→Use in writing systems: NG- and Yod-coalescence
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Undid revision 1218123330byMibblepedia (talk); Don Quixote must be mentioned
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! colspan="2" rowspan="6" |[[English language|English]] |
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|{{IPA|/ks/}} |
|{{IPA|/ks/}} |
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|Usually; before an unstressed vowel |
|Usually; before an unstressed vowel |
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|[[Yod-coalescence]] leads to {{IPA|/kʃ/}} |
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|{{IPA|/gz/}} |
|{{IPA|/gz/}} |
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|Before a stressed vowel |
|Before a stressed vowel |
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|[[Yod-coalescence]] leads to {{IPA|/gʒ/}} |
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|{{IPA|/kʃ/}} |
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|Groups ''-xion(-)'', ''-xious(-)'', ''-xua-''; in the word ''flexure'' |
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|{{IPA|/gʒ/}} |
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|Only in ''luxury'' and derivatives |
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|{{IPAslink|z}} |
|{{IPAslink|z}} |
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|Word-initially |
|Word-initially |
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|{{IPAslink|h}} |
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|[[Don Quixote]], [[Oaxaca]], words derived from [[Classical Nahuatl]]/[[Nahuatl]] |
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===English=== |
===English=== |
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In [[English orthography]], {{angbr|x}} is typically pronounced as the voiceless [[consonant cluster]] {{IPAc-en|k|s}} when it follows the stressed vowel (e.g. ''ox''), and the voiced consonant {{IPAc-en|ɡ|z}} when it precedes the stressed vowel (e.g. ''exam''). It is also pronounced {{IPAc-en|ɡ|z}} when it precedes a silent {{angbr|h}} and a stressed vowel (e.g. ''exhaust'').<ref name="Venezky1970">{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Venezky|title=The Structure of English Orthography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mrt_G_RrJykC&pg=PA5|date=1 January 1970|location=[[The Hague]]|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-080447-8|page=40|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427105102/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mrt_G_RrJykC&pg=PA5|url-status=live}}</ref> |
In [[English orthography]], {{angbr|x}} is typically pronounced as the voiceless [[consonant cluster]] {{IPAc-en|k|s}} when it follows the stressed vowel (e.g. ''ox''), and the voiced consonant {{IPAc-en|ɡ|z}} when it precedes the stressed vowel (e.g. ''exam''). It is also pronounced {{IPAc-en|ɡ|z}} when it precedes a silent {{angbr|h}} and a stressed vowel (e.g. ''exhaust'').<ref name="Venezky1970">{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Venezky|title=The Structure of English Orthography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mrt_G_RrJykC&pg=PA5|date=1 January 1970|location=[[The Hague]]|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-080447-8|page=40|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427105102/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mrt_G_RrJykC&pg=PA5|url-status=live}}</ref> Before {{angbr|a}}, {{angbr|i}} or {{angbr|u}}, it can be pronounced {{IPAc-en|k|ʃ}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|ʒ}} (e.g. ''sexual'' and ''luxury'')<!-- Oxford gives /ˈlʌkʃ(ə)ri/-->; these result from earlier {{IPAc-en|k|s|j}} and {{IPAc-en|g|z|j}}. It also makes the sound {{IPAc-en|k|ʃ}} in words ending in ''-xion'' (except for ''axion''). When {{angbr|x}} ends a word, it is always {{IPAc-en|k|s}} (e.g. ''fax''), except in loan words such as ''faux'' (see French, below). |
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Due to [[yod-coalescence]], the sequence {{angbr|xi}} before a vowel can be pronounced {{IPAc-en|k|ʃ}} resulting from earlier {{IPAc-en|k|s|j}}, e.g. in ''-xion(-)'', ''-xious(-)''. Similarly, the sequence {{angbr|xu}} can be pronounced with {{IPAc-en|k|ʃ}} (e.g. ''flexure'', ''sexual'') or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|ʒ}} (in ''luxury'' and its derivatives)<!-- Oxford gives /ˈlʌkʃ(ə)ri/--> |
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Due to [[NG-coalescence]], the sequence {{angbr|nx}} can be pronounced {{IPAc-en|ŋ|z}} in ''anxiety''. |
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When {{angbr|x}} ends a word, it is always {{IPAc-en|k|s}} (e.g. ''fax''), except in loan words such as ''faux'' (see French, below). |
