Jump to content
 







Main menu
   


Navigation  



Main page
Contents
Current events
Random article
About Wikipedia
Contact us
Donate
 




Contribute  



Help
Learn to edit
Community portal
Recent changes
Upload file
 








Search  



























Create account

Log in
 









Create account
 Log in
 




Pages for logged out editors learn more  



Contributions
Talk
 



















Contents

   



(Top)
 


1 Definition  





2 Calculation  





3 Relation to other intervals  





4 Examples  





5 See also  





6 References  





7 Further reading  














Tolerance interval






Português
Русский
Sunda
 

Edit links
 









Article
Talk
 

















Read
Edit
View history
 








Tools
   


Actions  



Read
Edit
View history
 




General  



What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Cite this page
Get shortened URL
Download QR code
Wikidata item
 




Print/export  



Download as PDF
Printable version
 


















From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 


Atolerance interval (TI) is a statistical interval within which, with some confidence level, a specified sampled proportion of a population falls. "More specifically, a 100×p%/100×(1−α) tolerance interval provides limits within which at least a certain proportion (p) of the population falls with a given level of confidence (1−α)."[1] "A (p, 1−α) tolerance interval (TI) based on a sample is constructed so that it would include at least a proportion p of the sampled population with confidence 1−α; such a TI is usually referred to as p-content − (1−α) coverage TI."[2] "A (p, 1−α) upper tolerance limit (TL) is simply a 1−α upper confidence limit for the 100 p percentile of the population."[2]

Definition[edit]

Given

Then a tolerance interval with endpoints which has the defining property: , without referring to a sample .

This is in contrast to a prediction interval with endpoints has the defining property .

Calculation[edit]

One-sided normal tolerance intervals have an exact solution in terms of the sample mean and sample variance based on the noncentral t-distribution.[3] Two-sided normal tolerance intervals can be obtained based on the noncentral chi-squared distribution.[3]

Relation to other intervals[edit]

"In the parameters-known case, a 95% tolerance interval and a 95% prediction interval are the same."[4] If we knew a population's exact parameters, we would be able to compute a range within which a certain proportion of the population falls. For example, if we know a population is normally distributed with mean and standard deviation , then the interval includes 95% of the population (1.96 is the z-score for 95% coverage of a normally distributed population).

However, if we have only a sample from the population, we know only the sample mean and sample standard deviation , which are only estimates of the true parameters. In that case, will not necessarily include 95% of the population, due to variance in these estimates. A tolerance interval bounds this variance by introducing a confidence level , which is the confidence with which this interval actually includes the specified proportion of the population. For a normally distributed population, a z-score can be transformed into a "k factor" or tolerance factor[5] for a given via lookup tables or several approximation formulas.[6] "As the degrees of freedom approach infinity, the prediction and tolerance intervals become equal."[7]

The tolerance interval is less widely known than the confidence interval and prediction interval, a situation some educators have lamented, as it can lead to misuse of the other intervals where a tolerance interval is more appropriate.[8][9]

The tolerance interval differs from a confidence interval in that the confidence interval bounds a single-valued population parameter (the mean or the variance, for example) with some confidence, while the tolerance interval bounds the range of data values that includes a specific proportion of the population. Whereas a confidence interval's size is entirely due to sampling error, and will approach a zero-width interval at the true population parameter as sample size increases, a tolerance interval's size is due partly to sampling error and partly to actual variance in the population, and will approach the population's probability interval as sample size increases.[8][9]

The tolerance interval is related to a prediction interval in that both put bounds on variation in future samples. However, the prediction interval only bounds a single future sample, whereas a tolerance interval bounds the entire population (equivalently, an arbitrary sequence of future samples). In other words, a prediction interval covers a specified proportion of a population on average, whereas a tolerance interval covers it with a certain confidence level, making the tolerance interval more appropriate if a single interval is intended to bound multiple future samples.[9][10]

Examples[edit]

[8] gives the following example:

So consider once again a proverbial EPA mileage test scenario, in which several nominally identical autos of a particular model are tested to produce mileage figures . If such data are processed to produce a 95% confidence interval for the mean mileage of the model, it is, for example, possible to use it to project the mean or total gasoline consumption for the manufactured fleet of such autos over their first 5,000 miles of use. Such an interval, would however, not be of much help to a person renting one of these cars and wondering whether the (full) 10-gallon tank of gas will suffice to carry him the 350 miles to his destination. For that job, a prediction interval would be much more useful. (Consider the differing implications of being "95% sure" that as opposed to being "95% sure" that .) But neither a confidence interval for nor a prediction interval for a single additional mileage is exactly what is needed by a design engineer charged with determining how large a gas tank the model really needs to guarantee that 99% of the autos produced will have a 400-mile cruising range. What the engineer really needs is a tolerance interval for a fraction of mileages of such autos.

