + /-tʰok/ → /hidok/
trim {} outward {} {trim outwards}
The Meitei script (ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ, Meitei mayek)[67] is one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic. Meitei mayek is also known as Kanglei script (ꯀꯪꯂꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ)[68] or kok sam lai script (ꯀꯣꯛ ꯁꯝ ꯂꯥꯏ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ, romanized: kok sam lai mayeke), after its first three letters.[69][70] Its earliest known appearance is on 6th century coins.[71] It was used until the 18th century, when it was replaced by the Bengali script, and then revived in again massively in the 20th.[72] In 2021, the use of Meetei Mayek to write Manipuri was officially adopted by the Government of Manipur, alongside Bengali script.[73]
The Roman alphabet has been used in medium for teaching basic Meitei as a second language teaching by the Board of Secondary Education, Manipur.[74][75] More recently, the Board has issued a directive that no more Manipuri textbooks using the Latin alphabet be published.[76] Meitei language editions of the Bible in Roman script are very commonly used by the Christians in Manipur.[77]
The Naoriya Phulo script is a constructed script, invented by Laininghan Naoriya Phulo (1888–1941). It shares many similarities with Devanagari and Bengali script.[78] It was championed by Apokpa Marup, but never widely adopted.[79]
Sentences in the Meitei language use the format subject–object–verb word order (SOV). For example, in the sentence Ei chak chai (ꯑꯩ ꯆꯥꯛ ꯆꯥꯢ), which translates to I eat rice, the gloss is "ei" (I), "chak" (rice), "chai" (eat).
Nouns and pronouns are marked for number in Meitei. The plural is indicated by the suffixes -khoi (for personal pronouns and human proper nouns) and -sing (for all other nouns). Verbs associated with the pluralised nouns are unaffected. Examples are demonstrated below:[80]
| Noun (Meitei) | Noun (English) | Example (Meitei) | Example (English) |
|---|---|---|---|
| angaang | baby | angaang kappi | Baby cries. |
| angaangsing | babies | angaangsing kappi | Babies cry. |
When adjectives are used to be more clear, Meitei utilises separate words and does not add a suffix to the noun. Examples are show in the chart below:[80]
| Adjective (Meitei) | Adjective (English) | Example (Meitei) | Example (English) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ama | one | mi ama laak’i | A person comes. |
| khara | some | mi khara laak’i | Some persons come. |
| mayaam | many | mi mayaam laak’i | Many persons come. |
Compound verbs are created by combining root verbs each ending with aspect markers. While the variety of suffixes is high, all compound verbs utilise one of two:[81]
| Suffix | English translation |
|---|---|
| -thok | out/ come out |
| -ning | To wish/ want/ desire |
Aspect markers appear as suffixes that clarify verb tense and appear at the end of the compound verb. Overall, the formula to construct a compound verb becomes [root verb] + [suffix] + [aspect marker]:[81]
| Language | Root verb | Suffix | Aspect marker | Combined form |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meitei | tum | -thok | -le | tumthokle |
| English | sleep | out/ come out | perfect aspect | has started sleeping |
| Meitei | tum | -ning | -le | tumningle |
| English | sleep | want | perfect aspect | has felt sleepy |
Compound verbs can also be formed utilising both compound suffixes as well, allowing utterances such as pithokningle meaning "want to give out".