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There are very few English words that start with {{angbr|x}} (the fewest of any letter). When {{angbr|x}} does start a word, it is usually pronounced 'z' (e.g. ''xylophone'', ''xanthan''). When starting in some names or as its own representation it is pronounced 'eks', in rare recent loanwords or foreign proper names, it can also be pronounced {{IPAc-en|s}} (e.g. the obsolete Vietnamese monetary unit ''[[wiktionary:xu|xu]]'') or {{IPAc-en|ʃ}} (e.g. Chinese names starting with Xi like [[Xiaomi]] or [[Xinjiang]]). Many of the words that start with {{angbr|x}} are of [[Greek language|Greek]] origin, or standardized trademarks (''[[Xerox]]'') or acronyms (''XC''). |
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In abbreviations, it can represent "trans-" (e.g. ''XMIT'' for transmit, ''XFER'' for transfer), "cross-" (e.g. ''X-ing'' for crossing, ''XREF'' for [[cross-reference]]), "Christ-" (e.g. ''Xmas'' for Christmas, ''Xian'' for Christian), the "crys-" in crystal (''XTAL''), "by" (''SXSW'' for [[South by Southwest]]) or various words starting with "ex-" (e.g. ''XL'' for extra large, ''XOR'' for [[Exclusive disjunction|exclusive-or]], or the [[extinction symbol]]). |
There are very few English words that start with {{angbr|x}} (the fewest of any letter). When {{angbr|x}} does start a word, it is usually pronounced 'z' (e.g. ''xylophone'', ''xanthan''). When starting in some names or as its own representation it is pronounced 'eks', in rare recent loanwords or foreign proper names, it can also be pronounced {{IPAc-en|s}} (e.g. the obsolete Vietnamese monetary unit ''[[wiktionary:xu|xu]]'') or {{IPAc-en|ʃ}} (e.g. Chinese names starting with Xi like [[Xiaomi]] or [[Xinjiang]]). Many of the words that start with {{angbr|x}} are of [[Greek language|Greek]] origin, or standardized trademarks (''[[Xerox]]'') or acronyms (''XC''). In abbreviations, it can represent "trans-" (e.g. ''XMIT'' for transmit, ''XFER'' for transfer), "cross-" (e.g. ''X-ing'' for crossing, ''XREF'' for [[cross-reference]]), "Christ-" (e.g. ''Xmas'' for Christmas, ''Xian'' for Christian), the "crys-" in crystal (''XTAL''), "by" (''SXSW'' for [[South by Southwest]]) or various words starting with "ex-" (e.g. ''XL'' for extra large, ''XOR'' for [[Exclusive disjunction|exclusive-or]], or the [[extinction symbol]]). |
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X is the [[Letter frequency|third least frequently used letter]] in English (after {{angbr|q}} and {{angbr|z}}), with a frequency of about 0.15% in words.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Mička |first=Pavel |title=Letter frequency (English) |url=http://en.algoritmy.net/article/40379/Letter-frequency-English |website=Algoritmy.net |access-date=9 February 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304152631/http://en.algoritmy.net/article/40379/Letter-frequency-English |url-status=live }}</ref> |
X is the [[Letter frequency|third least frequently used letter]] in English (after {{angbr|q}} and {{angbr|z}}), with a frequency of about 0.15% in words.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Mička |first=Pavel |title=Letter frequency (English) |url=http://en.algoritmy.net/article/40379/Letter-frequency-English |website=Algoritmy.net |access-date=9 February 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304152631/http://en.algoritmy.net/article/40379/Letter-frequency-English |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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X | |
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X x | |
Usage | |
Writing system | Latin script |
Type | Alphabetic and Logographic |
Language of origin | Latin language Greek language |
Sound values | [x] [χ] [ħ] [kʰ] [ks] [ʃ] [ɕ] [tʼ] [ʒ] [ɖ] [ʔ] [ǁ] [gʒ][1] [kʃ] [d͡z] [d͡ʒ] [t͡s] [t͡ʃ] [sʲ] [z] [gz] [∅] /ɛks/ |
In Unicode | U+0058, U+0078 |
Alphabetical position | 24 |
History | |
Development |
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Time period | ~-700 to present |
Descendants | • × • ⨘ • ⨉ • ⨯ • ✗ • ☒ • ꭓ • X̧ |
Sisters | Х 𐍇 Ⴕ ქ Ⴟ ჯ |
Other | |
Associated graphs | x(x) |
Writing direction | Left-to-Right |
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
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ISO basic Latin alphabet |
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AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz |
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X, or x, is the twenty-fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ex (pronounced /ˈɛks/), plural exes.[2]
Western Greek Chi |
Etruscan X |
Latin X |
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The letter ⟨X⟩, representing /ks/, was inherited from the Etruscan alphabet. It perhaps originated in the ⟨Χ⟩ of the Euboean alphabet or another Western Greek alphabet, which also represented /ks/. Its relationship with the ⟨Χ⟩ of the Eastern Greek alphabets, which represented /kʰ/, is uncertain.