Another example is given by:[10]

The air lead levels were collected from different areas within the facility. It was noted that the log-transformed lead levels fitted a normal distribution well (that is, the data are from a lognormal distribution. Let and , respectively, denote the population mean and variance for the log-transformed data. If denotes the corresponding random variable, we thus have . We note that is the median air lead level. A confidence interval for can be constructed the usual way, based on the t-distribution; this in turn will provide a confidence interval for the median air lead level. If and denote the sample mean and standard deviation of the log-transformed data for a sample of size n, a 95% confidence interval for is given by , where denotes the quantile of a t-distribution with degrees of freedom. It may also be of interest to derive a 95% upper confidence bound for the median air lead level. Such a bound for is given by . Consequently, a 95% upper confidence bound for the median air lead is given by . Now suppose we want to predict the air lead level at a particular area within the laboratory. A 95% upper prediction limit for the log-transformed lead level is given by . A two-sided prediction interval can be similarly computed. The meaning and interpretation of these intervals are well known. For example, if the confidence interval is computed repeatedly from independent samples, 95% of the intervals so computed will include the true value of , in the long run. In other words, the interval is meant to provide information concerning the parameter only. A prediction interval has a similar interpretation, and is meant to provide information concerning a single lead level only. Now suppose we want to use the sample to conclude whether or not at least 95% of the population lead levels are below a threshold. The confidence interval and prediction interval cannot answer this question, since the confidence interval is only for the median lead level, and the prediction interval is only for a single lead level. What is required is a tolerance interval; more specifically, an upper tolerance limit. The upper tolerance limit is to be computed subject to the condition that at least 95% of the population lead levels is below the limit, with a certain confidence level, say 99%.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ D. S. Young (2010), Book Reviews: "Statistical Tolerance Regions: Theory, Applications, and Computation", TECHNOMETRICS, FEBRUARY 2010, VOL. 52, NO. 1, pp.143-144.
  • ^ a b Krishnamoorthy, K. and Lian, Xiaodong(2011) 'Closed-form approximate tolerance intervals for some general linear models and comparison studies', Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, First published on: 13 June 2011 doi:10.1080/00949655.2010.545061
  • ^ a b Derek S. Young (August 2010). "tolerance: An R Package for Estimating Tolerance Intervals". Journal of Statistical Software. 36 (5): 1–39. ISSN 1548-7660. Retrieved 19 February 2013., p.23
  • ^ Thomas P. Ryan (22 June 2007). Modern Engineering Statistics. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 222–. ISBN 978-0-470-12843-5. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  • ^ "Statistical interpretation of data — Part 6: Determination of statistical tolerance intervals". ISO 16269-6. 2014. p. 2.
  • ^ "Tolerance intervals for a normal distribution". Engineering Statistics Handbook. NIST/Sematech. 2010. Retrieved 2011-08-26.
  • ^ De Gryze, S.; Langhans, I.; Vandebroek, M. (2007). "Using the correct intervals for prediction: A tutorial on tolerance intervals for ordinary least-squares regression". Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems. 87 (2): 147. doi:10.1016/j.chemolab.2007.03.002.
  • ^ a b c Stephen B. Vardeman (1992). "What about the Other Intervals?". The American Statistician. 46 (3): 193–197. doi:10.2307/2685212. JSTOR 2685212.
  • ^ a b c Mark J. Nelson (2011-08-14). "You might want a tolerance interval". Retrieved 2011-08-26.
  • ^ a b K. Krishnamoorthy (2009). Statistical Tolerance Regions: Theory, Applications, and Computation. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 1–6. ISBN 978-0-470-38026-0.
  • Further reading[edit]


    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tolerance_interval&oldid=1226505537"

    Categories: 
    Engineering concepts
    Statistical intervals
    Statistical forecasting
    Approximations
    Hidden categories: 
    Articles with short description
    Short description matches Wikidata
    Articles needing expert attention from May 2024
    All articles needing expert attention
    Statistics articles needing expert attention
     



    This page was last edited on 31 May 2024, at 01:50 (UTC).

    Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.



    Privacy policy

    About Wikipedia

    Disclaimers

    Contact Wikipedia

    Code of Conduct

    Developers

    Statistics

    Cookie statement

    Mobile view



    Wikimedia Foundation
    Powered by MediaWiki