| Numeral | Word | Etymology | Meitei Script |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | a-ma ~ a-maa | "1" | ꯑꯃꯥ |
| 2 | a-ni | Proto-Tibeto-Burman *ni | ꯑꯅꯤ |
| 3 | a-húm | PTB *sum | ꯑꯍꯨꯝ |
| 4 | ma-ri | PTB *li | ꯃꯔꯤ |
| 5 | ma-ngaa | PTB *ŋa | ꯃꯉꯥ |
| 6 | ta-ruk | PTB *luk | ꯇꯔꯨꯛ |
| 7 | ta-ret | PTB *let | ꯇꯔꯦꯠ |
| 8 | ni-paan | "2-less" | ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟ |
| 9 | maa-pan | "1-less" | ꯃꯥꯄꯟ |
| 10 | ta-raa | "10" | ꯇꯔꯥ |
| 11 | taraa-maa-thoi | "ten + 1-more" | ꯇꯔꯥꯃꯥꯊꯣꯏ |
| 12 | taraa-ni-thoi | "ten + 2-more" | ꯇꯔꯥꯅꯤꯊꯣꯏ |
| 13 | taraa-húm-doi | "ten + 3-more" | ꯇꯔꯥꯍꯨꯝꯗꯣꯏ |
| 14 | taraa-mari | "ten +4" | ꯇꯔꯥꯃꯔꯤ |
| 15 | taraa-mangaa | "ten +5" | ꯇꯔꯥꯃꯉꯥ |
| 16 | taraa-taruk | "ten +6" | ꯇꯔꯥꯇꯔꯨꯛ |
| 17 | taraa-taret | "ten +7" | ꯇꯔꯥꯇꯔꯦꯠ |
| 18 | taraa-nipaan | "ten +8" | ꯇꯔꯥꯅꯤꯄꯥꯟ |
| 19 | taraa-maapan | "ten +9" | ꯇꯔꯥꯃꯥꯄꯟ |
| 20 | kun ~ kul | "score" | ꯀꯨꯟ ~ ꯀꯨꯜ |
| 30 | *kun-taraa > kun-thraa | "score ten" | ꯀꯨꯟꯊ꯭ꯔꯥ |
| 40 | ni-phú | "two score" | ꯅꯤꯐꯨ |
| 50 | yaang-khéi | "half hundred" | ꯌꯥꯡꯈꯩ |
| 60 | hum-phú | "three score" | ꯍꯨꯝꯐꯨ |
| 70 | hum-phú-taraa | "three score ten" | ꯍꯨꯝꯐꯨꯇꯔꯥ |
| 80 | mari-phú | "four score" | ꯃꯔꯤꯐꯨ |
| 90 | mari-phú-taraa | "four score ten" | ꯃꯔꯤꯐꯨꯇꯔꯥ |
| 100 | chaama | "one hundred" | ꯆꯥꯃ |
| 200 | cha-ni | "two hundreds" | ꯆꯥꯅꯤ |
| 300 | cha-hum | "three hundreds" | ꯆꯥꯍꯨꯝ |
| 400 | cha-mri | "four hundreds" | ꯆꯥꯃ꯭ꯔꯤ |
| 500 | cha-mangaa | "five hundreds" | ꯆꯥꯃꯉꯥ |
| 1,000 | lisíng ama | "one thousand" | ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ |
| 10,000 | lisīng-taraa | "ten thousands" | ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡꯇꯔꯥ |
| 1,00,000 | licha | "one hundred-thousand" | ꯂꯤꯆꯥ |
| 10,00,000 | licha-taraa | "ten hundred-thousands" | ꯂꯤꯆꯥꯇꯔꯥ |
| 1,00,00,000 | leepun | "one ten-million" | ꯂꯤꯄꯨꯟ |
| 10,00,00,000 | leepun-taraa | "ten ten-millions" | ꯂꯤꯄꯨꯟꯇꯔꯥ |
| 1,00,00,00,000 | leepot | "one billion" | ꯂꯤꯄꯣꯠ |
| 10,00,00,00,000 | leepot-taraa | "ten billions" | ꯂꯤꯄꯣꯠꯇꯔꯥ |
| 1,00,00,00,00,000 | leekei | "one hundred-billion" | ꯂꯤꯀꯩ |
| 10,00,00,00,00,000 | leekei-taraa | "ten hundred-billions" | ꯂꯤꯀꯩꯇꯔꯥ |
| 1,00,00,00,00,00,000 | pu-ama | "one ten-trillion" | ꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯥ |
The Khamba Thoibi Sheireng, a poem of 39,000 verses composed by Hijam Anganghal Singh and first published in 1940 (Meitei: ꯈꯝꯕ ꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ ꯁꯩꯔꯦꯡ, romanized: Poem on Khamba Thoibi) [82]) is regarded as the national epic of the Manipuris.[83][84] It is a classical Meitei language epic poem based on the ancient romantic adventure tale of Khamba and ThoibiofMoirang. It is regarded as the greatest of all Meitei epic poems.[85][86][87]
The Meitei classical language movement seeks to gain recognition for Meitei as one of the of the Classical Languages of India.[88][89][90]
Various annual events are organised to promote, protect and develop Meitei language, in the sovereign states of India and Bangladesh in particular as well as in other parts of the world in general.