The pronunciation of /ks/ in the Romance languages underwent sound changes, with various outcomes:
In Old Spanish, ⟨x⟩ thus came to represent /ʃ/, which it still represents in most Iberian languages and in the orthographies of other languages influenced by Spanish, such as Nahuatl. In French (with a few exceptions), Italian, Romanian, and modern Spanish, ⟨x⟩ was replaced by other letters.
The use of ⟨x⟩ to represent /ks/ was reintroduced to the Romance languages via Latin loanwords. In many words this /ks/ was voicedto/gz/.
Languages in italics are not usually written using the Latin alphabet | ||||
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Language | Dialect(s) | Pronunciation (IPA) | Environment | Notes |
Asturian | Some central dialects | /ʃ/ | Before ⟨i⟩ and usually ⟨u⟩ | |
/sj/ ~ /ʃj/ | ||||
Standard and other dialects | /ʃ/ | |||
Afar | /ɖ/ | |||
Albanian | /dz/ | ⟨xh⟩ represents /dʒ/ | ||
Azeri | /x/ | |||
Basque | /ʃ/ | ⟨tx⟩ represents /tʃ/ | ||
Catalan | /ʃ/ | Usually (word-initially, after consonants, i, au, eu, in some surnames such as Rexach) | ||
/gz/ | ||||
/ks/ | ||||
Mandarin Chinese | Standard | /ɕ/ | Pinyin romanization | |
Cou | /ɨ/ ~ /ʉ/ | Possibly the only case in the world of ⟨x⟩ used as a vowel. | ||
Dutch | /ks/ | Usually | Mainly used in loanwords | |
/s/ | InTexel | |||
English | /ks/ | Usually; before an unstressed vowel | ||
/gz/ | Before a stressed vowel | |||
/kʃ/ | Groups -xion(-), -xious(-), -xua-; in the word flexure | |||
/gʒ/ | Only in luxury and derivatives | |||
/z/ | Word-initially | |||
/h/ | Don Quixote, Oaxaca, words derived from Classical Nahuatl/Nahuatl | |||
Esperanto | in digraphs only as a substitute for a diacritic | cx, gx, hx, jx, sx, ux are used as substitutes for ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, ŭ where these characters are not available. | See X-convention | |
French | /ks/ | Usually; in Aix- (prefix or name of several places) | ||
/gz/ | Mainly in the prefix ex- followed by a vowel; sometimes word-initially | |||
Silent | Word-finally with no liaison | |||
/z/ | Word-finally with liaison; in sixième (6th) and dixième (10th) | |||
/s/ | Insix (6), dix (10), Auxerre, and Bruxelles (Brussels) | |||
Galician | /ʃ/ | Usually | ||
/(k)s/ | Some words | In learned loanwords | ||
German | /ks/ | Mainly used in loanwords | ||
Indonesian | /s/ | In the beginning of a word | Mainly used in loanwords for science | |
/ks/ | In the middle or the end of a word, although words borrowed with the letter x in the middle or the end of a word are always replaced by the letters 'ks'. For example, the word 'maximum' and 'climax' in Indonesian would be 'maksimal' and 'klimaks'. Letter x on the middle or the end of a word only occurs in names. | |||
Italian | /ks/ | Mainly used in learned loanwords | ||
Kurdish | /x/ | |||
Lao | /ɕ/ | Romanization | ||
Leonese | /ʃ/ | |||
Ligurian | /ʒ/ | |||
Maltese | /ʃ/ | |||
Mayan | /ʃ/ | Modern Romanization | ||
Nahuatl | /ʃ/ | |||
Nguni | /ǁ/ | |||
Norwegian | /ks/ | Archaic | ||
Occitan | /t͡s/ | Usually | ||
/s/ | Before consonants | |||
/ɡz/ | In the prefix ex- before vowels | In the Provençal, Limousin, Auvergnat, Vivaro-Alpine, and Niçard dialects | ||
/ɡʒ/ | Before ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩ | In the Auvergnat dialect | ||
Oromo | /tʼ/ | |||
Pirahã | /ʔ/ | |||
Polish | /ks ~ gz/ | |||
Portuguese | /ʃ/ | Usually, especially word-initially; in words derived from Tupi | ||
/ks/ | Some words | Mainly in learned loanwords | ||
/s/ | When preceded by ⟨e⟩ and a consonant; some words | |||
/z/ | In the prefix ex- ("ex-") before a vowel | |||
/gz/ | In the prefix hexa- ("hexa-") | |||
Sardinian | /ʒ/ | |||
Sicilian | /ʃ/ | Old Sicilian words and names | E.g. Craxi, Joppolo Giancaxio | |
