| Tai Dón | |
|---|---|
| ꪼꪕ ꪒ꪿ꪮꪙ[1] | |
Tai Dón as written in SyyDai font
| |
| Pronunciation | /taj˦.dɔn˦˥/ |
| Native to | Laos, Vietnam, China (Mengla Township of Jinping) |
| Ethnicity | White Tai |
Native speakers | (500,000 cited 1995–2002)[2] |
| |
| Tai Viet | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | twh |
| Glottolog | taid1250 |
Tai Dón (ꪼꪕ ꪒ꪿ꪮꪙ, /taj˦.dɔn˦˥/[1]), also known as Tai KhaoorWhite Tai, is a Tai language of northern Vietnam, Laos and China.
Tai Dón is classified as belonging to the Tai-Kadai language group, located in the Tai languages and Southwestern Tai languages subgroups.
In China, White Tai (Tai Khaw 傣皓) people are located in the following townships of Yunnan province, with about 40,000 people (Gao 1999).[3]
Each syllable has at least one onset, one nucleus, and one tone.[4] The following sections present the consonants, vowels, and tones in Tai Dón.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop/Affricate | voiced | b | d | |||
| voiceless unaspirated | p | t | t͡ɕ[a] | k | ʔ | |
| voiceless aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | t͡ɕʰ | kʰ | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Fricative | voiced | v[b] | ||||
| voiceless | f | s | x | h | ||
| Approximant | l | j[c] | ||||
The following table presents the above consonant phonemes in words reported in Hudak's (2008) book.[4]: 9–10
| Phoneme | Example | Phoneme | Example | Phoneme | Example | Phoneme | Example | Phoneme | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /b/ | /bɤn˨˨/ ꪚꪷꪙ "moon" | /d/ | /dɔn˦˥/ ꪒꪮꪙꫀ "white" | ||||||
| /p/ | /pɔ˦˥˦/ ꪝ꪿ꪮ "father" | /t/ | /tu˨˨/ ꪔꪴ "door" | /t͡ɕ/ | /t͡ɕɔn˧˩ʔ/ ꪋꪮꪙꫂ "spoon" | /k/ | /kaːŋ˨˨/ ꪀꪱꪉ "middle" | /ʔ/ | /ʔaːŋ˦˥/ ꪮꪱꪉꫀ "basin" |
| /pʰ/ | /pʰaː˨˦ʔ/ ꪞꪱꫂ "cloth" | /tʰ/ | /tʰiw˨˨/ ꪖꪲꪫ "to whistle" | /t͡ɕʰ/ | /t͡ɕʰaj˦˥/ ꪼꪌꫀ "egg" | /kʰ/ | /kʰo˨˦ʔ/ ꪂꪺꫂ "to cook" | ||
| /m/ | /mɯŋ˦˦/ ꪣꪳꪉ "you" | /n/ | /naː˨˦ʔ/ ꪘꪱꫂ "face" | /ɲ/ | /ɲuŋ˦˦/ ꪶꪑꪉ "mosquito" | /ŋ/ | /ŋaːj˦˥˦/ ꪉꪱꪥꫀ "easy" | ||
| /v/ | /vaːn˨˨/ ꪪꪱꪙ "sweet" | ||||||||
| /f/ | /faː˨˨/ ꪠꪱ "lid" | /s/ | /sɔŋ˨˨/ ꪎꪮꪉ "two" | /x/ | /xaj˨˨/ ꪼꪄ "tallow" | /h/ | /hɤ˦˥/ ꪬꪷꫀ "sweat" | ||
| /l/ | /loŋ˦˦/ ꪩꪺꪉ "dragon" | /j/ | /jɔj˧˩ʔ/ ꪥꪮꪥꫂ "to drool" |
There are four consonant clusters that occur at the beginning of a syllable.
| Cluster | Example |
|---|---|
| kw | /kwaː˦˥˦/ ꪁꪫꪱꫀ "to visit" |
| kʰw | /kʰwe˦˥/ ꪂꪫꪸꫀ "to dig" |
| ŋw | /ŋwaː˦˥˦/ ꪉꪫꪱꫀ "fig" |
| xw | /xwan˦˦/ ꪅꪫꪽ "smoke" |
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
| Approximant | w | j | ɰ[a] |
Tai Dón has nine short vowels, and one long vowel. However, the short vowels are phonetically realized as long in final position[4]: 10 (e.g., /e/ is phonetically [eː] in final position).
| Front | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||||
| High | i | ɯ | u | |||
| Mid | e | ɤ | o | |||
| Low | ɛ | a | aː | ɔ | ||
There are six tones on a smooth syllable (an open syllable or a closed syllable ending in a sonorant).[4]: 9
| Description | Tone letters | Example |
|---|---|---|
| level, slightly lower than mid | 22 (or ˨˨) | /kaː˨˨/ ꪀꪱ "crow" |
| high-rising | 45 (or ˦˥) | /kaː˦˥/ ꪀꪱꫀ "all the way to" |
| low-rising, glottalized | 24ʔ (or ˨˦ʔ) | /kaː˨˦ʔ/ ꪀꪱꫂ "young rice plant" |
| level, somewhat higher than mid | 44 (or ˦˦) | /kaː˦˦/ ꪁꪱ "stuck" |
| level, somewhat higher than mid with a rise and fall | 454 (or ˦˥˦) | /kaː˦˥˦/ ꪁꪱꫀ "price" |
| falling, glottalized | 31ʔ (or ˧˩ʔ) | /kaː˧˩ʔ/ ꪁꪱꫂ "to trade" |
Two of the six tones occur on a checked syllable (a syllable ending in a stop).
| Tone | Vowel length | Example |
|---|---|---|
| high-rising | short | /sat˦˥/ ꪎꪰꪒ "animal" |
| long | /ʔaːp˦˥/ ꪮꪱꪚ "to bathe" | |
| level, somewhat higher than mid | short | /mot˦˦/ ꪣꪺꪒ "ant" |
| long | /laːt˦˦/ ꪩꪱꪒ "to cover" |
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