In 2021, Rudali Huidrom, a Manipuri researcher of the EBMT/NLP laboratory, Waseda University, Japan, created a text corpus named "EM Corpus" (shortened form of "Emalon Manipuri Corpus"). It is the first comparable text to text corpus built for Meitei language (mni) and English language (eng) pair from sentences. The writing system used for Meitei language in this corpus is Bengali script. It was crawled and collected from thesangaiexpress.com – the news website of "The Sangai Express", a daily newspaper of Manipur from August 2020 to 2021. In version 1, she created the monolingual data, having 1,034,715 Meitei language sentences and 846,796 English language sentences. In version 2, she created the monolingual data, having 1,880,035 Meitei language sentences and 1,450,053 English language sentences.[99][100]
EM-ALBERT is the first ALBERT model available for Meitei language. EM-FT is also FastText word embedding available for Meitei language. These resources were created by Rudali Huidrom and are now available at free of cost at the European Language Resources Association catalogue (ELRA catalogue) under CC-BY-NC-4.0 licence.[99][100]
On 11 May 2022, Google Translate added Meitei-language (under the name "Meiteilon (Manipuri)") during its addition of 24 new languages to the translation tool. The writing system used for Meitei language in this tool is Meitei script.[101][102][103]
The following is a sample text in Modern Meitei of the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (by the United Nations):[104][a]
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯄꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯏꯖꯖꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯛ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅ ꯂꯧꯖꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯡꯏ, ꯑꯐ ꯐꯠꯇ ꯈꯪꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯆꯤꯟ ꯃꯅꯥꯎꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ (inMeitei script)
মিওইবা খুদিংমক পোকপা মতমদা নিংতম্মী, অমদি ইজ্জৎ অমসুং হক মান্ননা লৌজৈ । মখোই পুম্নমক ৱাখল লৌশিং শেঙই, অফ ফত্তা খঙই, অদুনা অমনা অমগা লোইনবদা মচীন মনাওগুম্না লোইনগদবনি । (inBengali script)
Mioiba khudingmak pokpa matamda ningtammi amadi ijjat amasung hak mānnana leijei, makhoi pumnamak wākhal loushing shengi, apha phatta khangi, aduna amana amaga loinabada machin manāogumna loinagadabani. (Roman transliteration)
míːójbə kʰud̯íŋmək pókpə mət̯ə̀md̯ə níːŋt̯ə̀mmi, əməd̯i iːdʒət əməʃùng hə́k màːnənə lɐ̀jdʒɐ̀j. məkʰój púmnəmək wakʰə̀l lə̀wʃiŋ ʃèŋi, əpʱə̀ pʱə́ːt̯ə kʰə́ŋi, əd̯unə əmənə əməgə lòjnəbəd̯ə mət͡ʃìn mənáwgùmnə lójnəgəd̯əbəni' (IPA transliteration).
English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
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... Numit Kappa, a Meitei text from the 1st century CE, is particularly relevant and insightful in examining this peculiar relationship between power and violence. The text is recited as incantations during chupsaba, a cleansing ritual for 'violent' death...
... 'Khencho' is quite obscure and entirely unintelligible to the present generation though it forms an inseparable element of the daily proceedings of the festival. ...
... the text Panthoibi Khongul generally believed to have been written by Akoijam Tomboy during the reign of King Khongtekcha Yoiremba (763 A.D.) ...
In addition to Assamese, the other MIL subjects are Bengali, Bodo, Hindi, Manipuri, Hmar, Nepali, Mizo, Khasi, Garo, Karbi and Urdu.
Moreover, Manipuri in MA and PhD courses are offered at Assam University, Silchar.
Several universities, notably Assam University and Silchar University, provide Manipuri language courses.
H. Anganghal Singh's Khamba Thoibi Sheireng (Poem on Khamba Thoibi, 1940) is a national epic of the Manipuris based on the story of Khamba and Thoibi of Moirang. The poet composes the whole epic in the Pena Saisak style of folk ballads sung by minstrels or bards popular in Manipur.
His best work, Khamba Thoibi sheireng, in 39,000 lines on the story of 'Khamba and Thoibi' was started in 1939 and the composition was completed in 1940.
His epic Singel Indu was published in 1938 which was followed by his magnum opus Khamba Thoibi Sheireng (1940), a poem of 39000 lines, considered to be the 'national' epic of the Manipuris, written in the Pena Saisak style of folk ballads.
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