/k(ə)s(ə)/ | Loanwords | |||
Somali | /ħ/ | |||
Spanish | /(k)s/ | Usually | ||
/s/ | Word-initially | |||
/ʃ/ | In some names and words | |||
/t͡ʃ/ | ||||
/x/ | ||||
Swedish | /ks/ | |||
Uzbek | /χ/ | |||
Venetian | /z/ | Usually | ||
/s/ | InVenexia "Venice" | |||
Vietnamese | /s/ |
InEnglish orthography, ⟨x⟩ is typically pronounced as the voiceless consonant cluster /ks/ when it follows the stressed vowel (e.g. ox), and the voiced consonant /ɡz/ when it precedes the stressed vowel (e.g. exam). It is also pronounced /ɡz/ when it precedes a silent ⟨h⟩ and a stressed vowel (e.g. exhaust).[3] Before ⟨a⟩, ⟨i⟩or⟨u⟩, it can be pronounced /kʃ/or/ɡʒ/ (e.g. sexual and luxury); these result from earlier /ksj/ and /ɡzj/. It also makes the sound /kʃ/ in words ending in -xion (except for axion). When ⟨x⟩ ends a word, it is always /ks/ (e.g. fax), except in loan words such as faux (see French, below).
There are very few English words that start with ⟨x⟩ (the fewest of any letter). When ⟨x⟩ does start a word, it is usually pronounced 'z' (e.g. xylophone, xanthan). When starting in some names or as its own representation it is pronounced 'eks', in rare recent loanwords or foreign proper names, it can also be pronounced /s/ (e.g. the obsolete Vietnamese monetary unit xu) or /ʃ/ (e.g. Chinese names starting with Xi like XiaomiorXinjiang). Many of the words that start with ⟨x⟩ are of Greek origin, or standardized trademarks (Xerox) or acronyms (XC). In abbreviations, it can represent "trans-" (e.g. XMIT for transmit, XFER for transfer), "cross-" (e.g. X-ing for crossing, XREF for cross-reference), "Christ-" (e.g. Xmas for Christmas, Xian for Christian), the "crys-" in crystal (XTAL), "by" (SXSW for South by Southwest) or various words starting with "ex-" (e.g. XL for extra large, XOR for exclusive-or, or the extinction symbol).
X is the third least frequently used letter in English (after ⟨q⟩ and ⟨z⟩), with a frequency of about 0.15% in words.[4]
In Latin, ⟨x⟩ stood for [ks]. In some languages, as a result of assorted phonetic changes, handwriting adaptations or simply spelling convention, ⟨x⟩ has other pronunciations:
Additionally, in languages for which the Latin alphabet has been adapted only recently, ⟨x⟩ has been used for various sounds, in some cases inspired by European usage, but in others, for consonants uncommon in Europe. For these no Latin letter stands out as an obvious choice, and since most of the various European pronunciations of ⟨x⟩ can be written by other means, the letter becomes available for more unusual sounds.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨x⟩ represents a voiceless velar fricative.
Preview | X | x | X | x | ||||
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Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X | LATIN SMALL LETTER X | FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X | FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER X | ||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 88 | U+0058 | 120 | U+0078 | 65336 | U+FF38 | 65368 | U+FF58 |
UTF-8 | 88 | 58 | 120 | 78 | 239 188 184 | EF BC B8 | 239 189 152 | EF BD 98 |
Numeric character reference | X |
X |
x |
x |
X |
X |
x |
x |
EBCDIC family | 231 | E7 | 167 | A7 | ||||
ASCII 1 | 88 | 58 | 120 | 78 |
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Signal flag | Flag semaphore | American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling) | British manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling) | Braille dots-1346 Unified English Braille |
roman numerals.
In the course of time, I, V and X became identical with three letters of the alphabet; originally, however, they bore no relation to these letters.
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